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1. High prevalence of long-term olfactory, gustatory, and chemesthesis dysfunction in post-COVID-19 patients: a matched case-control study with one-year follow-up using a comprehensive psychophysical evaluation

Author

Boscolo-Rizzo, P., primary, Hummel, T., additional, Hopkins, C., additional, Dibattista, M., additional, Menini, A., additional, Spinato, G., additional, Fabbris, C., additional, Emanuelli, E., additional, D’Alessandro, A., additional, Marzolino, R., additional, Zanelli, E., additional, Cancellieri, E., additional, Cargnelutti, K., additional, Fadda, S., additional, Borsetto, D., additional, Vaira, L.A., additional, Gardenal, N., additional, Polesel, J., additional, and Tirelli, G., additional

Published
2021
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4. High prevalence of long-term olfactory, gustatory, and chemesthesis dysfunction in post-COVID-19 patients: a matched case-control study with one-year follow-up using a comprehensive psychophysical evaluation

Author

E Cancellieri, Nicoletta Gardenal, Cristoforo Fabbris, Enzo Emanuelli, K Cargnelutti, Luigi Angelo Vaira, Riccardo Marzolino, Daniele Borsetto, M Dibattista, Anna Menini, Enrico Zanelli, Giancarlo Tirelli, Jerry Polesel, Giacomo Spinato, Andrea D'Alessandro, Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo, Claire Hopkins, S Fadda, Thomas Hummel, Boscolo-Rizzo, Paolo, Hummel, T, Hopkins, C, Dibattista, M, Menini, Anna, Spinato, G, Fabbris, C, Emanuelli, E, D'Alessandro, A, Marzolino, R, Zanelli, E, Cancellieri, E, Cargnelutti, K, Fadda, S, Borsetto, D, Vaira, L A, Gardenal, N, Polesel, J, and Tirelli, G

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), SARS-Cov-2, Anosmia, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Population, Olfaction, Audiology, Settore BIO/09 - Fisiologia, Olfaction Disorders, Taste Disorders, chemistry.chemical_compound, Chemesthesis, Prevalence, Humans, Medicine, education, Depression (differential diagnoses), Case-Control Studies, COVID-19, education.field_of_study, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Case-control study, General Medicine, Smell, Exact test, Otorhinolaryngology, chemistry, Case-Control Studie, business, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract

Background: Using an age and gender matched-pair case-control study, we aimed to estimate the long-term prevalence of psychophysical olfactory, gustatory , and chemesthesis impairment at least one year after SARS-CoV-2 infection considering the background of chemosensory dysfunction in non-COVID-19 population. Methodology: This case-controlled study included 100 patients who were home-isolated for mildly symptomatic COVID-19 between March and April 2020. One control regularly tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection and always tested negative was matched to each case according to gender and age. Chemosensory function was investigated by a comprehensive psychophysical evaluation including ortho- and retronasal olfaction and an extensive assessment of gustatory function. Differences in chemosensory parameters were evaluated through either Fisher’s exact test or Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The psychophysical assessment of chemosensory function took place after a median of 401 days from the first SARS-CoV-2 positive swab. The evaluation of orthonasal smell identified 46% and 10% of cases and controls, respectively, having olfactory dysfunction, with 7% of COVID-19 cases being functionally anosmic. Testing of gustatory function revealed a 27% of cases versus 10% of controls showing a gustatory impairment. Nasal trigeminal sensitivity was significantly lower in cases compared to controls. Persistent chemosensory impairment was associated with emotional distress and depression. Conclusion: More than one year after the onset of COVID-19, cases exhibited an excess of olfactory, gustatory , and chemesthesis disturbances compared to matched-pair controls with these symptoms being associated to emotional distress and depression.

Published
2021

5. Predominance of an altered sense of smell or taste among long-lasting symptoms in patients with mildly symptomatic COVID-19

Author

Anna Menegaldo, Jerry Polesel, Giacomo Spinato, Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo, Daniele Borsetto, Leonardo Calvanese, Cristoforo Fabbris, Claire Hopkins, Boscolo Rizzo, Paolo., Polesel, J., Spinato, G., Fabbris, C., Calvanese, L., Menegaldo, A., Borsetto, D., and Hopkins, C.

Subjects
Long lasting, Taste, medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Pneumonia, Viral, Disease, Olfaction, Betacoronavirus, Olfaction Disorders, Taste Disorders, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Olfaction Disorder, Internal medicine, Humans, Medicine, In patient, Viral, 030223 otorhinolaryngology, Pandemics, Pandemic, Coronavirus Infection, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, fungi, COVID-19, Pneumonia, General Medicine, Smell, Otorhinolaryngology, Taste disorder, Coronavirus Infections, business, Human
Abstract

There is mounting evidence that a new onset of altered sense of smell or taste is related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In order to allow patients to recognize symptoms indicative of SARS-CoV-2 infection and self-isolate at the earliest opportunity, self-reported loss of smell and taste have greater value in controlling disease transmission than psychophysical testing, which is not widely available outside of highly specialized clinics.

Published
2020

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