1. FOSSIL PROBOSCIDEA FROM THE UPPER CENOZOIC OF CENTRAL AMERICA: TAXONOMY, EVOLUTIONARY AND PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE.
- Author
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Lucas, Spencer G. and Alvarado, Guillermo E.
- Subjects
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FOSSILS , *MAMMOTHS , *CENOZOIC Era , *ANIMAL migration - Abstract
Fossils of proboscideans from Central America are assigned to four genera: Gomphotherium, Cuvieronius, Mammut and Mammuthus. Previous reports of Stegomastodon, Rhynchotherium and Haplomastodon from Central America are based on incorrect taxonomic identifications or on fossils not definitely diagnostic of these genera. The oldest proboscidean records from Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Costa Rica) are Late Miocene (early Hemphillian, ∼ 7 Ma) records of Gomphotherium, and this suggests that gomphotheres dispersed from North America to Central America about nine million years after they dispersed from Asia to North America. However, there is no conclusive evidence that they dispersed into South America, where there are no records of Gomphotherium, so the Miocene Panamanian seaway apparently was a barrier to proboscidean dispersal. During the Late Pliocene, Cuvieronius arose from a gomphothere ancestor in North America (∼ 3 Ma) and during the Late Pliocene (late Blancan) dispersed southward through Central America to South America. Mammuthus is known from two species in Central America, an Early Pleistocene species (M. meridional is) and a more common Late Pleistocene species (M. columbi). Mammut has a single Central American record (Honduras), which is probably of Late Pleistocene age. Neither Mammuthus nor Mammut have records in South America. Central America was not a center of evolution of proboscideans during the late Cenozoic, instead, it was a pathway across which the Proboscidea migrated. There was a single immigration of Cuvieronius from Central America to South America during the Late Pliocene (∼ 2.5 Ma). All South American proboscideans are Plio-Pleistocene Cuvieronius, or its descendants Notiomastodon and Haplomastodon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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