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• Different substrate moisture content during cultivation were tested. • Hydrolytic and lignolytic enzymatic activities were measured. • Spent mushroom substrate after cultivation H. erinaceus was vermicomposted. • Vermicomposting in the system of continuous feeding was applied. • PLFA and other biological and agrochemical parameters were measured. Cultivation of Hericium erinaceus depends on various factors, one of which is water content in the substrate. This parameter influences not only the growth rate of the mushroom but also enzymatic activity, which is important for substrate decomposition and for the later usage of spent mushroom substrate (SMS). This study compared parameters, such as mycelial growth, pH and enzymatic activity in substrates with different initial water content. During cultivation, the water content and pH decreased in all variants, but the activity of hydrolytic enzymes increased with time and was higher in variants with higher water content (70% and 75%); however, the activity of ligninolytic enzymes decreased during cultivation. The production of 1 kg of mushrooms generates about 5 kg of SMS. Vermicomposting is a natural method for processing SMS, as it involves a combination of earthworms, microorganisms and enzymatic activity; thus, we compared the differences between variants with and without earthworms using continuous feeding vermicomposters. The C:N ratio in the variant with earthworms radically decreased from 153.7:1 to 16.5:1. The ratio of bacteria to fungi in both variants was highest in the oldest compost layer in the vermicomposters. The variant without earthworms exhibited the highest enzymatic activity of β-D-glucosidase and Mn-peroxidase, but the highest activity of cellobiohydrolase and laccase occurred in the variant with earthworms. The vermicomposting process is ideal for this type of biowaste, as it produces a fertilizer rich in beneficial microorganisms and enzymatic activity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Identification of edible-medicinal Hericium erinaceus for the first time in Iran. • Achieving high efficiency commercial cultivation protocol. • Optimal reuse of organic agricultural waste. • Increasing mushroom quality and biological efficiency with organic supplements. Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) pers mushroom is belonging to the Class Agaricomycetes and family Hericiaceae that has been used as medicinal interests in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine in Eastern Asia for hundreds of years. It is grown on a substrate based on hardwood sawdust and agricultural or industrial wastes supplemented with various additives. In the present experiment, the mycelial growth rate of Hericium erinaceus investigated in the eight media including the malt extract agar (MEA), Quercus infectoria (Oak) sawdust extract agar (OEA), Carpinus betulus (Hornbeam) sawdust extract agar (HEA), wheat straw extract agar (WEA), buttom mushroom compost extract agar (CEA), Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Lam.) sawdust extract agar (CWEA), Ulmus americana (Elm) sawdust extract agar (EEA), bagasse extract agar (BEA). Results showed the highest rate in CWEA and CEA media cultures and the lowest growth rate in the BEA media culture with 5.13, 4.83, and 1.73 mm/day, respectively. In this present study, has been used of compounds including wheat straw, sawdust, bagasse, rice bran, wheat bran, soybean powder, and corn flour. Among the 19 substrates for the cultivation of H. erinaceus , the best substrate found composition 17 (wheat straw 30 % + sawdust 30% + wheat bran 15% + bagasse 15% + corn flour 10%) for SRP, PHFP, FHP, TCP, Y and BE with values of 25, 29, 34.33, 44 days, 244.19 g/bag and 69.77%, respectively. Also, the maximum values of protein, dietary fiber, carbohydrate, fat, and energy were recorded with values of 19.33, 30, 35.33, and 1.23 g/100 g DW and 289.6 kcal/100 g DW, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four isolates of Hericium erinaceus cultivated in different growing media were investigated for their mycelial growth, yield, biological efficiency (BE), macro and micro element content, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. In the study, oak sawdust (OS) was used as a base substrate, and cottonseed hulls (CSH) and olive press cake (OPC) were added at the ratios of 9:1, 8:2 and 7:3 to prepare the growing media. The control medium was prepared using OS and wheat bran (WB) at the rate of 8:2. The spawn run-period was shorter in all H. erinaceus isolates growing in the OS:WB (control) medium. The yield and BE (%) of H. erinaceus isolates ranged between 76.7 and 152.9 g/kg and 22.3–44.4%, respectively, depending on the growing medium used. The highest yield and BE% for all H. erinaceus isolates, except He-Trabzon, was obtained on 7OS:3CSH medium. The nutritional composition of H. erinaceus isolates varied with the growing medium, but there was no direct relationship between the macro- and micro-element content of the growing media and the nutrient content of the fruitbodies. The antioxidant activity and phenolic content of H. erinaceus isolates grown on different growing media ranged between 1.76 and 4.92 μmol TE/g fw and 0.318–0.663 mg GAE/g fw, respectively. The antioxidant activity and phenolic content of He- Ankara, He-Denizli and He-Trabzon were not affected by the growing media, whereas the addition of OPC to the oak sawdust substrate had a noticeable effect on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the fruitbodies of HE-İzmit. According to the results, cotton seed hulls and olive pess cake can be recommended as alternative additive materials to wheat bran to increase the yield of H. erinaceus . Finally, the use of olive press cake as substrate incrases the phenolic content of H. erinaceus mushrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Weight of fruiting body is the key positive contributor to yield in H. erinaceus. • Several strains with promising phenotypes are identified. • Eight QTLs underlying fruiting body and yield-related traits are mapped. • The candidate genes involved in fruiting body development are screened. Hericium erinaceus is a well-known mushroom with compelling health-promoting properties. Detection of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying favorable agronomic traits is essential for breeding of elite cultivars of H. erinaceus. In the present study, a segregation population of H. erinaceus was constructed by crossing the F 1 progenies with one tester monokaryon. Five important traits related to fruiting body and yield in this segregation population were surveyed. Then QTL mapping for genetic variation of the surveyed traits were conducted. Two strains, 4–1 and 4–15, with promising phenotypes related to weight of fruiting body and precocity were identified in this population. Correlation analysis indicated that weight of fruiting body was the key positive contributor to yield. A total of eight QTLs underlying fruiting body and yield-related traits were found to be scattered on seven linkage groups. The phenotypic variations explained by each QTL varied from 9.6% to 20.1%. The physical length of the confidence intervals for eight QTLs ranged from 66.6 kb to 315.6 kb, and contained 22 to 94 protein-coding genes. Among them, a few genes that may be involved in fruiting body development were found, which may be candidates regulating fruiting body and yield-related traits. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the genetic dissection of fruiting body and yield-related traits using linkage-based QTL mapping in H. erinaceus. Findings of the present study will facilitate marker-assisted breeding of elite cultivars in H. erinaceus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hericene A (HA) is an anti-diabetic constituent of Hericeum erinaceus. • The amounts of HA in different H. erinaceus were quantitated. • The ratio of agricultural by-products affected the HA production in H. erinaceus. • Dark condition is better for producing HA than light condition. • Incubation days for fruiting body exerted effects on HA production. Hericium erinaceus is an edible and medicinal mushroom, which has been traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes and memory disorders. Hericene A (HA) is known as one of the active constituents of H. erinaceus including α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Therefore, research for the development of H. erinaceus with high content of HA was carried out in this study. The effects of culture conditions including agricultural by-products, incubation days and light conditions were investigated. The highest HA production was achieved by agricultural by-products combination of sawdust 42% + cottonseed meal 12% + rice bran 7% + cottonseed hulls 19% + beet 13% with the value of 3.46 mg HA/g dry mushroom. The incubation days for fruiting bodies affected the HA content whereas little effect of mycelia growth periods. In addition, H. erinaceus grown in darkness contained a high amount of HA than those under light conditions. Taken together, the development of H. erinaceus with increased HA content can be achieved by optimization of cultivation conditions. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mulberry twig (MT) and pueraria root residue (PR) can entirely replace the sawdust for the cultivation of Hericium erinaceus. • H. erinaceus accumulate 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and flavonoids in the substrate composed of MT and PR. • Extracts of H. erinaceus grown on substrate with MT and PR substrate present higher in vitro antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Mulberry twig (MT) and pueraria root residue (PR) are byproducts of the sericulture and pueraria industries. In this study we assess the potential for MT and PR to be used as substrates for cultivating Hericium erinaceus. The results showed that the traditional mushroom substrate, sawdust (SD), can be completely replaced by MT and PR; the ratio of additions was 60% MT to 20% PR, and the biological efficiency was 110. 73 ± 5.10% which represents a 40.59% increase over the efficiency when SD was used. Additionally, the contents of 1-deoxynojirimycin and total flavonoid in mushrooms were highest with this MT and PR substrate. Further, in vitro antioxidant activity showed that both the water and ethanol extracts of the mushrooms harvested from this substrate exhibited a higher DPPH• and ABTS+• scavenging activity than that of SD (Ctrl group). In addition, the ethanol extract presented a higher inhibitory effect on both α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and the IC 50 were 0.67 ± 0.08 mg/mL and 0.50 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively. These results revealed that H. erinaceus cultivated on MT and PR instead of SD have potential applications in the production of medicine and health food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hericium spp. and even the strains belonging to H. erinaceus need different temperatures for fruiting. • Increasing temperatures led to decreased protein and ash content of fruitbodies. • Other nutritional contents of strains were not affected by the fruiting temperatures. Temperature has an important impact on the sporophore development of mushrooms. In particular, in some warm area or during summer season, temperatures above 20 °C may emerge as a limiting factor in Hericium spp. cultivation. The aim of this research was to assess the ability some isolates of Hericium spp. (Hericium erinaceus , H. coralloides and H.americanum) to produce fruitbodies at different temperatures (15, 20 and 25 °C). In addition, the effect of different fruiting temperatures on the yield parameters of Hericium spp. and the differences between some nutritional components in fruitbodies grown at different fruiting temperatures were also evaluated. Although some H. erinaceus isolates (He-Denizli, He-Erkel), H. americanum and H. coralloides formed pinheads and fruitbodies at 25 °C, other isolates tested in the study required lower temperatures (15 or 20 °C) for fruiting A noticeable decrease in the ash and protein content of all Hericium spp. isolates grown at 25 °C was verified. However, in general, macro-micro element content, antioxidant activity and phenolic content were not affected by fruiting temperatures. According to the results, some of the Hericium isolates tested in the study exhibited good potential for cultivation at 25 °C. Because of their ability to fruit with high yields under various temperature conditions, these isolates may be promising sources for breeding studies. Moreover, we have demonstrated that fruiting temperature is an important factor on yield parameters, protein and ash contents of Hericium spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The yield is directly related with the lignin concentration of growing substrate. • Shortened spawn run period was correlated with the loss of substrate hemicellulose. • Common vetch straw and bean straw may be recommended as alternative substrates. The study was carried out to investigate the potential of several kinds of forestry (oak sawdust (OS), poplar sawdust (PS)) and agricultural byproducts (common vessel straw (CV), wheat straw (WS), safflower wastes (SW) and bean straw (BS)) as growing substrate for Hericium erinaceus cultivation, but also assessing the chemical and lignocellulosic changes occurred in the growing substrates during H. erinaceus cultivation process to understand the needs of the fungus. Moreover, the proximate and lignocellulosic composition of H. erinaceus spent mushroom substrate were presented in the study. Among substrates, CV appeared to promote earliness by presenting shorter cropping periods (29 d), whereas maximum yields (115.8 g/kg and 37.3% BE) and heavier basidiomata (54.1 g) were produced by OS substrates. Spawn running time was correlated positively with carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) and lignin content of substrates (r2 = 0.946), while BEs was positively correlated with lignin content (r2 = 0.846) and inversely correlated to cellulose/ lignin ratio (r2 =–0.955). The moisture, N, ash, lignocellulosic content of all the substrates were changed greatly during H. erinaceus cultivation, but their rates of change varied at different growing stages. The findings indicate that the shortened spawn run period was correlated with the loss of substrate hemicellulose and high lignin concentration in conjunction to their low cellulose/lignin ratio applies a positive effect on yield and BEs of H.erinaceus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]