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Service-Learning (SL) aims to improve students' academic knowledge and performance, as well as their civic and social competencies. This study uses the meta-analysis technique to summarise up-to-date research findings on SL in scientific papers that used mixed methods research. The findings indicate that SL leads to significant improvements in students, especially in terms of knowledge acquisition (d=1.07), with a similar effect size for the few studies using a control group (d=0.89), although this effect size is smaller in terms of attitude toward service (d=0.45). There are no significant effects when these variables are compared with dependent variables such as programme duration, gender, or sample size. Moreover, there is high heterogeneity in the evaluation methods and measurement instruments used in the articles. Although research on SL is increasing significantly, the methodological quality of most of the studies reviewed is quite low. It can be concluded that SL is beneficial to the students involved in the service, however, in order to properly appreciate the different scenarios of the findings, more rigorous research designs are required. We would recommend creating uniform research protocols and extending SL using mixed methodology across every discipline, including the arts, and at every level of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities have, at present, generally taken on as their own the role of providing comprehensive training that contributes to academic, professional, and social development. As a result, civic and social competences have become increasingly important, given their potential contribution to optimising university students' transition to the labour market. The objective of this work is to study the psychometric properties of a scale for assessing a range of civic and social competences in higher education and to analyse whether students' cycle and field of knowledge shape how these competences develop. To this end, after randomly dividing the sample of 996 university students, we performed an exploratory factorial analysis followed by a confirmatory factorial analysis. We then conducted a 2 × 2 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (cycle × field of knowledge), taking as dependent variables the factors obtained previously. In addition to a satisfactory solution of the scale, both in factor structure and in levels of internal consistency, the results reveal differences regarding the study variables. While first-cycle students display a high level of development of these competences, we found no differences regarding field of knowledge. However, significant effects were apparent in the interaction of these two variables, as first-cycle students from Health Sciences and Engineering-Architecture and second-cycle students from Social-Legal Sciences and Arts-Humanities displayed higher scores. This paper concludes by highlighting the need for higher education institutions to promote the development of civic and social competences to a greater extent. To do so, they should consider methodological strategies and programs that react to this need so that levels of social participation and transition to employment can be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]