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Two cases of visceral leishmaniasis with a species from Leishmania donovani complex were detected in the Fundeni Clinical Institute. In one case, two infection sources were possible: one from Italy, where the patient worked three years, the other from the Southwest of Romania (Dolj County), where he was resident and where few human and canine leishmaniasis cases were registered in the past. In the second case, the patient lived in the Northeast of Romania (Iaşi County), but worked in the same southwest zone. In both cases, a local transmission should be considered, situation that could amplify and extend in the future, supposing that increased temperatures will persist, favoring the persistence and multiplication of autochthonous and allochthonous Phlebotomus vector species.

As in some studies the opinion that "the host is a biotope for the parasite, mediating its interactions with the environment" is a frequent occurrence, this paper is an attempt to point out the origin of this error and to present the theoretical basis for the accurate approach to these notions, namely parasite and host.

A comparative study was carried out to identify the prevalence of anemia, nutritional indices and intestinal parasitic infestation in primary school children. The target population included 209 pupils aged 6-11 years, attending schools in two areas, Rimal area (urban) and Jabalia village (rural), in Gaza Governorates. Prevalence of intestinal parasites was high in Jabalia village (more than 53%) in comparison to Rimal area (33%). The main intestinal parasites were Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and Ascaris lumbricoides. Polyparasitism frequency is higher especially in rural area. In both areas anemia showed a high prevalence in children due to malnutrition and intestinal parasitic diseases. There was no association between intestinal parasitic infestation and children growth, but there was association between anemia and intestinal parasitic infestation in children, particularly in rural area. The correlation between anemia and mixed infestation reaches a highly significant level.