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In 1848 Dr. Castro Madriz issued the decree which established the Republic of Costa Rica and its new coinage. An oak tree (Quercus sp.) was engraved on silver coins as a symbol of the strength and hospitality of the new Republic. These coins were minted between 1850 and 1862 (1/4, 1/8 and 1/16 of Peso) and between 1864 and 1875 (50, 25, 10, and 5 cents of Peso). This paper provides information on the significance of the oak tree in the socio-political context of mid XIX century Costa Rica. It also provides estimates of the number of pieces minted of each value for a total of approximately 1.871.000 coins. The quarter Pesos of 1853 and 1855 are scarce while the 50 cents of 1875 are relatively common, and all denominations with little wear are rare. The Q. salicifolia tree is similar to that engraved on the coins. After 1880 an oak branch was engraved in different issues of paper money, mainly as a crown for the head of Liberty. The last bill with this symbol was issued in 1943, with a value of 1 colón. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Currently, the specialized literature agreed on the need to democratize knowledge in techno-cognitive decision-making. In particular, some participation mechanisms are questionated because are considered mere exercises used to legitimize preexisting decisions. This accounts for the need to outline new tools to analyze the participatory dynamics in the generation of projects and technologies for local development. Objective: This paper aims to propose an analytical framework to map participatory dynamics, applied to the analysis of local development projects promoted by research institutions through the design and apply of a specific typology. Methodology: This qualitative research is based on two case studies, which involved indepth interviews with relevant actors, documentary analysis and fieldwork in key participatory action research. To carry out the analysis, we use a theoretical-methodological approach based on the sociology of constructivist technology, which proposes to inquire the way in which society and technology are co-constructed. Results: The analysis of two case studies alowed to identify two different trajectories of social participation. The first case initiate with aa broad participation experience, but derived a form of expert control. The second case began with expert control, but participation broadened and intensified throughout the process. Conclusions: Finally, the paper propose some reflections on how participatory dynamics work in the promotion of interactive learning processes and capacity building in technoscientific projects for local development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is one of the first material and concrete results of recent joint efforts made by the academic units of the Faculty of Social Sciences under the call of the Dean. The article in its first chapter reports current regulations governing the design, execution and presentation of Graduation Final Papers (GFP), at the second chapter concisely characterized academic training in research in general and the courses designed directly to support the process of preparing the GFP, the third section is a brief comparative analysis, concluding with the identification of the main strengths, weaknesses and challenges. The article ends with some alternative solutions to the challenges identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The configuration of the Argentinian historiographical field was articulated during the first six decades of the 20th century During this period a series of heuristic and epistemic consensuses crystallised that transformed paradigms and contributed to the consolidation of disciplinary autonomy. The role of women historians in this process has been little studied. Objective: The purpose of this study is to review the participation of women in historiographical practice in Argentina in order to learn about their contributions to the articulation of the disciplinary field. Method: This paper is an article of reflection that does not derive from a specific research on the subject, but is nourished by information and questions arising from previous research related to the evolution and consolidation of historical knowledge in the Río de la Plata during the 19th and 20th centuries. The methodology is qualitative, of an interpretative nature, and is based on the perspective of the History of Historiography. The theoretical precepts are nourished by several contributions from gender studies. Results: Information is presented on the itinerary of several women dedicated to the investigation of the preterit (some little studied and others almost unknown), the difficulties they had in gaining access to jobs and the strategies they had to implement in order to do so. Conclusions: By way of conclusion, the most relevant contributions made by women in the process of shaping the Argentine historiographical field and in the emergence of the New History of the 1960s are explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The electoral volatility that has characterized the last electoral processes of the country has intensified with the ballots phenomenon. The instability in party support has been clearly concentrated in rural areas of the country. Objective: This article aims to present some findings regarding the reasons that explain the electoral volatility in the rural areas of the country based on the case study of the Cariari district, Pococí canton in the Limón province in the presidential elections of 2014 and 2018. Method: The paper presents territory as a geographical, political and explanatory concept that allows the understanding of the conditions that derived the electoral results of 2014 and 2018 elections in Cariari district. A mixed methodology has been used which complemented the quantitative and qualitative approaches. Results: The results show that the electoral volatility phenomenon in Costa Rica does not follow a random pattern instead, it has been located in rural areas. The study case allowed to observe how dissatisfaction and apathy with politics are both, the basis of support for parties with different ideological positions from 2014 to 2018. Conclusion: The perception of the abandonment of rural areas and the wish for political change is identified as the basis for the instability of party support. Also, a scenario is identified that facilitated the capitalization of support from the Partido Restauración Nacional due to a complex territorial dynamic in which religious groups play a main role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Urban mobility is one of the most relevant social phenomena from the last few decades, mainly after the automobile has become the focal axis for city planning, which has caused important transformations in urbanity on a global scale. Objective The objective of this work is to perform a close revision of some particularities for the study of the social implications found in the creation of infrastructure for the urban mobility. It pretends to show some of the characteristics in which western cities have been planned in the modern era, and how this logic has promoted particular models of mass transportation and the triumph of the automobile. In addition, we address the impact that the city planning has had over non-motorized mobility, as well as the problems and opportunities that appear when mobility-designed infrastructure fails or becomes obsolete. Method The paper is a conceptual and theoretical approximation to the mobility phenomenon, and it intends to help position future empirical researches from the perspective of social sciences. Results As the main finding we have how sensitive it is to plan large-scale urban projects without taking in consideration the differentiated impacts they might have in the societies in which these projects are executed. Conclusion In the conclusions section the paper invites to think from an interdisciplinary and participatory focus the way in which mobility infrastructures are designed for the Costar Rican case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This article derives from research on psychosocial risk factors associated with women's work in cooperatives in the Costa Rican Western Region. It should be noted that cooperativism in this area is of long standing and has a marked male tradition. Objective: Therefore, this paper analyzes some elements related to work and gender in six cooperatives with female managers in the western region of Costa Rica. Method: The methodology of the study is qualitative with the application of semi-structured interviews that inquire about the experience of women managers in cooperatives. The information is examined using Critical Discourse Analysis. The types of cooperatives involved, although diverse, have in common that, until before the current management structure, leadership and administration were in the hands of men. The chronological framework of the investigation was developed between August 2019 and March 2020. Results: Among the main findings, the reasons why they were selected as managers in times of crisis stand out, in addition to the different types of violence involved in leading sectors with masculinized structures. It is also relevant that the participants have generated strategies of resistance to such violence, through which they try to transform the working conditions of women in this sector. Conclusions: It can be concluded, based on the scarce research on the cooperative sector with a gender perspective in the region, that it is urgent to learn more about the reality of women cooperative workers in the region, who are making enormous efforts to improve their working conditions and the cooperative model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: From 2003, Argentina developed a set of policies centered on the Social and Solidarity Economy. In particular, the social policy Argentina Works had a broad development throughout the country. Objective: The purpose of the paper is to describe and analyze the territorial application of the programs included in the social policy Argentina Works in the province of Mendoza during the years 2010-2015, based on the socioeconomic principles of the Social and Solidarity Economy and the social integration of the work. Method: The methodology used has been qualitative, with an exploratory-descriptive design. The instruments used were the documentary analysis of technical reports published by the national government and interviews with referents of the Ministry of Social Development of the Nation in Mendoza and organizations reached by the Argentina works policy, in different territories of the province. Results: The territorial application of the Argentina works en Mendoza policy was concentrated in the metropolitan region. The socio-economic principles of Social and Solidarity Economy in particular that prioritize the implemented programs are social production and circulation. Regarding the social integration of work, they present diversity in the integration stages and the dimensions to which they contribute. Conclusions: The Argentina Works policy was a relevant bet to tackle the problem of unemployment, it was halfway there, since the predominant conception of Social and Solidarity Economy was welfare and focused. In Mendoza, it reproduced the territorial concentration in the metropolitan region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Disasters constitute one of the greatest challenges facing humanity. Perceptions regarding these extreme events and their consequences greatly affect the design and implementation of public policies for adaptation and mitigation. Main goal In this paper, the determinants of preferences and perceptions about disasters in Argentina (2017-2019) are analyzed. Method and technique Two waves of a public opinion survey (N = 3056) carried out in 2017 and 2019 are used. Socio-economic and subjective determinants are considered and a regression analysis is carried out. The results of interest include the perception of the probability of dying from a disaster, the preference for greater public spending on safer housing in the face of disasters, and the preference for prioritizing environmental protection or economic growth. Results The results suggest that material deprivation of the household, province of residence (Mendoza, San Juan and Santa Fe, in particular) and having been previously exposed to disasters significantly affect the perception of disasters. In the same sense, trust in the community and the perception of the ease of receiving public benefits if needed are relevant subjective determinants. Conclusion In the current climate change context, the findings of this work constitute an input for the elaboration and implementation of disaster preparedness and mitigation policies. In this sense, understanding what experiences or socio-economic factors affect preferences towards environmental protection is of vital importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The study of self-esteem in Children and Adolescents (NNA for its abbreviation in Spanish) has shown that it is a dynamic phenomenon influenced by social relationships and the context where NNA live, all of which affect their personal development and school experience. Goal In this sense, this paper analyses the relationship between self-esteem in NNA and factors related to school, family, and peer relationships. Method and techniques The data are from secondary sources, provided by the United Nations Development Program (PNUD for its abbreviation in Spanish) that corresponds to the First Survey of Human Development in Children and Adolescents carried out, from a quantitative perspective, in Chile in 2017. A descriptive analysis with Decision Trees techniques will be presented and it will allow the identification of different subgroups in the sample according to their relationship with the variables of interest. Results It was found that the "satisfaction with life" is the most significant variable to outline the selfesteem of NNA, followed by the "perception of educational quality" and "self-image". The positive evaluation of family and school-life experiences favorably conditions the feeling of self-esteem, even in contexts of low educational quality. Conclusion The study of the relationship between self-esteem in NNA and factors related to their relationship with family, teachers, or peers are fundamental to articulate school-intervention projects that address cognitive development and the promotion of satisfactory experiences at school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the precedents and main contributions of the research over social media within the field of Advertising. Moreover, studies related to the production and reception of messages in social media, as well as personal influence in this medium, are referenced. The intention of this paper is to invite the reader to reflect upon all the different disciplines that have concentrated principally on the study of the prevalence and the importance of social media in modern life and the impact that they have on the publicity production, reception and traffic. There is a need to conduct research on the change in advertising strategies, as a result of the advent of Facebook and Twitter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to discuss the connections and the contradictions between human background and education in the public university to understand its development in the capitalist society. The human background is showed from the possibility that the humankind like a social being can be configured through the work like a basic category, while the role of the education imposes itself mainly against the capitalist society, where as a result of this contradiction it makes a rupture in this social being, so this education transfigures in preparation for the work. Hence, it comes about the necessity of the creation of several instances to accomplish this purpose; one of them is the public university as a contradictory space, by one side its objective is the background to satisfy a work market and by the other side, it allows the acquisition of universal knowledge that provides the social collective to take and reveal this basic comprehension for its development as a society. One of the mainly conclusions is the need as society of understanding these contradictions and its social roles in the creation and collectivization of the knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to reconstruct the path that led Erving Goffman to the delimitation ofinteraction as a problematic field to sociology and from this, to the acknowledgement of a social order that would be constitutive to it. In this way, we analyze the essays and articles that are previous to The presentation of self in the everyday life. From our perspective, the theory of interaction presented in this first author's book appears as a conceptual answer to a set of problems that were defined in previous researches. The goal of this paper is to organize and systematize these preliminary approximations. Throughout this reconstruction it will be noticeable that the exploration of interaction does not constitute an end in itself for the goffmanian project, but it represents a central contribution to a general theory of society and of social order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the reflexive process within the framework of a psychotherapeutic case addressed with Systemic Therapy, analyzing the role of social support as an important element to improve a woman's emotional state derived from a separation. In this Systemic Therapy single-case clinical study, the main research tool was the content analysis. Among the prominent results were: the consultant's reflexive process, which strengthened the objective and subjective dimensions of social support; the consolidation of social support networks; and the changes on historical family interaction patterns. The conclusions aim towards the importance of strengthening social support as an essential element for a separated person to legally formalize the dissolution of their conjugal union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a reflection on the role of gender relations, masculinities and forms of sexualization in social research. The current context of expansion of feminisms -particularly in Latin America and Argentina- amplifies the focus on the sexed and generated dimensions of research. Moreover, this conjuncture time highlights a set of tensions in power relations and affections in fieldwork. Taking into account these points, analysis is based on fieldwork from two investigations: one with women who offer commercial sex and other about men who pay for sex. I focus on sexual and gendered interpellations and the field of emotionality -understood as a space that connects meanings and bodies-, to essay a situated reading intersecting the methodological, epistemological and political perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the contingencies and difficulties on the fieldwork and the decisions that influence knowledge construction. From a review of the research: "Food Policies in Argentina from 1983 to 2001" and the implementation of in-depth interview to technicians and professionals who have managed and implemented food policies, this article goes through different fieldwork stages. One of the main obstacles of working on public policies is the limited and incomplete official information, which reconstruction remains a key element in the decisions of the research process. The recordkeeping procedures and the analysis clarified the overview as the research process advanced. Among the main results, it was detected that the interviewees opinions about social policies depend on their closeness to the ongoing governmental management, the different environments (workplace, public space, private house), and the historical period addressed in the conversation. The main role of the researcher in the interview was to listen to both, the speech and the deployment of practices of the interviewees. The interview context turned into an important aspect to understand the complexity of social relations disputing power and resources in the public management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this writing I present a brief description of some busts of Christopher Columbus engraved in coins, medals, paper money, and postage stamps around 1892. The bust of Columbus engraved in the gold coins of Costa Rica (1897-1928) and in paper money until 1942, is similar to the medal designed in 1892 by Francisco Asís López in Madrid, and the medal in turn is probably based on the painting of Columbus made by Lorenzo Lotto in 1512. The medal and portrait are illustrated in the 1893 catalogue published in New York by Nestor Ponce de León, the up to date reference at the time on the many looks of Columbus. Columbus arrived at Cariari, Costa Rica, during his fourth voyage in 1502, and the event is engraved in the 50 colones bank note of 1942. The last coin of Costa Rica with a bust of Columbus was issued in 1997. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along this paper I study two cases of land occupations at the banana enclave zone of Sarapiquí from 1980 to 2009, in order to know the state's role in political processes of agrarian conflict. The analysis of the peasant's narratives -on land occupation, public negotiation, collective action, discursive and organizational dispositions- problematizes the notions of state's "absence" and/or "abandonment", leading to the conclusion that the state can be absent in its institutional forms when it is understood within the welfare ideal, but selectively present when it comes to judicialization, criminalization and repression; also, is shown that state is found where is least looked for: in peasant's organizational practices and daily desire for legal recognition. Structural adjustment promoted state's institutional reduction, however, reduction wasn't absolute, and this study concludes that such withdrawal occurred in redistributive policies, not in the repressive ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has the objective of introducing a resume of the results obtained through the Communication School, regarding the internationalization experiences implemented during the period 2011-2014. Also, includes a detailed description of the methodologies used on this internationalization process, with the aim to share the learned lessons and pedagogical contributions of the professors who were involved on this kind of strategies. In complement of this content, the article make a relation with the content with some main concepts about some authors have been writing during last years. In addition of the systematization of the international activities, the article offer some reflections and suggestions to promote the conceptual and methodological aspects on this internationalization practices, recognizing that these kind of practices have a great value for professors and students, strengthening the analysis process, knowledge exchange and context perspectives. In addition, and after to make a [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of a research process and represents an in-depth thematic review towards a state of art regarding what is meant by literacy. This concept has been studied and defined from varied approaches and its meaning has evolved as time passes by. Initially, it made reference to dichotomous notions on the presence or absence of a particular attribute (being literate or not), but presently, it includes definitions that involve multiple approaches. The goal of the paper is to inform about these conceptions and their evolution, taking into account a special focus on empirical approaches concerning its meaning. The work is completed in two steps: a) a description, selection and classification of sources, and b) a combination and analysis of them, which ends with a synthesis of the more significant conceptualizations. It is concluded that this diversity has increased in our changing and globalized world and that the perception of this issue at the social and political-educational levels should critically influence the teaching goals that each country promotes. The acquisition of Literacy skills by students should be emphasized as these skills will help them in their future social insertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to analyze the contradictory relations between capitalism and gender from the standpoint of critical social theory. Adressing Moishe Postone´s categorial reading of Marx, Roswitha Scholz´s contributions to Wertkritik and John D'Emilio's studies, it can be claimed that capitalism holds a contradictory relation towards gender. On one side, it undermines relations of personal domination, thus enabling conditionts for a pluralization of gender relations. On the other hand, capitalist society produces a historically specific form of heterosexual patriarchy, related to the separation between production and reproduction. Regarding gender relations, capitalism creates oppresive conditions and at the same time brings about new social possibilities. This leads to the conclusion that capitalism generated new forms of gender opression, but also laid the condictions for its critique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new social movements in Latin America are exhibiting search processes of equality and social, ethnic, epistemic, sexual and gender, in-built multiple forms of domination that characterize the dynamics of contemporary global capitalism contexts difference. The paper proposes that new other epistemologies that display some contemporary social movements are a clue dense relationship between the production of knowledge about the phenomenon and recent collective experiences of social liberation, or put another way, varied daily praxis forged some other forms releasing political epistemology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article is part of the research of Master's Thesis in Cultural Studies and has the purpose of socializing a brief look about the feminist critique of the family institution and the idea of the good mother in the patriarchal system. A theoretical review that brings to light some of the debates that took place within the feminist theorist from the late eighteenth century on the topic of maternity. Thus, different authors and authoresses pose problems about the constructions and effects of the various social discourses on women, among which are the discourses on maternity. Feminists interpretations mentioned in this paper, have defined the idea of maternity as a discursive construction supported by different disciplines -at the beginning theological and medical knowledge, and then demography, psychology, among others- and in disciplinary institutions that have been modified throughout history, establishing for each historical period what is considered a good or a bad mother, according to what is estimated negative or positive in each age. In this sense, the main feminist theoretical critiques which draw the attention to historical and philosophical aspects that contributed to configure the hegemonic way of producing maternity are recognized and the social and political discourses that helped to the contemporary consolidation of the familiar institution are revised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mid 2011 the new 1000 colones bill was released into circulation with the portrait of Braulio Carrillo (Chief of State, 1835-3711838-42), and an interpretation of the coat of arms of the State of Costa Rica (1840). In this paper we propose another design for the elements of the coat of arms based on information from numismatics and documents. The six pointed star of the first (1823) flag of Costa Rica, also engraved in coins in 1841 and 1842, was the proper design for the national symbol rather than the eight pointed star which was stamped in legal papers at that time and used in designs of the coat of arms after 1940. At the base of the coat of arms is a branch of myrtle (Myrtus communis) and a frond of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera). which were also the proper symbols. The star and plants conveyed this message: Costa Rica, an independent (the star) and sovereign (radiating star) State, growing in peace (the myrtle), with strength and righteousness (the palm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to find conceptual guidelines and methodological strategies used to identify civil society's reactions to the current peace process between the government of Juan Manuel Santos and the Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARC). It was found that perception surveys are the preferred strategy of think tanks, researchers and the media, to justify their perspectives regarding the analysis of a negotiated end of the conflict. According to this, a methodological proposal was formulated in order to apply a survey to five hundred university students from both private and public universities. The results showed that questions associated to a dichotomy war/peace are easier to answer than the ones associated to the recognition of actors, discourses and strategies that have influenced the understanding of Colombia's armed struggle. Even more complex when a proposal or idea for a solution in a possible scenario of post-conflict is requested. Lastly, some considerations are made that invite to build pedagogical strategies to influence young people (as key actors) to abandon the prejudices, lack of knowledge and indifference associated with the challenges that the construction of peace involves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Silence of Neto (Luis Argueta, 1996) was the sole feature-length film made in Central America during the past decade. However, in the first decade of the 21" century, the cinema of the region was marked by fast and steady growth. In 2010, sixteen feature-length films were screened at the XIII Icaro Central American Film Festival. What were the social and economic factors that most contributed to the development of Contemporary Central American Film? What are the most common themes approached by Central American Filmmakers? Focusing on these two questions, and based primarily on interviews, this paper examines the dynamics of film production and identity shaping through film in Central America. This paper includes an exploration of how Central America was represented in Hollywood films and how Central American filmmakers, in a counter-position, are representing their own identity through their films. In addition to low cost technology, this paper identifies as deciding factors in the growth of film production in Central America three regional endeavors: a film festival, a fund for film production and a film school. Finally, using film analysis, this paper demonstrates that a revision of the recent history, is one of the subjects that make the cinema of Central America quite distinctive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the central role that urban forestry management and development should play in future efforts to articulate holistic conservation and urban improvement projects in Costa Rica. With this in mind, it provides a non-exhaustive examination of the state of the art in the country. Likewise, this article briefly analyzes the state of knowledge and professional development in this area of expertise. Finally, the paper offers a reflection on the role that the social sciences ought to play in improving the practice and the development of knowledge in this emergent and transdisciplinary field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activities of professionals in the Inter-institutional Network Against Family Violence (RIcVF in Spanish) in the Huetar Region in the North of Costa Rica and the proposal of conceptual and methodological guidelines to study the social and economic costs, are the principal goals of this paper. Before this network was created, the services were usually provided many times to the same victim by different institutions. Now with the network, attention is integrated, thanks to the inter-institutional coordination. But most important, this is a chance to address the dispersion of services and also a chance to establish the organizational priorities and assign work better across the network. Following this direction, there is a real need to study the direct and indirect cost of violence. The information collected evidences the need to make decisions in order to prevent violence and reduce the generational effects of violence. Thus, this paper shows a few indicators that should be analyzed in order to measure those costs. The direct reconstruction, with the networked professionals, of the social and economic costs of their interventions to address violence, is the strategy that made possible the creation of the new knowledge presented in this article. [TRANSLATION]

Internet has taken a stand as an important resource for communication of ideas and thought. Scholars, research centers and professionals argue about this new information paradigm. The web sites represent a unique type of document that can be accessed globally although only one copy is available. Therefore, it is a challenge to determine the information validation standards that tell us which sources are to be trusted when conducting quality research. The new knowledge could then be supported under reliable basis. The present paper shows the results of this new information reality through a research, conducted among several web sites, during a period of fifteen months. During that period, 42% of the sites did not show any activity neither changed content or design. Only 58% of the sites were used by authors to write their papers, despite the fact that there were a large variety of information resources that met quality standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women and transgender people who practice prostitution as constituent violated and socially stigmatized group, not only because they belong to the female gender but also by an activity such as prostitution so stigmatized by society as a whole including men who consumed. In that sense, this paper attempts to analyze the social factors that affect the health of women and trans people in prostitution; also examine the influence of gender on the health of them. To fulfill these, it is used as a tool for data collection of life stories. It should be noted that it is progress achieved so far as a result of a broader process of qualitative research. Women and trans people in prostitution are exposed to working conditions and health unfavorable. Among them we can mention: the commodification of the body, the violence may suffer because of transit late at night in downtown areas as peripheral, the limited possibilities of negotiating condom use since the prostituyentes offer higher pay in exchange for not using it. As if this were not enough, attendance at health centers becomes difficult because of the hours of operation (in their moments of rest) and the discrimination they are exposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since environmental topic was included in the international agenda, expectations were created about the role of Law as a discipline and tool to mitigate, prevent and compensate anthropogenic ecosystem damages. In this paper there will be an approach to an issue which was little addressed in social, legal and environmental sciences: legal-institutional fragmentation as an obstacle to achieve sustainable development goals, especially in water management. It was implemented as a documental-bibliographical, descriptive and diachronic design. The methodology used is qualitative, mainly legal hermeneutics. Preliminary, we concluded that regulatory chaos which was applied to the Matanza-Riachuelo basin, allowed failed institutional settlements creating an adverse scenery for the environmental paradigm application in different dimensions: to favour corrupted actions, to difficult information access and authorities petitions right, because they both represent an obstacle to achieve citizen's participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central topic of this essay is the Constantino Láscaris Comneno's educational thought. He was a Spanish and Costa Rican philosopher who has influenced in Costa Rican education and culture since his work as a lecturer and as a culture divulgator. The analysis focuses on his general ideas about education, his concept of pedagogy and his conception about teaching. In this essay, the analysis sources are academic papers as well as opinion articles written by the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the advance of the neoliberal model brings challenges that Public Universities must face. It is necessary to discuss about future scenarios of our society, and the role that Psychology professionals should play. This paper shows the main findings from the interviews to four experience psychologists who have diverse theoretical perspectives about the possible scenarios, challenges and competences that the discipline must address. The findings highlight the potential impact of communication technologies on future society, as well as the discipline's challenges in instructing professionals with social awareness, critical thinking and the skills to develop community intervention modalities. It also evidences the importance of developing the ability to work in interdisciplinary teams which has been neglected in the training programs. Finally, it debates on the role that Public Universities must play in attaining the Costa Rican Psychology that promotes the transformation required by society in order to achieve an adequate approach to mental health and wellness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the discriminant validity of the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-40) through the Item Response Theory and its one-parameter model, known as the Rasch model. The EAT-40 (Garner & Garfinkel, 1979) is an instrument for early detection of risk to develop eating disorders (ED), and its evidences of validity in Costa Rica are reviewed in this paper. For this study, the Spanish version of the instrument (Castro, Toro, Salamero & Guimerá, 1991) was applied to a sample of 556 women from the metropolitan area of Costa Rica, with an average age of 17.66 years (SD = 6.65). To increase the variability of the scores, the sample was composed of high school students (n = 391, 70.3%), university students (n = 120, 21.6%), ballet academy students (n = 26, 4.7%) and anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa hospitalized patients (n = 19, 3.4%). Through the Rasch model, the analysis of the item-person map, and the analysis of the characteristic curve of the items and the complete test, consistent evidence of the ability of the EAT-40 items to discriminate between people with and without the risk of ED was obtained. In the last section, the findings are discussed and the clinical sample size limitations are approached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tries to approach the development of the Costa Rican germanophile press during the Great War. The general objective is to analyze the Costa Rican newspapers that showed sympathy for the german cause between 1914 and 1918. The work is focused in the characteristics of the papers, the published propaganda and the relationship with the ally-oriented newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a discussion on the connection between the language and ideology of young people, and the possible relationship between these aspects and the stereotypical mentality of the Costa Rican society. Furthermore, the analysis follows a social and historical perspective about the relationship between thought and language, and applies a method of thematic analysis to interpret the lyrics and themes of a selected song form the musical genre called Dancehall. In addition, two main points are presented. In first place, this particular musical language is evidence of the encryption strategy that limits the access to this cultural group to other social groups, and generates some linguistic and cultural changes at a long term. In second place, on the thematic level, this cultural manifestation doesn't differ from other Costa Rican cultural expressions because it perpetuates certain stereotypic world visions. As a result, the study conclusions are part of a working hypothesis for further research about the relationship between language and ideology of youth groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The different socioeconomic, cultural, and socio-territorial conditions of the costarican society show that the experiences of young people are not equal. The objective conditions are different, but so are their subjective constructions. It is important to understand the way the different objective realities influence the subjectivities of young people, and therefore the real capabilities that they actually have. One way to understand this is by reaching in to the way young people think of their future. This paper analyzes the aspirations and expectations about the future of costarican urban youth, related to study, professions and jobs, depending on the level of social inclusion or exclusion in which they develop. The fact that the idea of a “dream" doesn't means the existence of a bond with reality, leads to think that dreams should be infinite for all, and that the only differences between people's dreams should lay on their individual particularities. However, the truth is that in reality this isn't necessarily like that. The social conditions on which people develop, their interactions, and the “habitus" that are built from the different ways of knowing and experimenting the world, influence the subjectivities, to the point of potencialize or limit the future wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Often, communication by ratio, television and press, and various internet sources, report inadequate practices during signature of contracts or during the building process. However, rules contained in the Anti-Corruption Statute, enforce transparency and promote punishing corruption due to bad government activity, although sometimes the punishment is not effective due to the benefits by collaboration with justice. This paper shows the results of research that exposes unethical activities reported in construction of highway, which undermine the principle contained in the deontology of each professions, and particularly occupational exercise and performance of civil engineer. For doing the historical reconstruction were used consulted press and magazines. This study focused on road projects where there has been significant, inappropriate behavior, and also gaps that have favored contractual manipulation. It is concluded from the study that the Procurement Information System is a useful tool to keep abreast of progress in public investment projects, but that is necessary and relevant updates it and, in that way, the community is kept informed of the investments being made in their zone, and also emphasizes the importance of good deontological practices in all professions, looking for the general goals over the particular interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The premise of this paper is that rethinking the concept of political representation is a necessary endeavor to understand the challenges that democratic politics is facing. The purpose is to show that political representation is constituted by process of authorization and accountability where political debates and public deliberation perform an influential role. In that sense, representative relationships can contribute to the promotion of the democratic norms of inclusion and participation. It is expected that this approach will contribute to analyze the construction of representative claims and discourses, and help bridge the study of electoral and non-electoral mechanisms of representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the historical, scientific, and social contexts that guided the development and commercialization of the contraceptive pill. The essay sheds light on the power structures that shaped the construction of this technology and the discourses that it promotes about the female body. The contraceptive pill is conceptualized as a gender script, that is, a technology that crystallizes specific gender representations, values, and practices. This constructivist approach allows us to reveal the social and cultural structures that sustain this gender script and, in this way, helps us question the notion of the contraceptive pill as an intrinsically emancipatory technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper develops an analysis of budget trends that have taken the military and public security in Mexico, to determine if due to the war on drugs launched by President Felipe Calderon, federal budgets have tended to militarization. Likewise, a comparison is made between military agencies and institutions responsible for economic and social development, to determine if the military campaign due to weakened social spending to favor military spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically society has placed more attention on the unmarried woman as opposed to the unmarried male, which is reflected in the lack of research on male bachelorhood. This paper presents an analysis of the reason that gives professional men of medium socioeconomic level of Mexico about his singleness. We conducted a qualitative research, with semistructured interviews in seven participants between 32 and 49 years old. The data show that among the reasons to continue bachelor identifies three central arguments: the defense of freedom, the refusal to be economical provider, and the impact of loving rejections. Continued discussion if they are building new ways of being a man, if they can generate changes for the benefit of both genders, or his singleness be based on traditional stereotypes with modern dyes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some developed ideas based on the research entitled “The contribution of Ethic programs, aesthetics and citizenship to improve human rights on adolescence." Mainly, the analysis focuses on the characterization of the ideology behind Costa Rican educational model and its consequences as well as the display of a critical education as a way to achieve peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A decision conflict is present when a person wants and, simultaneously, not wants to follow an action course. This paper describes firstly the double decision conflict on the physicist Werner Heisenberg: Conflict regarding decisions of going into exile or to remain in the Nazi Germany, and with regard to the degree of scientific collaboration with the Nazi regime to create an atomic bomb. Secondly, discusses the fact that on the summer of 1945 while Oppenheimer was celebrated by his success in coordinating the Manhattan project, which made possible the atomic destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Heisenberg was in detention for his scientific collaboration with the Nazi regime even when the collaboration was parsimonious and limited. Finally, the Author discusses the ethical and practical problem of the relation between science and power: when scientists forced to serve power are judged lately according to victories and defeats of such power that personally are not imputed to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the University of Costa Rica, the tours have been used, both in workshops of the methodological analysis, as in theoretical courses in substantive axle. Its implementation in the framework of a course is not always endorsed by the faculty or by the students, because some conceive it as a walk, loss of time and institutional resources. In this paper, I will be focused in the tours as a particular trip, which is neither tour or tourism. My proposal is to conceive the tours - in the context of the social sciences - as a complementary tool to the teaching and facilitator in the teaching of research. The importance of the tours lies in its poly functional value as a teaching resource, instrument in the learning to investigate and as informational support for various projects managed by other public entities, private and communal. However, accomplish a tour is not something easy, because it is not to be mounted on a minibus and exit the field. We will show an outline of the financial, and administrative requirements, but specially those that involve planning: their relevance with one or more contents of the course; the date of execution and previous contacts. The person teaching you must go to fulfill other roles, in addition to the activities in the classroom, and that must be reinforced from certain skills, in order that the tour will benefit the students and as far as possible, for the visited community. There are alternatives to get closer to the final goal, by what we will expose two experiences of tours conducted in different courses of the major of Anthropology in different contexts and regions of the country, with different products, whose reports had different destinations and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I expose some issues that were discussed in the Jornadas de Reflexión de Ciencias Sociales. In this activity were exposed some results from a research about the study case of former banana workers who have been affected by the use of Nemagon (DBCP). The article suggests some analytical perspectives to recognize the contributions from social science to understand the use and consequences of pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper achieves to discuses about students research meeting, “Nuevas Voces en Ciencias Sociales" [New Voices in Social Sciences], by the Institute for Social Research at the University of Costa Rica. In this article, this contains three sections 1) the first one presents the activity and its paths since 2006. 2) Then, discusses its relevance, patters, learning's, and research pertinence. 3) Finally, It closes with a reflection about the production of knowledge in social sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty percent of the morbi-mortality related to traffic accidents is associated to alcohol consumption. In Costa Rica, during the last three decades, the amount of traffic accidents in which at least one person has been under alcohol influence had grown. This paper contains an analysis of the achievements and limitations of the preventive campaigns in our country and a review of international literature about prevention models that had demonstrated their efficacy in this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is on the “resistance to change" facing organizations in the West Central Region (WCR), defined here as Knowledge Needs (NC), which hinder their internal performance and eventual development and that of the region, given the conditions that are imposed by the neoliberal process of globalization. These were identified in 60 research papers from the National Reality Seminars which were held at the University of Costa Rica West headquarters for over seven years. The analysis of each project allowed establishing that, of the 8 possible KN, the priority is in knowing: how to eliminate obstacles for efficient work, how to better include and satisfy people´s needs, how to take advantage of abilities and competences for group work, and how to bring forward a unified strategy. It is argued that, in spite of the importance for organizational development, the KN oriented know how to improve the way people identify with the objectives from the organization identified in only one case, and seeking to establish how KN foster new forms of leadership, not found in any of the research projects analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores some dynamics developed by La Ultra Morada (group amateur organized mostly younger supporters of Deportivo Saprissa, created in April 1995), which refer to the organization, structuring it. Also, two other important dimensions in this youth group, namely, the condition of neighborhood and some class specificity. Permeated by hedonic games and playful, the young members and do not give up their criticism and reflection of their daily, on the contrary, the references to the neighborhood and the differentiated economic position, outlined the construction of reflexive subjectivities from ecstasy positions and vice versa. Finally, it is important to note that the field which follows this article, was conducted from 2003 to 2006 (as part of a research thesis form entitled: “Between songs and stands: the construction of a youth group of Costa Rican football field's. The case of La Ultra Morada"), which could mean that many of the dynamics of the youth group and reflected described here are either re meaning, taken nuances differentiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]