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Antibiotics are prescribed frequently for common childhood infections and Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea (AAD) appear often in this children. AAD is unexplained diarrhea occurring between 2 hours to 2 months after starting antibiotics, where diarrhea is defined as more than 2 unformed stools for ≥2 days. Children younger than 6 years and type of antibiotics are the two risk factors identified for AAD. The antibiotics with which AAD was associated were: amoxycillin-clavulanate, cephalosporins, macrolides, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and penicillin G and V. The most commonly mechanism for AAD is intestinal overgrowth with pathogenic microorganisms, especially Clostridium difficile, following alterations to the normal intestinal flora induced by antibiotics. Symptoms may range from a mild form of liquid diarrhea to a severe form of pseudomembranous colitis with abdominal pain, local, and systemic inflammation and a typical history of diarrhea that is chronologically related with antibiotic administration. Most of the AAD would respond to only discontinuation or change of the antibiotic, but in Clostridium difficile infection oral metronidazole or oral vancomycin are drugs of choice. Probiotics are increasingly used for prevention and treatment of diarrhea associated antibiotics in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils caused by one or more types of bacteria or viruses. We describe a case of acute tonsillitis, in a 8 year-old girl, with beta-hemolytic streptococcus group A, in pharyngeal exudate and staphylococcal methicillin-sensitive nasal swab, together with Epstein-Barr virus' IgM antibodies. The incidence of infectious mononucleosis concomitant with angina group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus is much lower, but not exceptional, representing complications of infectious mononucleosis. Amazing is the association of these bacteria in the infectious mononucleosis. Therefore, we face with a possible initial viral infection with secondary bacterial superinfection. In cases like this, a joint venture of the two bacterial infections, antibiotic treatment is recommended in order to prevent complications, especially those that can occur after an untreated strep infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]