29 results on '"América Central"'
Search Results
2. Fortalecimiento de la investigación local para abordar la salud y los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de las personas migrantes de Venezuela y América Central
- Author
-
Brizuela, Vanessa, Bahamondes, Luis, de Leon, Rodolfo Gomez Ponce, Aslanyan, Garry, Feletto, Marta, Bonet, Mercedes, and Thorson, Anna
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Factores que influyen en la elección de una carrera en atención primaria entre los estudiantes de medicina en América Central
- Author
-
Eduardo Benjamín Puertas, Rafael Antonio Orellana, Brian Erazo Muñoz, Jorge Arturo Jiménez, Isamara Gilmiani Medina Quiroz, Lucia Terrón, Alexandre Florencio, Hilda M. Leal, and Juan José Vindell
- Subjects
atención primaria de salud ,especialización ,fuerza laboral en salud ,américa central ,Medicine ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Objetivos. Identificar las especialidades preferidas, la percepción salarial y los factores que influencian la elección de una carrera en atención primaria en los estudiantes de último año de medicina o en servicio social de América Central. Métodos. Estudio multicéntrico de corte transversal con aplicación de una encuesta que investigó la información demográfica, la especialidad preferida, la percepción salarial y otros factores que influyen en la elección de la especialidad. Resultados. Participaron 1 722 estudiantes de 31 universidades que identificaron como futuras especialidades: cirugía (11,7%), ginecología/obstetricia (10,3%), pediatría (9,9%) y medicina interna (6,6%). Medicina general alcanzó 3,8% y medicina familiar 1,1%. Al agruparlas el mayor interés fue para las especialidades médicas (49,7%), seguido de las quirúrgicas (31,7%). Atención primaria registró un interés del 17,1%. Las especialidades quirúrgicas fueron percibidas como de mayor ingreso (USD 36 000); atención primaria fue percibida como la de menor ingreso (USD 24 000). El ingreso (23,6%), el trabajo a futuro (19,7%) y “hacer una diferencia en las personas” (8,9%) fueron los principales factores involucrados en la elección. “Trabajar con personas con escaso acceso” se asoció de manera significativa con la preferencia por la atención primaria. La preferencia por otras especialidades fue influenciada por el “prestigio percibido” y “disfrutar la vida” (P < 0,05). La mayoría de los participantes que eligieron la atención primaria provenían de una universidad pública (P < 0,05), lo que pone de relieve el papel de las instituciones estatales de educación superior. Conclusiones. Existe una combinación de factores facilitadores y de barreras que inciden en el desinterés hacia las carreras de atención primaria. Se requiere de estrategias desde la academia y el sector gubernamental, así como la definición de políticas públicas, que favorezcan la elección de la atención primaria.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Confirmed clinical case of chronic kidney disease of nontraditional causes in agricultural communities in Central America: a case definition for surveillance/Caso clínico confirmado de enfermedad renal crónica de causas no tradicionales en comunidades agrícolas de Centroamérica: una definición de caso para la vigilancia
- Author
-
Ferreiro, Alejandro, Alvarez-Estevez, Guillermo, Cerdas-Calderon, Manuel, Cruz-Trujillo, Zulma, Mena, Elio, Reyes, Marina, Sandoval-Diaz, Mabel, Sanchez-Polo, Vicente, Valdes, Regulo, and Ordunez, Pedro
- Published
- 2016
5. Chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology in Central America: a provisional epidemiologic case definition for surveillance and epidemiologic studies/Enfermedad renal cronica de causas no tradicionales en Centroamerica: una definicion de caso provisional para vigilancia y estudios epidemiologicos
- Author
-
Lozier, Matthew, Turcios-Ruiz, Reina Maria, Noonan, Gary, and Ordunez, Pedro
- Published
- 2016
6. Optimization of registry of deaths from chronic kidney disease in agricultural communities in Central America/Optimizacion del registro de muerte por enfermedad renal cronica en las comunidades agricolas de America Central
- Author
-
Escamilla-Cejudo, Jose Antonio, Baez, Jorge Lara, Pena, Rodolfo, Luna, Patricia Lorena Ruiz, and Ordunez, Pedro
- Published
- 2016
7. Demand for cigarettes and tax increases in El Salvador/La demanda de cigarrillos y el aumento de impuestos en El Salvador
- Author
-
Ramos-Carbajales, Alejandro, Gonzalez-Rozada, Martin, and Vallarino, Hugo
- Published
- 2016
8. Concept Map on Health and Intellectual Property in Central America and the Dominican Republic/Mapa conceptual en salud y propiedad intelectual en Centroamerica y la Republica Dominicana/Mapa conceitual de saude e propriedade intelectual na America Central e na Republica Dominicana
- Author
-
Delgado, Beatriz M. Garcia, Silva, Ana Paula, and de Rodriguez, Juana M.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Central America: a cross-sectional population-based study/Prevalencia del sindrome metabolico en Centroamerica: un estudio transversal basado en la poblacion
- Author
-
Wong-McClure, Roy A., Gregg, Edward W., Barcelo, Alberto, Lee, Kahye, Abarca-Gomez, Leandra, Sanabria-Lopez, Laura, and Tortos-Guzman, Jaime
- Published
- 2015
10. Musculoskeletal pain in Central American workers: results of the First Survey on Working Conditions and Health in Central America/Dolor musculoesquelético en trabajadores de América Central: resultados de la I Encuesta Centroamericana de Condiciones de Trabajo y Salud
- Author
-
Rojas, Marianela, Gimeno, David, Vargas-Prada, Sergio, and Benavides, Fernando G.
- Published
- 2015
11. Differences between the 2013 and 2014 hypertension guidelines. Position of the Central American and Caribbean Society for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Prevention/ Divergencias entre guías de 2013 y 2014 de la hipertensión arterial. Posición de la Sociedad Centroamericana y del Caribe de Hipertensión y Prevención Cardiovascular
- Author
-
Morales-Salinas, Alberto, Wyss, Fernando, Coca, Antonio, Ramirez, Agustin J., Valdez, Osiris, and Valerio, Luis F.
- Published
- 2015
12. Exploring social innovation in health in Central America and the Caribbean
- Author
-
Josselyn Mothe, Luis E Vacaflor, Nancy Gore Saravia, Luis Gabriel Cuervo, and Diana María Castro-Arroyave
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Civil society ,social participation ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,media_common.quotation_subject ,030231 tropical medicine ,lcsh:Medicine ,caribbean region ,Enfermedades desatendidas ,Crowdsourcing ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health care ,neglected diseases ,medicine ,Quality (business) ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Empowerment ,Special Report ,media_common ,prestación de atención de salud ,business.industry ,Public health ,delivery of health care ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,América Central ,lcsh:R ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Public relations ,Social engagement ,participación social ,Health promotion ,región del Caribe ,business ,central america - Abstract
Universal health coverage is a public health priority in the Americas. Social innovation in health offers novel solutions to unmet needs, by enabling health care delivery to be more inclusive, affordable, and effective. In 2017, an international collaborative consortium launched an open call for solutions that sought to identify social innovations in health in Central America and the Caribbean. The focus was set on how these solutions can strengthen health care delivery, with emphasis on reducing the impact of neglected transmissible diseases. A crowdsourcing strategy was implemented to identify social innovations in health. These were evaluated by an external panel of experts and practitioners and civil society representing the health and social innovation sectors, based on the appropriateness, innovativeness, and affordability of the solution. The three top-scoring solutions were analyzed through case studies including site visits by a team of investigators. Two key findings emerged from the response to the call: 1) innovative solutions were based on the knowledge and experience of individuals and communities facing adverse situations; 2) this knowledge was shared through health promotion and education, leading to empowerment of the communities. The principal challenges addressed by the solutions were the limited access to quality health care services and failed traditional strategies for vector control. The solutions identified demonstrated how social innovation can strengthen health systems by delivering novel solutions to health needs and articulating communities to enable them to work hand-in-hand with the health system toward universal health.La cobertura universal de salud es una prioridad de salud pública en la Región de las Américas. La innovación social en materia de salud ofrece soluciones novedosas a las necesidades insatisfechas, al permitir que la prestación de servicios de salud sea más inclusiva, asequible y eficaz. En 2017, un consorcio de colaboración internacional lanzó una convocatoria abierta de soluciones con el fin de identificar innovaciones sociales en materia de salud en América Central y el Caribe. Esta se centró en la forma en que esas soluciones pueden fortalecer la prestación de atención sanitaria, con énfasis en la reducción de los efectos de las enfermedades transmisibles desatendidas. Para identificar las innovaciones sociales en materia de salud se aplicó una estrategia de colaboración masiva (
- Published
- 2020
13. Population mobility and HIV/AIDS in Central America and Mexico/Movilidad poblacional y VIH/sida en Centroamerica y Mexico
- Author
-
Leyva-Flores, Rene, Aracena-Genao, Belkis, and Servan-Mori, Edson
- Published
- 2014
14. Social determinants of exclusion from health services and medicines in three central american countries/Determinantes sociales de la exclusión a los servicios de salud y a medicamentos en tres países de América Central
- Author
-
Acuna, Cecilia, Marin, Nelly, Mendoza, Adriana, Emmerick, Isabel Cristina Martins, Luiza, Vera Lucia, and Azeredo, Thiago Botelho
- Published
- 2014
15. Establishing research priorities for chronic kidney disease of non-traditional causes in Central America/Establecimiento de prioridades de investigacion en la enfermedad renal cronica de causas no tradicionales en Centroamerica/ Determinacao de prioridades em pesquisa da doenca renal cronica associada a causas nao tradicionais na America Central
- Author
-
Reveiz, Ludovic, Pinzon-Florez, Carlos, Glujovsky, Demian, Elias, Vanessa, and Ordunez, Pedro
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Entrenamiento medico en urgencias para promotores de salud de América Central y América del Sur
- Author
-
Partridge, Robert, Proano, Lawrence, Skarbek-Borowski, George, Bouslough, David, and Cohen, Scott
- Published
- 2007
17. Factores que influyen en la elección de una carrera en atención primaria entre los estudiantes de medicina en América Central
- Author
-
Isamara Gilmiani Medina Quiroz, Juan José Vindell, Hilda M Leal, Jorge Arturo Jiménez, Brian Erazo Muñoz, Lucia Terrón, Alexandre de Souza Ramos Florencio, Eduardo Benjamín Puertas, and Rafael Antonio Orellana
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,020205 medical informatics ,Higher education ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,Specialty ,lcsh:Medicine ,Public policy ,02 engineering and technology ,Affect (psychology) ,health workforce ,specialization ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Atención primaria de salud ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,medicine ,especialización ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Salary ,Investigación Original ,Primary health care ,Social work ,business.industry ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,lcsh:R ,América Central ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Public institution ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Central America ,Preference ,Family medicine ,fuerza laboral en salud ,Psychology ,business - Abstract
Objetivos.Identificar las especialidades preferidas, la percepción salarial y los factores que influencian la elección de una carrera en atención primaria en los estudiantes de último año de medicina o en servicio social de América Central.Métodos.Estudio multicéntrico de corte transversal con aplicación de una encuesta que investigó la información demográfica, la especialidad preferida, la percepción salarial y otros factores que influyen en la elección de la especialidad.Resultados.Participaron 1 722 estudiantes de 31 universidades que identificaron como futuras especialidades: cirugía (11,7%), ginecología/obstetricia (10,3%), pediatría (9,9%) y medicina interna (6,6%). Medicina general alcanzó 3,8% y medicina familiar 1,1%. Al agruparlas el mayor interés fue para las especialidades médicas (49,7%), seguido de las quirúrgicas (31,7%). Atención primaria registró un interés del 17,1%. Las especialidades quirúrgicas fueron percibidas como de mayor ingreso (USD 36 000); atención primaria fue percibida como la de menor ingreso (USD 24 000). El ingreso (23,6%), el trabajo a futuro (19,7%) y “hacer una diferencia en las personas” (8,9%) fueron los principales factores involucrados en la elección. “Trabajar con personas con escaso acceso” se asoció de manera significativa con la preferencia por la atención primaria. La preferencia por otras especialidades fue influenciada por el “prestigio percibido” y “disfrutar la vida” (P < 0,05). La mayoría de los participantes que eligieron la atención primaria provenían de una universidad pública (P < 0,05), lo que pone de relieve el papel de las instituciones estatales de educación superior.Conclusiones.Existe una combinación de factores facilitadores y de barreras que inciden en el desinterés hacia las carreras de atención primaria. Se requiere de estrategias desde la academia y el sector gubernamental, así como la definición de políticas públicas, que favorezcan la elección de la atención primaria.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Chronic kidney disease of non-traditional origin in Mesoamerica: a disease primarily driven by occupational heat stress
- Author
-
Richard J. Johnson, Rebekah A. I. Lucas, Ilana Weiss, Catharina Wesseling, David H. Wegman, Kristina Jakobsson, Jason Glaser, Sandra Peraza, Christer Hogstedt, Agnes Soares da Silva, Erik Hansson, and Julieta Rodríguez-Guzmán
- Subjects
plaguicidas ,praguicidas ,030232 urology & nephrology ,lcsh:Medicine ,Disease ,metales ,heat stress ,0302 clinical medicine ,infections ,030212 general & internal medicine ,renal insufficiency, chronic ,Insuficiencia renal crónica ,estresse térmico ,Anecdotal evidence ,education.field_of_study ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,metais ,Workload ,disorder ,chronic ,disorder, heat stress ,infecção ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,Population ,metals ,03 medical and health sciences ,Environmental health ,medicine ,estrés por calor ,Renal insufficiency ,education ,Special Report ,saúde do trabalhador ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,América Central ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,salud laboral ,Subsistence agriculture ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Central America ,pesticides ,infección ,medicine.disease ,Agriculture ,occupational health ,Etiology ,Insuficiência renal crônica ,business ,Kidney disease - Abstract
The death toll of the epidemic of chronic kidney disease of nontraditional origin (CKDnt) in Mesoamerica runs into the tens of thousands, affecting mostly young men. There is no consensus on the etiology. Anecdotal evidence from the 1990s pointed to work in sugarcane; pesticides and heat stress were suspected. Subsequent population-based surveys supported an occupational origin with overall high male-female ratios in high-risk lowlands, but small sex differences within occupational categories, and low prevalence in non-workers. CKDnt was reported in sugarcane and other high-intensity agriculture, and in non-agricultural occupations with heavy manual labor in hot environments, but not among subsistence farmers. Recent studies with stronger designs have shown cross-shift changes in kidney function and hydration biomarkers and cross-harvest kidney function declines related to heat and workload. The implementation of a water-rest-shade intervention midharvest in El Salvador appeared to halt declining kidney function among cane cutters. In Nicaragua a water-rest-shade program appeared sufficient to prevent kidney damage among cane workers with low-moderate workload but not among cutters with heaviest workload. Studies on pesticides and infectious risk factors have been largely negative. Non-occupational risk factors do not explain the observed epidemiologic patterns. In conclusion, work is the main driver of the CKDnt epidemic in Mesoamerica, with occupational heat stress being the single uniting factor shown to lead to kidney dysfunction in affected populations. Sugarcane cutters with extreme heat stress could be viewed as a sentinel occupational population. Occupational heat stress prevention is critical, even more so in view of climate change.La mortalidad por la epidemia de enfermedad renal crónica de origen no tradicional (ERCnt) en Mesoamérica asciende a decenas de miles de personas, principalmente hombres jóvenes. No existe consenso sobre su etiología. En la década de 1990, informes anecdóticos apuntaban como factor de riesgo al trabajo en plantaciones de caña de azúcar; se consideró como posibles causantes a los plaguicidas y el estrés térmico. Estudios de prevalencia de base poblacional subsiguientes apoyaron un origen ocupacional, con una proporción elevada de hombres respecto de las mujeres en las tierras bajas donde el riesgo era elevado, pero con pequeñas diferencias de sexo dentro de las categorías ocupacionales y baja prevalencia en el ámbito no laboral. Se reportó ERCnt en los trabajadores de la caña de azúcar y otros cultivos con alta exigencia física y en ocupaciones no agrícolas que implican trabajo manual intenso en ambientes calurosos, pero no entre los agricultores de subsistencia. Estudios recientes con diseños más sólidos han demostrado cambios en la función renal y en los biomarcadores de hidratación en el curso de los turnos laborales, y disminución de la función renal relacionada con el calor y la carga de trabajo en el curso de la cosecha. La implementación de una intervención basada en la provisión de agua, descanso y sombra a mitad de la cosecha en El Salvador detuvo la disminución de la función renal en los cortadores de caña. En Nicaragua, un programa de provisión de agua, descanso y sombra evitó la lesión renal en los trabajadores de la caña con una carga de trabajo baja y moderada, pero no entre los cortadores, quienes tienen la mayor carga de trabajo. Los estudios sobre plaguicidas y factores de riesgo infecciosos han sido en gran medida negativos. Los factores de riesgo no ocupacionales no explican los patrones epidemiológicos observados. En conclusión, el trabajo es el principal desencadenante de la epidemia de ERCnt en Mesoamérica, y el estrés térmico ocupacional es el único factor que consistentemente conduce a la disfunción renal en las poblaciones afectadas. Los cortadores que trabajan en los ingenios azucareros y están expuestos a un estrés térmico extremo podrían ser considerados una población ocupacional centinela. La prevención del estrés térmico ocupacional es crítica, más aún si se consideran los efectos del cambio climático.A mortalidade devida à epidemia de doença renal crônica de origem não tradicional (DRCnt) na Mesoamérica atinge dezenas de milhares de pessoas, principalmente homens jovens. Não há consenso sobre a sua etiologia. Na década de 1990, informações empíricas apontavam o trabalho em plantações de cana de açúcar como um fator de risco; pesticidas e estresse térmico também eram considerados causas possíveis. As pesquisas populacionais subsequentes sustentam uma origem ocupacional da doença, com uma elevada proporção de homens quando comparados à de mulheres, em areas de baixa altitude, onde o risco da doença é mais elevado, mas com pequenas diferenças de gênero quando se consideram as categorias ocupacionais e baixa prevalência no ambiente não-ocupacional. A DRCnt foi identificada em trabalhadores agrícolas da cana de açúcar e de outras culturas que exigem trabalho físico de alta intensidade e em ocupações não agrícolas envolvendo um trabalho manual intenso em ambientes quentes, mas não entre os agricultores de subsistência. Estudos recentes com desenhos mais robustos demonstraram mudanças na função renal e nos biomarcadores de hidratação ao longo dos turnos de trabalho, e diminuição da função renal relacionada à exposição ao calor e à carga de trabalho ao longo da colheita. A implementação de uma intervenção de água-descanso-sombra durante a colheita em El Salvador interrompeu o declínio da função renal em cortadores de cana. Na Nicarágua, intervenções água-descanso-sombra parecem ter sido suficientes para evitar lesões renais em trabalhadores canavieiros com cargas de trabalho baixa e moderada, mas não entre os cortadores de cana que têm carga de trabalho mais pesada. Estudos sobre exposição a pesticidas e a fatores de risco de origem infecciosa têm sido largamente negativos. Os fatores de risco não-ocupacionais não explicam os padrões epidemiológicos observados. Em conclusão, ocupação é o principal desencadeador da epidemia de DRCnt na Mesoamérica, e o estresse térmico ocupacional é o único fator comprovado que leva à disfunção renal nas populações afetadas. Os cortadores de cana que trabalham em engenhos de açúcar e expostos a um estresse térmico extremo podem ser considerados uma população ocupacional sentinela. A prevenção do estresse térmico ocupacional é crítica, especialmente considerando os efeitos das mudanças climáticas.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Development of in-house serological methods for diagnosis and surveillance of chikungunya
- Author
-
Leonel Pérez, Eva Harris, Lionel Gresh, Yolanda Tellez, Saira Saborío Galo, Angel Balmaseda, Karla Gonzalez, and Nadezna Garcia
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Virus chikungunya ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,medicine.drug_class ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,030231 tropical medicine ,lcsh:Medicine ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Nicaragua ,técnicas de laboratorio clínico ,Monoclonal antibody ,medicine.disease_cause ,Antibodies, Viral ,Virus ,Article ,Serology ,ensayo de inmunoadsorción enzimática ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Inhibition elisa ,Medicine ,Humans ,Serologic Tests ,Chikungunya ,biology ,business.industry ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,América Central ,lcsh:R ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Serum samples ,Disease control ,Virology ,3. Good health ,030104 developmental biology ,Population Surveillance ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Chikungunya Fever ,Antibody ,business ,Chikungunya virus - Abstract
Objective.To develop and evaluate serological methods for chikungunya diagnosis and research in Nicaragua.Methods.Two IgM ELISA capture systems (MAC-ELISA) for diagnosis of acute chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections, and two Inhibition ELISA Methods (IEM) to measure total antibodies against CHIKV were developed using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and hyperimmune serum at the National Virology Laboratory of Nicaragua in 2014–2015. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and agreement of the MAC-ELISAs were obtained by comparing the results of 198 samples (116 positive; 82 negative) with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s IgM ELISA (Atlanta, Georgia, United States; CDC-MAC-ELISA). For clinical evaluation of the four serological techniques, 260 paired acute and convalescent phase serum samples of suspected chikungunya cases were used.Results.All four assays were standardized by determining the optimal concentrations of the different reagents. Processing times were substantially reduced compared to the CDC-MAC-ELISA. For the MAC-ELISA systems, a sensitivity of 96.6% and 97.4%, and a specificity of 98.8% and 91.5% were obtained using mAb and hyperimmune serum, respectively, compared with the CDC method. Clinical evaluation of the four serological techniques versus the CDC real-time RT-PCR assay resulted in a sensitivity of 95.7% and a specificity of 88.8%–95.9%.Conclusion.Two MAC-ELISA and two IEM systems were standardized, demonstrating very good quality for chikungunya diagnosis and research demands. This will achieve more efficient epidemiological surveillance in Nicaragua, the first country in Central America to produce its own reagents for serological diagnosis of CHIKV. The methods evaluated here can be applied in other countries and will contribute to sustainable diagnostic systems to combat the disease.
- Published
- 2017
20. Movilidad poblacional y VIH/sida en Centroamérica y México
- Author
-
René Leyva-Flores, Belkis Aracena-Genao, and Edson Serván-Mori
- Subjects
Migración humana ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,México ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,prevalencia ,América Central ,lcsh:R ,VIH ,lcsh:Medicine ,lcsh:RA1-1270 - Abstract
OBJETIVO: Estimar la magnitud de la asociación entre la movilidad poblacional, medida con la tasa neta de migración (TNM) y la prevalencia de VIH en Centroamérica y México. MÉTODOS: Con modelos de series temporales se analizó dicha asociación en personas de 15 a 49 años de edad, ajustada por factores socioeconómicos (educación, educación, desempleo, esperanza de vida e ingreso) y utilizando información pública de ONUSIDA, el PNUD, la CEPAL y el Banco Mundial para el período 1990-2009. RESULTADOS: La TNM fue negativa en todos los países, excepto en Costa Rica y Panamá. Los resultados no ajustados del modelo muestran una asociación positiva y que la TNM puede explicar el 6% de la prevalencia de VIH registrada. Cuando se incluyen cofactores socioeconómicos por país (educación, salud e ingreso), la magnitud asciende a 9% (P
- Published
- 2014
21. Determinantes sociales de la exclusión a los servicios de salud y a medicamentos en tres países de América Central
- Author
-
Cecilia Acuña, Nelly Marina, Adriana Mendoza, Isabel Cristina Martins Emmerick, Vera Lucía Luiza, and Thiago Botelho Azeredo
- Subjects
lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,América Central ,lcsh:R ,lcsh:Medicine ,factores socioeconómicos ,Nicaragua ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Guatemala ,Honduras ,Accesibilidad a los servicios de salud ,factores de riesgo ,equidad en el acceso - Abstract
OBJETIVO: Examinar los determinantes sociales que afectan la conducta de la población en relación con la búsqueda y obtención de medicamentos, y su relación con la exclusión de los servicios de salud para datos agregados de tres países de América Central: Guatemala, Honduras y Nicaragua. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, mediante la aplicación de una encuesta de hogares. La muestra del estudio se seleccionó de acuerdo al método de conglomerados. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa SPSS® V.17, utilizando estadística descriptiva y análisis bivariado, multivariado y por componentes principales (ACP). RESULTADOS: Aunque la mayoría de las personas pudo acceder a la atención en salud, la exclusión en salud (razón de probabilidades [RP] 4,10; intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]) fue el principal determinante de la falta de acceso a los medicamentos. Las características de la vivienda (RP 0,747, IC95%), la formalidad del empleo del jefe(a) de hogar (RP 0,707, IC95%) y las condiciones socioeconómicas del hogar (RP 0,462, IC95%) fueron también importantes determinantes de la falta de acceso a los medicamentos. CONCLUSIONES: Los fenómenos de la falta de acceso a servicios de salud y a medicamentos no son independientes entre sí. Se corroboró que el sistema de salud, como determinante social intermediario de la salud, es un factor importante para la mejora del acceso a medicamentos. Las políticas públicas orientadas a alcanzar la cobertura universal deben contemplar esta relación para ser eficaces.
- Published
- 2014
22. Violence and social capital in post-conflict Guatemala
- Author
-
Cecilie, Dinesen, Henrik, Ronsbo, Carla, Juárez, Mariano, González, Miguel Ángel, Estrada Méndez, and Jens, Modvig
- Subjects
Adult ,medio social ,Family Characteristics ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,América Central ,lcsh:R ,Social Support ,lcsh:Medicine ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Violence ,Trust ,Guatemala ,Altruism ,Sampling Studies ,Conflict, Psychological ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Violencia ,Humans ,Cooperative Behavior - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Violence in post-conflict Guatemala has serious public health consequences for the population. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between violence and social capital. METHODS: Data from a cross-sectional victimization survey conducted in 2008 - 2010 in Guatemala were analyzed. Two-stage proportionate sampling was used in the survey. Households (n = 1 300) were randomly sampled within a random sample of communities (n = 118) in five administrative departments. The survey collected information on the six-month violence exposure of 6 335 individuals. Social capital was measured at the household level using the short version of the Adapted Social Capital Tool (SASCAT). The odds ratio for household violence exposure was estimated using multiple logistic regression. Community-level data from the latest national census were included as explanatory factors at the community level. Income, ethnicity, and social capital were included at the household level. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. RESULTS: In total, 2.7% of individuals and 11.7% of households had been exposed to violence within the past six months. The multivariate analysis showed that 1) structural social capital (in this case, the level of participation in social networks and civil society) was a risk factor for violence and 2) cognitive social capital (measured as trust, norms, and sense of belonging) was a protective factor for violence. CONCLUSIONS: The opposite direction of the association between violence and structural and cognitive social capital challenges the use of social capital as a unified concept. If this finding is corroborated by other studies, structural and cognitive social capital will have to be treated as two distinctly different concepts.
- Published
- 2013
23. Diagnóstico de la capacidad para el ejercicio de las funciones esenciales de salud pública en países de Mesoamérica, los estados mexicanos de Chiapas y Quintana Roo y la República Dominicana Diagnosis of capacity to perform essential public health functions in the Central American countries, the Dominican Republic, and the Mexican states of Chiapas and Quintana Roo
- Author
-
Miguel Ángel González Block, Luz María González Robledo, and Silvia Magali Cuadra Hernández
- Subjects
lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,Sistemas de salud ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,México ,República Dominicana ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,América Central ,Dominican Republic ,lcsh:R ,lcsh:Medicine ,Central America ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,essential public health functions ,Health systems ,funciones esenciales de la salud pública ,Mexico - Abstract
OBJETIVO: Caracterizar la capacidad para el desempeño de las funciones esenciales de la salud pública (FESP) de las instituciones públicas y privadas en países de Mesoamérica, los estados mexicanos de Chiapas y Quintana Roo y la República Dominicana. MÉTODOS: Se aplicó una encuesta en línea a 83 organizaciones de Belice, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panamá, la República Dominicana y los estados mexicanos de Chiapas y Quintana Roo sobre la capacidad de cumplir cada una de las 11 FESP. Los resultados se validaron en un taller con representantes de los ministerios de salud de los siete países y los dos estados mexicanos participantes. RESULTADOS: La mayor capacidad para el desempeño se identificó en la FESP 1 (monitoreo, evaluación y análisis del estado de salud de la población), la FESP 2.1.1 (vigilancia, investigación y control de riesgos y amenazas a la salud pública para enfermedades infecciosas) y la FESP 5 (desarrollo de políticas y planificación en salud). La mayor debilidad se encontró en la FESP 2.1.2 (vigilancia, investigación y monitoreo de las enfermedades no infecciosas). Las asimetrías en el desempeño de las FESP al interior de cada país indican debilidades en las funciones de los laboratorios y de la investigación en salud pública. CONCLUSIONES: Se requiere mejorar el desempeño estratégico en la mayor parte de las FESP en los países y territorios analizados y reforzar la infraestructura, el equipamiento y los recursos humanos, tanto a nivel estratégico como táctico. Se debe aplicar un enfoque regional para aprovechar la capacidad diferencial con vistas al fortalecimiento y el apoyo técnico cooperativo.OBJECTIVE: Characterize the capacity of public and private institutions in the Central American countries, the Dominican Republic, and the Mexican states of Chiapas and Quintana Roo to perform essential public health functions (EPHFs). METHODS: An online survey of 83 organizations in Belize, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and the Mexican states of Chiapas and Quintana Roo was conducted to learn about their capacity to perform each of the 11 EPHFs. The results were validated in a workshop with representatives of the ministries of health from the seven countries and the two participating Mexican states. RESULTS: High levels of performance capacity were found most often for EPHF 1 (monitoring, evaluation, and analysis of health status of the population), EPHF 2.1.1 (surveillance, research, and control of risks and threats to public health from infectious diseases), and EPHF 5 (policy development and health planning). The greatest weakness was found in EPHF 2.1.2 (surveillance, research, and monitoring of noninfectious diseases). Asymmetries in EPHF performance within each country mainly revealed weaknesses in the laboratory and public health research functions. CONCLUSIONS: In the countries and territories analyzed, there is a need to improve strategic performance in most of the EPHFs, as well as to strengthen infrastructure, upgrade equipment, and further develop human resources at both the strategic and the tactical levels. A regional approach should be used to take advantage of the different levels of capacity, with a view to greater strengthening and enhanced technical support and cooperation.
- Published
- 2013
24. Progress in trial registration in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2007–2013
- Author
-
Pablo Rodríguez-Feria and Luis Gabriel Cuervo
- Subjects
Gerontology ,América del Norte ,Organización Panamericana de la Salud ,Latin Americans ,Population ,América del Sur ,MEDLINE ,Ensayos clínicos como asunto ,pesquisa ,política de salud ,Região do Caribe ,política de saúde ,América do Norte ,Clinical trials as topic ,03 medical and health sciences ,Región del Caribe ,0302 clinical medicine ,Caribbean region ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Trial registration ,education ,Special Report ,Health policy ,Ensaios clínicos como assunto ,Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde ,education.field_of_study ,research ,030505 public health ,ética ,América Central ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,health policy ,Central America ,South America ,ethics ,políticas ,Clinical trial ,Pan American Health Organization ,Geography ,investigación ,North America ,Descriptive research ,0305 other medical science ,policy ,América do Sul ,Demography - Abstract
This descriptive study identifies trends in clinical trial registration in the World Health Organization International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (ICTRP) for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), from 2007-2013, and provides adjusted estimates for registration rates by population and publications (2007-2011). Trends and data are presented by subregion and language in interactive graphs, including annual registration rates by population (2007-2011) and publications (LILACS and MEDLINE) listed in SCIENTI Network (Science and Technology Indicators). Of the 11 945 clinical trials involving LAC countries, 8 282 were in South America, with Brazil leading at 4 070 (49%); 2 421 in North and Central America, with Mexico leading at 1 886 (78%); and 1 242 in the Caribbean, with Puerto Rico leading at 857 (69%). After adjusting by population and publication rates Chile, Panama, Argentina, and Peru led registration rates per 1 million inhabitants. Variations in the number of trials per year are quite substantial. Clinical trial registration increased in a steady yet inconsistent way. The implementation of the Policy on Research for Health has been followed by an increase in countries that require registration and have established clinical trial registries. However, there is room for improvement in adherence throughout LAC. Trial registration is offered gratis by Brazilian, Cuban, Peruvian, and United States registries, among others.En este estudio descriptivo se establecen las tendencias en cuanto al registro de ensayos clínicos en la Plataforma de Registros Internacionales de Ensayos Clínicos (ICTRP) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en América Latina y el Caribe en el período 2007-2013, y se incluyen cálculos ajustados de las tasas de registro por población y por publicaciones (2007-2011). Las tendencias y los datos se presentan por subregiones e idiomas en gráficos interactivos, y además se incluyen las tasas anuales de registro por población (2007-2011) y publicaciones (LILACS y MEDLINE) que figuran en la Red ScienTi (indicadores de ciencia y tecnología). De los 11 945 ensayos clínicos realizados en países de América Latina y el Caribe, 8 282 tuvieron lugar en América del Sur, en donde Brasil lleva la delantera con 4 070 (49 %); 2 421 se realizaron en América del Norte y Centroamérica, donde México se ubica en primer lugar con 1 886 (78 %), y 1 242 se realizaron en el Caribe, donde la mayoría de los ensayos fueron en Puerto Rico, con un número de 857 (69 %). Después de ajustar las tasas por población y publicaciones, Chile, Panamá, Argentina y Perú tuvieron las tasas más altas de registro por 1 millón de habitantes. Hubo amplias variaciones en el número de ensayos clínicos por año.El registro de ensayos clínicos aumentó de manera constante, aunque no uniforme. La ejecución de la Política de investigación para la salud de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) llevó a un aumento del número de países que han establecido registros de ensayos clínicos y que requieren que se realice este registro. Sin embargo, podría mejorarse la observancia de esa política en América Latina y el Caribe en su totalidad. El registro de ensayos es gratuito en Brasil, Cuba, Estados Unidos y Perú.Estudo descritivo que identifica as tendências no registro de ensaios clínicos na Plataforma Internacional de Registro de Ensaios Clínicos (ICTRP) da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para América Latina e Caribe de 2007 a 2013, e apresenta estimativas ajustadas dos índices de registro por população e publicação (2007–2011). As tendências e os dados são apresentados por sub-região e idioma em gráficos interativos, incluindo os índices anuais de registro por população (2007–2011) e publicação (LILACS e MEDLINE) listada na SCIENTI Network (Science and Technology Indicators). Dos 11.945 ensaios clínicos realizados nos países da América Latina e Caribe, 8.282 foram conduzidos na América do Sul, na sua maioria (4.070) no Brasil (49%), 2.421 nas Américas Central e do Norte, na maior parte (1.886) no México (78%), e 1.242 no Caribe, em maior número (857) em Porto Rico (69%). Após o ajuste por população e publicação, Chile, Panamá, Argentina e Peru apresentaram os maiores índices de registro por 1 milhão de habitantes. A variação no número anual de estudos é bastante considerável.Verificou-se um crescimento estável, porém inconsistente, no registro de ensaios clínicos. Com a implementação da Política para pesquisa em saúde, aumentou o número de países em que o registro de ensaios clínicos é exigido e que implantaram registros próprios. No entanto, é possível melhorar ainda mais a adesão na América Latina e Caribe visto que este registro é gratuito no Brasil, Cuba, Peru e nos Estados Unidos, entre outros.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Total adult cardiovascular risk in Central America
- Author
-
A. Barceló, E. W. Gregg, R. Wong-McClure, M. Meiners, M. Ramirez-Zea, and J. Segovia
- Subjects
Factores de riesgo ,enfermedades cardiovasculares ,población ,obesidad ,diabetes mellitus ,América Central ,Medicine ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate prevalence of cardiovascular risk among adults 40 years and older using population-based samples from six Central American countries. METHODS: Risk factors were derived from a multi-national cross-sectional survey implemented in 2003-2006, which included a sample of 4 202 participants aged 40 years and older. Charts produced by the World Health Organization and the International Society of Hypertension for the Region of the Americas sub-region B were used to predict risk on the basis of factors including age, sex, blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, smoking status, and diabetes status. RESULTS: Overall, 85.9% of the population was classified as having < 10% risk for cardiovascular events during the following ten years. The likelihood of being in this risk group decreased with age in both males and females. Four percent of respondents were identified as having > 20% risk. More than 75% of those with a 30-40% risk had previously been identified by health services, and an additional 23% were identified during the study, suggesting they could be diagnosed by opportunistic screening for diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Results of bivariate analysis showed that respondents who were male, older, obese and/or less educated had higher risk for cardiovascular events, but a multivariate analysis including education indicated highest risks for older, obese, and less educated females. CONCLUSIONS: Measuring cardiovascular disease risk identifies most cases of (or at risk for) diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia among adults 40 years and older. This strategy can facilitate implementation of control programs and decrease disabilities and premature mortality.
26. Worker health and safety and climate change in the Americas: issues and research needs
- Author
-
Max Kiefer, Julietta Rodríguez-Guzmán, Joanna Watson, Berna van Wendel de Joode, Donna Mergler, and Agnes Soares da Silva
- Subjects
Cambio climático ,riesgos laborales ,exposición profesional ,ambiente de trabajo ,América Central ,Américas ,Medicine ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
SYNOPSIS This report summarizes and discusses current knowledge on the impact that climate change can have on occupational safety and health (OSH), with a particular focus on the Americas. Worker safety and health issues are presented on topics related to specific stressors (e.g., temperature extremes), climate associated impacts (e.g., ice melt in the Arctic), and a health condition associated with climate change (chronic kidney disease of non-traditional etiology). The article discusses research needs, including hazards, surveillance, and risk assessment activities to better characterize and understand how OSH may be associated with climate change events. Also discussed are the actions that OSH professionals can take to ensure worker health and safety in the face of climate change.
27. Trends in tuberculosis notification and treatment outcomes in prisons: a country-wide assessment in El Salvador from 2009–2014
- Author
-
Gilberto Ayala, Julio Garay, Miguel Aragon, Tom Decroo, and Rony Zachariah
- Subjects
Tuberculosis ,prisiones ,pulmón, radiografía ,técnicas de diagnóstico molecular ,participación social ,investigación operativa ,El Salvador ,América Central ,Medicine ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective To describe trends in tuberculosis (TB) notification and treatment outcomes in 25 prisons in El Salvador from 2009–2014 and to determine if a set of interventions introduced in 2011 affected TB case finding and management. Methods This was operational research that utilized a retrospective cohort study of program data from 2009–2014. The package of interventions introduced in 2011 provides staff training, engages inmates in TB case finding, and offers diagnosis through mobile X-ray and Xpert® MTB/RIF. Results Case notification rates per 100 000 prisoners tripled, from 532 in 2009 to 1 688 in 2014—about 50 times that of the general population. Individual data were analyzed for 1 177 patients who started TB treatment, among whom 1 056 (89.7%) cases were bacteriologically-confirmed: 966 (92%) were diagnosed through smear microscopy; 42 (4%) with Xpert® MTB/RIF; and 48 (5%) through cultures. Cumulative treatment success and cure rates were over 95% and 90%, respectively. However, among 113 patients with previously-treated TB, drug sensitivity testing results were available for only 53 (47.%). One patient was diagnosed with mono-drug resistant TB. Conclusions These findings show that TB notification increased exponentially since introduction of the intervention package and that excellent treatment outcomes were sustained. Both are of vital relevance to countries striving for TB elimination. Notification might be improved further by providing systematic TB screening upon prison entry and periodically thereafter. Furthermore, previously-treated TB patients should receive prioritized screening for drug resistance.
28. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease of non-traditional causes in patients on hemodialysis in southwest Guatemala
- Author
-
Timothy S. Laux, Joaquin Barnoya, Ever Cipriano, Erick Herrera, Noemi Lopez, Vicente Sanchez Polo, and Marcos Rothstein
- Subjects
América Central ,insuficiencia renal crónica ,diálisis ,Guatemala ,Medicine ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective To document the prevalence of patients on hemodialysis in southwestern Guatemala who have chronic kidney disease (CKD) of non-traditional causes (CKDnt). Methods This cross-sectional descriptive study interviewed patients on hemodialysis at the Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social on their health and occupational history. Laboratory serum, urine and vital sign data at the initiation of hemodialysis were obtained from chart reviews. Patients were classified according to whether they had hypertension or obesity or neither. The proportion of patients with and without these traditional CKD risk factors was recorded and the association between demographic and occupational factors and a lack of traditional CKD risk factors analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Results Of 242 total patients (including 171 non-diabetics) enrolled in hemodialysis in southwestern Guatemala, 45 (18.6% of total patients and 26.3% of non-diabetics) lacked traditional CKD risk factors. While agricultural work history was common, only travel time greater than 30 minutes and age less than 50 years old were significantly associated with CKD in the absence of traditional risk factors. Individuals without such risk factors lived throughout southwestern Guatemala’s five departments. Conclusions The prevalence of CKDnT appears to be much lower in this sample of patients receiving hemodialysis in Southwestern Guatemala than in hospitalized patients in El Salvador. It has yet to be determined whether the prevalence is higher in the general population and in patients on peritoneal dialysis.
29. Chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology in Central America: a provisional epidemiologic case definition for surveillance and epidemiologic studies
- Author
-
Matthew Lozier, Reina Maria Turcios-Ruiz, Gary Noonan, and Pedro Ordunez
- Subjects
Insuficiencia renal crónica ,enfermedades renales ,nefritis ,enfermedad crónica ,vigilancia epidemiológica ,diagnóstico diferencial ,América Central ,Medicine ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
SYNOPSIS Over the last two decades, experts have reported a rising number of deaths caused by chronic kidney disease (CKD) along the Pacific coast of Central America, from southern Mexico to Costa Rica. However, this specific disease is not associated with traditional causes of CKD, such as aging, diabetes, or hypertension. Rather, this disease is a chronic interstitial nephritis termed chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology (CKDnT). According to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) mortality database, there are elevated rates of deaths related to kidney disease in many of these countries, with the highest rates being reported in El Salvador and Nicaragua. This condition has been identified in certain agricultural communities, predominantly among male farmworkers. Since CKD surveillance systems in Central America are under development or nonexistent, experts and governmental bodies have recommended creating standardized case definitions for surveillance purposes to monitor and characterize this epidemiological situation. A group of experts from Central American ministries of health, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and PAHO held a workshop in Guatemala to discuss CKDnT epidemiologic case definitions. In this paper, we propose that CKD in general be identified by the standard definition internationally accepted and that a suspect case of CKDnT be defined as a person age < 60 years with CKD, without type 1 diabetes mellitus, hypertensive diseases, and other well-known causes of CKD. A probable case of CKDnT is defined as a suspect case with the same findings confirmed three or more months later.
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.