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Objective. To update malnutrition prevalence and its trends over the last 30 years and identify factors associated with stunting in a national sample of children <5 y in Mexico. Materials and methods. Malnutrition prevalences in children <5 y in 2018-19 were compared with prevalences from the previous 30 years. Associations of stunting with geographic, household, maternal and individual factors were assessed using multiple logistic regressions. Results. 4.8% of children <5 y were underweight, 14.2% stunted and 1.4% wasted. Between 1988-2012 a decreasing trend in stunting was observed that was interrupted between 2012-2018. Stunting was positively associated with children living in rural localities, the Southern Region, poorer households, with indigenous mothers or whose mothers had a greater number of children. A negative association was found with diet diversity. Conclusions. Stunting is a persistent problem associated with social vulnerability that had been declining in the last 30 years; however its descending trend was interrupted between 2012 and 2018. It is imperative to implement a national strategy for the prevention of stunting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the undernutrition prevalence, as well as some sociodemographic characteristics associated to stunting in children under five years old, living on localities with less than 100 000 inhabitants in Mexico in 2012 and 2018. Material and methods. Low weight, stunting and wasting prevalences were calculated in children under 5y according to WHO Growth Reference. A comparison of stunting by sociodemographic and diet diversity variables is presented. Multi-variated logistic models between chronic malnutrition and sociodemographic variables were calculated. Results. In 2018, 4.4% of the individuals suffered low weight, 14.9% stunting and 1.5 % wasting. Stunting was greater in indigenous households (24.5%), households from the lower socioeconomic-index tertile (17.5%), and households with moderated/severe food insecurity (15.3%). Stunting was positively associated with indigenous condition; on the other hand a highly diverse diet resulted to be a protective factor against it. Conclusions. A high prevalence of chronical malnutrition was documented associated with high poverty conditions. It is important to enforce strategies aimed to contain it, mainly in such populations with greater social deprivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the methodological design of the National Health and Nutrition Survey in localities with less than 100 000 inhabitants (Ensanut 100k). Materials and methods. The Ensanut 100k is a probabilistic survey that over-represents households with less economic capabilities. This paper describes the scope of the survey, sampling procedures, measurement and inference and logistics organization. Results. 10 461 home interviews and 26 161 individual interviews were obtained. The household response rate was 89 and 92% from individuals. Conclusions. The probabilistic design of the Ensanut 100k allows to make valid statistical inferences about parameters of interest for public health in localities with less than 100 000 inhabitants, localities where 52% of the population lives according to the 2010 census. The comparability of the results with the Ensanut 2012 facilitates the assessment of the government's support actions to populations with lower economic capacities in the period 2012-2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo. Actualizar las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad (SP+O) y estudiar algunos determinantes asociados en población<20 años, de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016 (Ensanut MC 2016). Material y métodos. La Ensanut MC 2016 es una encuesta nacional probabilística. Se estimó el puntaje Z del índice de masa corporal. Se clasificó el riesgo de sobrepeso, sobrepeso y obesidad de acuerdo con el patrón de referencia de la OMS. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas asociadas con sobrepeso mediante regresión logística. Resultados. La prevalencia nacional de SP+O en <5 años fue niñas 5.8%, niños 6.5%; escolares niñas 32.8%, niños 33.7%; adolescentes mujeres 39.2% y hombres 33.5%. Las mujeres adolescentes de localidades rurales mostraron un incremento de 2012 a 2016 de 9.5 puntos porcentuales. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de SP+O en niñas y mujeres en zonas rurales muestran un aumento importante en un periodo corto, lo que llama a implementar acciones de atención inmediatas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Describe the design methodology of the halfway health and nutrition national survey (Ensanut-MC) 2016. Materials and methods. The Ensanut-MC is a national probabilistic survey whose objective population are the inhabitants of private households in Mexico. The sample size was determined to make inferences on the urban and rural areas in four regions. Describes main design elements: target population, topics of study, sampling procedure, measurement procedure and logistics organization. Results. A final sample of 9 479 completed household interviews, and a sample of 16 591 individual interviews. The response rate for households was 77.9%, and the response rate for individuals was 91.9%. Conclusions. The Ensanut-MC probabilistic design allows valid statistical inferences about interest parameters for Mexico's public health and nutrition, specifically on overweight, obesity and diabetes mellitus. Updated information also supports the monitoring, updating and formulation of new policies and priority programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To estimate seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among 15-49 years old Mexicans living in households and to describe the profile of seroreactive individuals. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study implemented in 2012 using a national probabilistic sample with behavioral data from face-to-face interviews at households and HCV antibodies screening using capillary blood from same individuals. Results. HCV seroprevalence in Mexico was estimated at 0.27% (IC95% 0.12-0.60), representing 161 000 persons. Seroprevalence was significantly higher among males (0.45% CI95% 0.01-0.89) than females (0.10% CI95% 0.00-0.22). Multivariate analysis suggests a higher possibility of HCV reactivity among men, increasing with age and higher among those sexually active, and lower for higher socioeconomic level. Conclusion. HCV seroprevalence in Mexico by 2012 seems significantly lower than the estimation from 2000 of 1.2% for the same age-group. Evidence of infection among individuals 15-19 years old suggests the need to strength preventive actions, particularly in subjects with risky behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To analyze the coverage of health protection in Mexico, as well as its trends from 2000 to 2012. Materials and methods. Descriptive analysis using household informant report about health protection in the national health surveys 2000, 2006 & 2012, profiling unprotected population in 2012, and demographic differences by scheme of health protection. Results. From 2000 to 2012, Mexican population that reported to be without health protection decreased from 57.6 to 21.4%. This reduction is mainly due to the increase in coverage of Seguro Popular, which by 2012 is the main insurer in Mexico, covering 38.5 of the population. Unprotected population is concentrated between 15 and 30 years of age. Conclusion. These results present a huge increase in health protection in Mexico in the past 12 years. Nevertheless, they also highlight the complexity of reaching universal health protection in a fragmented health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the socioeconomic (SE) indicator developed for the analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (NHNS 2012) and its validation. Materials and methods. The SE indicator was generated imputing deciles of income level to the households on the NHNS 2012, using demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, and based on the National Income and Expenditure Survey 2010. As a validation, distribution of different household characteristics related to SE status was described by predicted decile. Results. The resulting SE indicator adequately describes heterogeneity on standard socioeconomic variables, as schooling years of the head of household, income, access to services, and household assets. Conclusion. The socioeconomic heterogeneity captured by the proposed SE indicator allows identifying variability and gaps on health outcomes and programs coverage related to socioeconomic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the design and population coverage of the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (NHNS 2012). Materials and methods. The design of the NHNS 2012 is reported, as a probabilistic population based survey with a multi-stage and stratified sampling, as well as the sample inferential properties, the logistical procedures, and the obtained coverage. Results. Household response rate for the NHNS 2012 was 87%, completing data from 50 528 households, where 96 031 individual interviews selected by age and 14 104 of ambulatory health services users were also obtained. Conclusion. The probabilistic design of the NHNS 2012 as well as its coverage allowed to generate inferences about health and nutrition conditions, health programs coverage, and access to health services. Because of their complex designs, all estimations from the NHNS 2012 must use the survey design: weights, primary sampling units, and stratus variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To estimate the magnitude of diabetes in Mexico, as well as discuss alternative policies to face it appropriately. Materials and methods. Descriptive analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012, using reported information on previous diagnosis of diabetes from adults and adolescents. Results. From all adults 20 years and older in Mexico, 9.17% has been diagnosed with diabetes, presenting an important geographical heterogeneity, ranging from 5.6% in the southern state of Chiapas, to 12.3% in Mexico City. Of all people with diabetes, 46.95% also have been diagnosed with hypertension, 4.47% has had a stroke, and 54.46%, reported family background of diabetes. Regarding adolescents, 0.68% has been already diagnosed with diabetes. Conclusions. The burden of diabetes in Mexico and the fact that is a preventable condition, calls to strengthen the health sector strategies to face it. The negative effect it has on the quality of life makes diabetes a priority for the health sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]