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The article describes scientific events that took place in November 1926 and November 1876 in the United States. In November 1926, the structure and behavior of atoms have been described. In the same date, St. Luke's Hospital in San Francisco, California, departed from the traditional white operating room to a green operating room. In November 1876, the Centennial Exposition has shutdown. Also, cellulose prepared from wood is being made for paper manufacturers in huge amounts.

If you have ever stepped up to a vending machine, arcade game or slot machine and inserted a $1, $5, $10 or $20 bill, your money has been scrutinized by a "bill validator." For decades, bill validators simply had a magnetic head--similar to a tape recorder's--that brushed up against the lengthwise center of a bill, drawn by rollers. Today's validators, in 2003, use optical, inductive and dielectric sensors that assess all kinds of traits. Whenever the U.S. Treasury changed a bill design, makers of validators had to scramble to install new integrated circuit chips in hundreds of thousands of machines. Currency has features unique to each denomination that a bill validator can verify, among them a seal printed with colored ink, a black seal and portrait printed in part with magnetic ink, security threads that absorb specific wavelengths of light, coatings that filter light, and a watermark that alters the paper density. Once bills are in circulation, technicians may need to further update machines to improve the acceptance rate of worn currency.

Describes the security features of the United States five dollar and ten dollar bills that the US Department of the Treasury began releasing in May 2000; Water mark; Security thread; Fine-line printing; Microprinting; Color-shifting ink; Amount of counterfeit US currency worldwide; Information on US currency in circulation.

The author discusses the challenges in transitioning the voting process from the paper era into internet voting in the digital era. He mentions the advantages of online voting in terms of errors, participation, and costs, focusing on the adoption of online voting in Estonia since 2005. It presents the view of Aviel D. Rubin, technical director of Johns Hopkins University's Information Security Institute on the security issue as the obstacle to online voting adoption in the U.S.

The article presents scientific developments that was previously published in the journal "Scientific American" in the U.S. In September 1907 the paper reported a story about the collapse of the great Quebec cantilever bridge. During the same year Professor Jacques Loeb presented his latest conclusions as to artificial generation in a paper entitled "The Chemical Character of the Process of Fertilization." In September 1857 the journal reported the first 44 miles of telegraph that had been put into operation.

The article highlights developments and discoveries related to science in November 1931 and November 1881 in the U.S. Scientists at the National Institute of Health have been seeking to produce crops having the highest pellagra-preventive values that may be grown easily by farmers. Edison Electric Light Co. in New York has laid three miles of conductor in an area of three-quarters of a mile square. An invention of wood pulp has revolutionized paper making and paper prices in the manufacturing town of Pennsylvania.

The article examines human-induced earthquakes. Particular focus is given to man-made solutions for these quakes. Additional topics discussed include the frequency of quakes in states including Oklahoma, Texas, and Kansas, how the quakes are caused by oil and gas production, and research from Stanford University.

The article highlights the social resiliency of underserved African communities in the U.S. Topics discussed include the ability of people in poorer communities facing discrimination to achieve high levels of social capital based on a study conducted by psychology professor Jacqueline Mattis at Rutgers University in Newark, New Jersey, benefit of social capital to mental health, and implication of failure of academics and policy makers to see the social capital in marginalized communities.

The author discusses the possibility that a foreign entity or state could hack into the U.S. electronic voting system. He suggests the auditing computers involved in voting as a security measure to prevent voting machine hacking, including so as to avoid calls for vote recounts.

The article discusses the importance of the use of calculators in elementary education in the U.S. Teachers agreed to introduce the use of a calculator when a child learns the basic mathematical operations on paper. There could be some operations which seems to be boring without a calculator and there are numerous ways that it stimulate interest in both serious and recreational mathematics as device for doing magic tricks.

The article provides information on the evolution of machine translation in the U. S. Adoption of translating machine was suggested by Warren Weaver of the Rockefeller Foundation as he read an English physicist's report. In 1949 Weaver circulated memorandum titled "Translation". Through the help of the universities Weaver was able to collect basic semantic equivalents of the languages and analyzed German syntax. First paper devoted for machine translation was published on 1951.

The article focuses on the satellite projects of the U.S. in time for International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958. The paper indicates some of problems and usage of the satellites which can possibly aid the designers in their research. Evidently, scientists and engineers are eager to work on the their scientific experiments for the launch of the rocket vehicle.

The article focuses on the COVID infection related deaths in the U.S. The author mentions that there were more than 250,000 COVID-19 deaths by November 2020 and the number is supported by three lines of evidence, including death certificates. The first source of death data is called case surveillance where healthcare providers are required to report cases and deaths from diseases including COVID- 19 and the second line of evidence comes from the National Vital Statistics System.

The article discusses the teaching of biological evolution as part of U.S. science education in relation to common U.S. religious beliefs. Topics include the relation of science teaching approaches to the religious backgrounds of students, legal disputes in the U.S. regarding the teaching of evolution in relation to creationism and intelligent design, and teacher training workshops on teaching evolution held by the organization Teacher Institute for Evolutionary Science (TIES).

The article discusses the impacts of social and economic inequality on public health problems in the U.S. Topics include aspects of urban infrastructure that allow infectious diseases to spread, the role of poor working conditions on the spread of diseases, and epidemics of diseases including hepatitis, HIV, and Legionnaires' disease.

The article offers information on the educational vouchers imposed by the U.S. president Donald Trump's administration and discusses its impact on decreased math and reading scores in students. It mentions efforts of educator Milton Friedman to introduce the model of education which involves finance from government through educational vouchers. It also discusses role of vouchers in improving education in the U.S. and reducing income inequity.

The article introduces several chemicals and chemical products in the U.S. Calcotone Pigment Pastes improves performance in colored papers because their fine particle size and compatibility with paper additives assure excellent dispersion of the color in the beater. The replacement of dry alum with special liquid alum results in more efficient purification of municipal water. Acconox Feed Supplement keep feeds appetizing longer by deterring rancidity which develops in feeds during storage.

The article discusses the employment of U.S. neuroscientists through referencing an article in the journal "Neuron," including in the science industry and in the academic research field.

The article focuses on the role of antibiotic use by livestock farmers in developing drug-resistant microorganisms and the resistance of the farm lobby to allowing scientists track the threat. It comments on the spread of antibiotic resistance through microorganisms including the role of plasmids in spreading resistance to other strains of bacteria. It mentions how the U.S. meat industry instructs livestock farmers to keep outsiders away. It talks about regenerative diversified farming.

The article examines the issues surrounding efforts to promote coding instruction in U.S. schools. Topics discussed include the vision of the Obama administration for computer science education amid the educational gap between white and affluent students and minorities and the logistical issues brought about by the shortage of qualified teachers and the dearth of curricular materials. The need for students to learn theory prior to practice is mentioned.

Excerpts from July 1966, 1916 and 1866 issues of "Scientific American" magazine are presented on topics including the landing of U.S. spacecraft Surveyor 1 on the moon, the role of poultry in the U.S. diet, and the climate of temperate zones.

The article offers the author's insights regarding the impact of political bias on higher education in the U.S. The author mentions several political unrest that occurred in college campuses affecting college students including trigger warnings, microaggressions, and cultural appropriation. He discusses the study conducted by psychologist José Duarte and his colleagues from Arizona State University which found that 58-66% of social scientists were liberals.

The article discusses the U.S. military's geopolitical policy of reacting to global warming, so as to prevent war and social problems in the future. The impact that climate change has on creating natural disasters, including in regard to natural disasters' influence on political instability and failed states, is discussed.

The article looks at the threats to abortion rights in the U.S. in 2021 in light of the abortion restriction law in Texas and plan of the Supreme Court to hear oral arguments on a Mississippi law that would ban abortion after 15 weeks of pregnancy. Topics discussed include the willingness of the court to eliminate constitutional protections for abortion access, implication of abortion care barriers to marginalized people, and the need for states that support abortion to protect abortion rights.

A case filed in San Francisco, California, with the Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace and the cities of Boulder, Colorado, and Oakland, California, as plaintiffs, seeks to force two government agencies to assess the total impact on climate of the projects they finance. Litigation may soon be the weapon of choice for those concerned about human-induced global warming. In the San Francisco case, the plaintiffs charge that the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) and the Export-Import Bank of the United States (ExIm) have provided $32 billion in loans, insurance and loan guarantees for oil pipelines, oil drilling and other fossil-fuel endeavors that will ultimately result in the emission of 32 billion tons of carbon dioxide over the life of the projects. The lawsuit does not attempt to cancel ongoing projects but asks only that OPIC and ExIm determine the "cumulative impact" on the climate of every future project. Such a review, asserts Jon Sohn of Friends of the Earth, is required by the National Environmental Policy Act. The plaintiffs are confronted with many hurdles. They will have to demonstrate that they face harm from global warming and, in particular, from the agencies' actions. The cities contend that their water supplies are in jeopardy. Scientific uncertainties over such claims can be partly overcome by aggregating harm done over a large span of space and time, contends David Grossman, a recent graduate of Yale Law School and now a law clerk in Anchorage. In a paper to be published in the 'Columbia Journal of Environmental Law,' Grossman argues that tort litigation over global warming--in which communities or states seek damages from oil companies, electric utilities and automobile manufacturers--is entirely feasible. INSET: WHOSE FAULT IS IT ANYWAY?.

Offers opinions on a paper published by Steven D. Levitt and John J. Donohue that suggests that dropping United States crime rates are due to the legalization of abortion in the Roe v. Wade case. Criticism of their argument; Statistics on crime and abortion; Call for further research using data from the year 2000 census.

Considers the state of Internet regulation in the United States as of January 1999. Privacy issues; President Bill Clinton's stance on industry self-regulation; Possible dangers for U.S. companies that may need to transfer data to European countries; The paper for self-regulation by the Online Privacy Alliance; Opposing views; Dangers of self-regulation to the consumer.

Discusses the preservation of documents in the archives of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Recommendation that paper of a better quality be used by the federal government and for research into how the microenvironment within a container can best be controlled to ensure longer document life; Treatment of electronic storage techniques such as optical disks; Belief that if the documents are more accessible they will be used more frequently.

The authors opine on biological weapons, presenting their perspective that the U.S. and other countries have misplaced priorities in guarding against them. The authors believe that governments tend to think in terms of countering hostile national biological warfare rather than biological terrorism. The authors note a paper elsewhere in the issue on this topic and they call for a change in U.S. biological weapons policy.

Argues that most of the people in politics are unfamiliar with science in general. Discussion of the disaster of Hurricane Katrina in the city of New Orleans, Louisiana; Reference to a paper titled "Drowning New Orleans," by Mark Fischetti in the October 2001 issue of "Scientific American"; Claim that "Scientific American" has featured many stories that have predicted events to come.

The article looks at cases for and against the use of electronic voting machines in the United States between March and September 2004. Electronic voting machines have been in the news a lot, as groups file legal actions both for and against use of the machines and new problems with elections are uncovered. March--In a case brought by the American Association of Disabled Persons, a federal judge in Florida orders Duval County to have at least one machine that allows the visually impaired to vote without assistance at 20 percent of its polling places. April--In Maryland, local politicians and activists from the Campaign for Verifiable Voting file suit against the Maryland Board of Elections to block the use of the state's 16,000 direct record electronic (DRE) voting machines, which do not have printers to produce paper receipts as required by state law. April--Citing security and reliability concerns and following problems in the March 2 primary election, California's secretary of state bans the use, in the November 2004 election, of more than 14,000 DREs made by Diebold, Incorporated. June--The head of the Election Assistance Commission calls for tougher security measures for electronic voting by the November election.

This article describes the work of Thomas Szyperski, who adapted nuclear magnetic resonance techniques to map a protein's atomic structure more effectively. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a laboratory technique that uses magnetic fields and radio-frequency pulses to identify and locate the atoms in molecules. As a way to analyze proteins, NMR has always taken a backseat to x-ray crystallography and other methods because it is slow: picking out the connections between individual atoms in a large protein involves going through the results from thousands of radio-frequency spectra, which can take up to a week. But in January, Thomas Szyperski published a paper in the Journal of the American Chemical Society describing G-matrix Fourier Transform NMR, a new method to collect data gleaned from radio-frequency pulses. Szyperski is the inventor of this technique, which improves the way NMR data are analyzed.

Presents the author's experiences while attending the 1997 North American Amphibian Monitoring Project (NAAMP) on the Internet. Papers on aquatic sampling techniques and frog-calling surveys; Sam Droege as head of the online conference; Discussions on exceptionally high numbers of malformed amphibians; Participants' mixed feelings about the cyberconference.

Comments on the article 'Marriage, Motherhood and Research Performance in Science,' by Jonathan R. Cole and Harriet Zuckerman, published in the February 1987 edition of the periodical 'Scientific American,' and focused on the failure of the factors of marriage and motherhood to explain why male scientists publish substantially more papers over men scientists in the U.S. as compared to that of male scientists.

The article reports developments related to science and high-technology in the U.S. The discovery of tractors had increased the farm output despite the decreased in agricultural farmers. Thomas Alva Edison had discovered a durable lamp that generates light from carbonized paper. It announced the practicality and economical advantages of using the electricity in power transmission to all kinds of industrial sector.

The article focuses on section 230 of the federal Communications Decency Act in the U.S., which was designed to protect Internet companies from legal actions. The authors observe that this has also allowed hate speech, harassment and misinformation to thrive on social media. It mentions the hearing held by the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation to reform the law.

The article discusses the change of implicit bias attitudes, including decreases in implicit racism, and biases toward sexuality and body weight, referencing an article on U.S. adults coauthored by psychologists Tessa Charlesworth and Mahzarin Banaji in the "Psychological Science" journal.

The article discusses research on treatment and prevention of noise-induced hearing loss. Topics include work by researcher John Oghalai using optical coherence tomography (OCT), the use of laboratory mice to study noise-induced hearing loss, and the role of neural connection preservation in preventing hearing loss in relation to U.S. military research priorities.

This article examines the efforts to make a writing utensil that could safely and predictably write in difficult conditions. Astronauts used to write in pencil since pens would not work in zero gravity conditions. After the U.S. Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) spent more than $4000 for 34 mechanical pencils, public outrage made them look for a cheaper alternative. Fisher Pen Company came to the rescue with a pen that could write upside down and in severe temperatures.

The article discusses copyright protection laws in the United States. Over the years, Congress has erected immense barriers to derivative works by extending repeatedly both the length and the scope of copyright protection. Copyright in its current form fails to strike a balance between the extremes of allowing total control over every work--"all rights reserved"--and an anarchic system in which pirates steal wantonly without recompense to owners. In 2001 Stanford University legal scholar Lawrence Lessig set about righting this imbalance by becoming the leading force behind Creative Commons, a nonprofit group that furnishes a much needed middle ground that lets owners give up some but not all of their rights. An author still retains a copyright, but only some rights are reserved by choosing among the dozen or so free licenses, denoted by the Creative Commons's mark, that are available for downloading off the Web. Nascent communities of artists, scientists and nonprofits want some way to share and rework one another's intellectual output without the enormous legal burdens that come with increasingly draconian rights management.

The article reports developments related to expeditions in the U.S. The Byrd expedition to Antarctica had discovered and named the Rockefeller Mountains, Marie Byrd Land, and Charles Bob Mountains as part of Antarctica. A photographic plates that is sensitive to red light and infrared vibrations for landscape photography was discovered. It features the Lockheed Sirius two-seater sports plane that costs 17,000 dollars.