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The following paper analyzes the recruitment of militias and volunteer legions, composed of foreign residents, in order to defend Montevideo between 1838 and 1851 during the Guerra Grande. This process created a very complex transnational space with considerable political and cultural consequences. On the one hand, to justify the armament of the foreign population, the local authorities plotted a cosmopolitan rhetoric which presented the legions as symbols of the fight between humanity and civilization against despotism and universal tyranny. On the other, the daily dynamics of these militias generated intense social disputes between the combatants of the different "fatherlands", threatening to provoke a "civil war" inside the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the experience of a small group of Chilean communists exiled in Mexico in 1948 due to a new law at the time called Ley por la Defensa Permanente de la Democracia (Law for the Permanent Defense of Democracy) that banned Communist Party activities. In their host country, these militants organized international meetings, published books and pamphlets, gave interviews to mass media and held other political activities, while the Cold War began to penetrate Latin America. For this paper, archives and newspapers from Mexico, Chile, and Guatemala were reviewed. Among the main results of this study is the analysis of a recursive policy of exclusion of dissidents by the Chilean State. Additionally, this research questions the way in which the processes implemented during that time in history have been evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the origin and transformation of three streets south of the Alameda, from when they were first roads until they became "modern" streets at the end of the nineteenth century. This process was documented in different types of sources of traditional urban historiography that have allowed the elaboration of detailed chronologies. Notwithstanding today we have access to exceptional historical cartographic registers that complement and enhances our ability to know about this process. To have an accurate account of this transformation, the streets whose origin go back to pre-existing roads have been distinguished from those that originated as streets. This distinction has led us to a deeper understanding of the problem where it's not only possible to establish the nature of each street in itself but also allows us to understand the purpose of the section of the city of which they belong to and the role that they filled in their definitive forms. This paper understands that the street, consequently the public space, is the chief configuring element of the city; first, as a "geographic accident" that adjusts to the space, and later, as an operation which requires there to be a project capable of establishing a new functional as well as environmental order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the end of the nineteenth and at the beginning of the twentieth century, the city of Santiago, Chile experienced an important process of transformation in which the city and the urban started to assume socio-economic and discursive prominence. Using evidence gathered from parliamentary and municipal debates, legislative text, the press, scientific literature from the era and business archives this paper shows that the construction of Santiago's sewage system was a phenomenon that condensed the economic, the technical, political and the discursive in the exercise of power and the administration of the public during that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the role of exploitable nature in the International Exhibition held in Chile in 1875. Based on documentation from the organization and development of the even such as letters, catalogs, newspapers and visitor reports the article examines first, the ways in which the countries' exploitable nature related to agriculture and mining was represented in this event. This paper looks to examine the base upon which objectives and models were exhibited, and at the same time examines how the representation of this nature could imply its denaturalization, by strictly presenting it as rational and almost artificial. Second the article analyzes how some parts of nature represented in the exhibition could have been appropriated, at least provisionally, within national criteria in the Chilean case. In relation to the aforementioned, the article focuses on problems such as the agricultural dimension of the country, the centralization of knowledge about nature and the construction and contrast of "national nature" during the Exhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text analyzes how photography was used by different actors involved in economic, social and political modernization at the end of the nineteenth century in Chile. As well as serving as a type of visual record, photography was a medium through which the possibilities for the exploitation of national territory and Chilean workers ability to adapt to the requirements of a capitalist economy were made know. Also taking into account that some of the workers at the beginning of the century used photography both personally and collectively. This paper analyzes their experience of serving as both the subjects of the photographs and as the photographers themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jesuit Luis de Valdivia is known not only for his work as a grammarian, lexicographer and translator, but for his intense diplomatic/political activity as the advocate of the Defensive War policy, in which negotiations mediated by interpreters played a significant role. This paper, in which, the combined perspectives from the disciplines of translation studies, historical anthropology and intercultural philosophy are used to analyze Valdivian sources, we propose that in spite of the initial failure of his mission it was the translational ethos of Luis de Valdivia that, forcing the possibilities of mutual intelligibility, allowed for the instauration of the conference mode of negotiation embodied in the “parlamentos". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to determine under what circumstances slaves became eligible for freedom and to track their efforts and strategies to achieve it between 1698 and 1750. This is a period when slavery was widely legitimized in Santiago, Chile. The findings are based on the analysis of seventy two letters of freedom, along with wills written by masters and former slaves. After the crossed analysis of these primary sources the author argues that various emotional, socio-economic and legal impediments gave shape to a rigid institution that allowed a minimum flexibility to obtain liberty. Thus, slaves played an active role in their own manumission processes, negotiating agreements through payment for their freedom or opting for the strategy of manumission trough good behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the construction of Chilean image in Andres Sabella's works, focusing on his university lectures, conferences and articles, unedited or unknown. For this purpose, two topics are analyzed: the sense of equalitarianism in history and literature and the national archetype- the Chilean "roto" and his daily image, from the XVI century to the mid-XX century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]