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Modern superaustenitic stainless steels are quaternary alloys extensively used to resist severe aqueous corrosive service, with large contents of Cr, Ni, Mo and PREn index generally higher than 45. Fusion welding is the major joining method for fabricating components and vessels using these grades. In this paper, the behavior of these alloys and the consequence of their use infusion welded structures are illustrated. The typical microstructures of the base materials, the transformations followed during welding or heat treatment and their influence on the mechanical properties and corrosive resistance of the joints are presented. Fabrication practices, filler materials and the aspects common to the nickel alloys welding are discussed, as well. During the welded fabrication, the major difficult is to retain the fully austenitic microstructure with sufficient homogeneity throughout all the high temperature manufacturing operations, and to limit the tendency to the hot solidification cracking. The recent understanding of the segregation mechanisms during the solidification and the associated kinetic will allow a more effective control of the micro structural evolution, also by using high energy welding methods and newly formulated filler materials with non-austenitic primary solidification mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has the target to summarize which are the fillers to be used in the pressure vessels cladding processes. We evaluate the most common requests in the customer's specifications and how to meet them while checking the results during construction. We gave great emphasis to the applications with austenitic stainless steels (series 300), without neglecting other applications such as Ni-based alloys. We evaluated the different processes to be used and the role of "b ferrite" which, besides being often a specific requirement of the customer, is also the key factor to control the cladding during the construction. We examined the various processes used in terms of thickness and dilution. The dilution is a key output, which depends on the process used and the parameters reported in the WPS. The accurate assessment of the dilution allows to choose the most suitable filler material and to avoid problems. The power source must be reliable and allow the repeatability of the process, as well as having a "duty cycle" adapted to production demands. It is important to underline that often being the surface to be plated several hundred square meters, the correct selection of the power sources reduce the cycle times and the delivery times. In fact, very often the cladding is on the production critical path. We presented some real cases, demonstrating how it is possible to meet the specification requirements with a careful analysis of a few experimental data. We dedicated a chapter to cladding repair defects subject. Cladding repairing defects need to be evaluated on a case by case basis, but in this presentation we propose some key guidelines that can be used to develop the repair specifications avoiding common problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]