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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the longitudinal effect of double burden of malnutrition (DBM) on the risk of developing child and adolescent overweight or obesity. METHODS Analysis of the Peruvian Young Lives Study, younger cohort: baseline (2002) and 4 follow-ups (2006–2007, 2009–2010, 2013–2014, and 2016–2017). Outcomes were the incidence of overweight and obesity as defined by the World Health Organization standards. The exposure comprised a variable with 4 categories: non-stunted child with a non-overweight mother (reference group), non-stunted child with an overweight mother, stunted child with a non-overweight mother, and stunted child with an overweight mother (i.e., DBM). Poisson regression models were built to assess the association of interest, and relative risks (RR) and 95%CI were reported. RESULTS Data from 2,034 children; 50.0% were girls and the mean age was 12.0 (3.6) months at baseline. Non-stunted children with an overweight mother had greater risk (RR = 1.64; 95%CI: 1.35–1.99) of developing overweight, compared with the risk for stunted children with a non-overweight mother (RR = 1.38; 95%CI: 1.10–1.72), and for those with DBM (RR = 1.28; 95%CI: 1.02–1.61). When compared with the reference group, obesity risk was greater among non-stunted children with an overweight mother (RR = 2.33; 95%CI: 1.68–3.22), greater among stunted children with a non-overweight mother (RR = 2.59; 95%CI: 1.75–3.84), and greater among those with DBM (RR = 2.14; 95%CI: 1.39–3.28). CONCLUSIONS DBM is a risk factor for childhood overweight and obesity in Peru. Dual-duty policies tackling both undernutrition in children and overweight in mothers are needed to reduce DBM and its future effects in Peru.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the association between socioeconomic level and the presence of obesity, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Peruvian population. METHODS Secondary analysis of data from the National Demographic and Family Health Survey ( Encuesta Nacional Demográfica y de Salud Familiar , Endes) from 2018 to 2020. The outcomes were obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The exposure variables were two indicators of socioeconomic status: educational level (< 7 years, 7–11 years, and 12+ years) and wealth index (in tertiles). Models were created using Poisson regression, reporting prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS Data from 98,846 subjects were analyzed. Mean age: 45.3 (SD: 16.0) years, and 55.5% were women. The prevalence of obesity was 26.0% (95%CI: 25.4–26.6); of hypertension, 24.9% (95%CI: 24.3–25.5); and of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 4.8% (95%CI: 4.5–5.1). In multivariate model, and compared with those with a low wealth index, those with a high wealth index had a higher prevalence of obesity (PR = 1.49; 95%CI: 1.38–1.62), hypertension (PR = 1.09; 95%CI: 1.02–1.17) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (PR = 1.72; 95%CI: 1.29–2.29). On the other hand, higher educational level was only associated with a reduction in the prevalence of obesity (PR = 0.89; 95%CI: 0.84–0.95). CONCLUSIONS There is a differential association between the wealth index, educational level and markers of noncommunicable diseases. There is evidence of a positive association between wealth index and obesity, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, whereas educational level was only negatively associated with obesity.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Analyze the prevalence of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assault in adolescents of Peru and its association with alcohol consumption. METHODS We used a two-step and stratified probabilistic sampling to select male and female students in secondary education from all over Peru. The study included data from 54,756 students with information on demographics, alcohol and drug use, and sexual assault. The statistical analysis considered the complex sampling and we conducted two independent analyses by type of sexual assault (intrafamilial and extrafamilial), stratified by the sex of the victim. RESULTS The prevalence of life of intrafamilial sexual assaults (5.4%, 95%CI 5.0–5.8) was similar to that of extrafamilial sexual assaults (6.1%, 95%CI 5.6–6.6). Alcohol consumption in the past year was associated with intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assaults that occurred in the same period after adjusting for confounders. Alcohol consumption in the past year was associated with non-physical and physical forms of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual assaults in the disaggregated analysis by type of assault. Alcohol consumption in the past year was associated with extrafamilial rape only among females (ORa = 2.8; 95%CI 1.3–5.9). CONCLUSIONS Sexual assault against adolescent males and females by family members is a frequent form of victimization that is associated with alcohol consumption in Peru. It is important to examine this form of victimization among adolescents, especially those who consume alcohol.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the association between food assistance program participation and overweight/obesity according to poverty level. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of data from 46,217 non-pregnant and non-lactating women in Lima, Peru was conducted; these data were obtained from nationally representative surveys from the years 2003, 2004, 2006, and 2008-2010. The dependent variable was overweight/obesity, and the independent variable was food assistance program participation. Poisson regression was used to stratify the data by family socioeconomic level, area of residence (Lima versus the rest of the country; urban versus rural), and survey year (2003-2006 versus 2008-2010). The models were adjusted for age, education level, urbanization, and survey year. RESULTS Food assistance program participation was associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity in women living in homes without poverty indicators [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.29; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06;1.57]. When stratified by area of residence, similar associations were observed for women living in Lima and urban areas; no associations were found between food assistance program participation and overweight/obesity among women living outside of Lima or in rural areas, regardless of the poverty status. CONCLUSIONS Food assistance program participation was associated with overweight/obesity in non-poor women. Additional studies are required in countries facing both aspects of malnutrition.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the association between food assistance program participation and overweight/obesity according to poverty level. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of data from 46,217 non-pregnant and non-lactating women in Lima, Peru was conducted; these data were obtained from nationally representative surveys from the years 2003, 2004, 2006, and 2008-2010. The dependent variable was overweight/obesity, and the independent variable was food assistance program participation. Poisson regression was used to stratify the data by family socioeconomic level, area of residence (Lima versus the rest of the country; urban versus rural), and survey year (2003-2006 versus 2008-2010). The models were adjusted for age, education level, urbanization, and survey year. RESULTS Food assistance program participation was associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity in women living in homes without poverty indicators [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.29; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06;1.57]. When stratified by area of residence, similar associations were observed for women living in Lima and urban areas; no associations were found between food assistance program participation and overweight/obesity among women living outside of Lima or in rural areas, regardless of the poverty status. CONCLUSIONS Food assistance program participation was associated with overweight/obesity in non-poor women. Additional studies are required in countries facing both aspects of malnutrition.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre frecuencia de ver televisión, sobrepeso y obesidad en una muestra representativa de mujeres peruanas a nivel nacional. MÉTODOS: Análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional Demográfica y de Salud Familiar incluyendo mujeres de 15 a 49 años. Las variables resultados fueron obesidad (índice de masa corporal >30 kg/m²) y sobrepeso (>25 peso OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre frequência de assistir televisão com sobrepeso e obesidade em uma amostra representativa de mulheres peruanas em nível nacional. MÉTODOS: Análise secundária da Pesquisa Nacional Demográfica e de Saúde Familiar incluindo 27.712 mulheres de 15 a 49 anos em 2008. As variáveis-desfecho foram obesidade (índice de massa corporal > 30 kg/m2) e sobrepeso (entre 25 e 30 kg/m2); a variável de exposição foi a frequência de assistir televisão (nunca, ocasionalmente, quase todos os dias). Foi utilizada regressão logística para amostras complexas, ajustada por potenciais confundidores. Os resultados foram apresentados como odds ratios ajustados (ORa) com seus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 34,7% (IC95% 33,8;35,7) e de obesidade, 14,3% (IC95% 13,6;5,1). Mulheres que assistiam televisão ocasionalmente e quase todos os dias tiveram maior probabilidade de ter obesidade em comparação às que não assistiam: ORa = 1,7 (IC95% 1,3;2,3) e ORa 2,6 (IC95% 2,0;3,5), respectivamente. A magnitude da associação foi menor para o sobrepeso: ORa 1,2 (IC95% 1,3;2,3) e ORa 1,6 (IC95% 1,1;1,4), respectivamente. A associação foi mais forte na área urbana. CONCLUSÕES: A frequência de assistir televisão esteve associada à apresentar obesidade e sobrepeso entre mulheres peruanas, e a força da associação variou de acordo com a área de residência. Estes achados podem auxiliar estratégias de prevenção da obesidade no contexto peruano.OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between frequency of television viewing, overweight and obesity in a nationally representative sample of Peruvian women. METHODS: Secondary analysis of the Demographic and Health Survey 2008 including women aged from 15 to 49 years old. The outcome variables were obesity (body mass index >30 kg/m²) and overweight (body mass index >25 but

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre frecuencia de ver televisión, sobrepeso y obesidad en una muestra representativa de mujeres peruanas a nivel nacional. MÉTODOS: Análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional Demográfica y de Salud Familiar incluyendo mujeres de 15 a 49 años. Las variables resultados fueron obesidad (índice de masa corporal >30 kg/m²) y sobrepeso (>25 peso