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Waste are a big problem in the economci and not only affecting environment quality. For this reason, it is compulsory to find solutions to reconvert these waste to avoid pollution. This paper presents the management and utilization of waste from the 11 wood industry factories in the city of Reghin, Mureș county, Romania and also a few case studies in agriculture where solutions were found to increase production and maintain environment quality. Wood waste is a category that can be used to obtain energy by burning or composting sawdust that can be used as fuel, sawdust that can be used for wood boilers, for pal panels or for paper pulp, or in animal husbandry as litter for animals. The purpose of the study was the study of waste management within these companies, where we found that a simple production results in several categories of waste such as: glass, plastic, paper, chemicals, oils, glues, paints, combustion ash, slag and the largest amount of wood waste. To increase production and reduce manufacturing costs, we recommend reintroducing this wood waste back into the production cycle, harnessing it in the form of thermal energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste management in the fruit and vegetable industry is becoming an increasingly important issue, as a significant part of the raw material ends up in the waste. Improper waste management can lead to environmental pollution and therefore must be disposed of in an acceptable way, but also to exploit the commercial potential of processing residues. In Požega-Slavonia County and Pannonian Croatia, very little attention has been paid to this issue, both by the scientific and professional public, and by those who have remnants of processing. This is a potential that has not been recognized, and consequently not used, and there is a lot to do in this area. The paper presents a research that defines products that can be produced from the remnants of fruit and vegetable processing and analyzes which raw materials can be processed and in which products given the level and capacity of production in Požega Slavonia County and surrounding counties. A market analysis was performed for the identified products and the need to establish a plant was defined. The work is also a good basis for further research and development and production of products with higher added value, as a part of shift from the existing linear economy to a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper resumes research on the current dimensions and implications of a sustainable development. Taking in consideration some of the latest theoretical insights and strategic approaches of the European Union for progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), a few trends and issues are analysed, also in the particular case of Romania. The close inter-correlation between most of the SDGs is highlighted, since they cannot be all reviewed here. For a more practical purpose, there will be analyses on the required and actual evolution in reducing the Romanian gap of some SDG progress indicators. Monitoring SDG 12 in an EU context focuses on progress made in decoupling environmental impacts from economic growth, in decreasing energy consumption and in tackling waste generation and management. The conclusions refer to conceptual or applied sustainable development insights and policy recommendation for promoting a more sustainable production and consumption pattern in a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper approached an actual subject, "Waste recycling in Romania", an important topic in terms of increased quality of life, so superficially treated for methodological and procedural aspects. Essentially, the mismanagement of waste is an important cause concerning the pollution of environment and threats to human health, and at the same time it reflects the inefficient way of the usage of natural resources. One of the greatest risks for people is represented by ineffective and irresponsible collection and recycling of solid waste which pollutes the environment. The waste management technologies like land filling and incineration do not represent a complete solution for solving the existing problems. The organizations should continuously improve the manufacturing and using of waste. Additionally, in order to protect the environment it is necessary to eliminate waste or to transform waste into useful products. At the same time, it may be required to review the identification of waste. The framework regarding waste elimination contains three consecutive phases: waste documentation, waste analysis, and waste removal. In this paper, waste elimination is the main approached aspect to ensure that the manufacturing sector progresses towards efficient production processes and a hazard-free workplace environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts from the conviction that one of the main environmental problems of today's society is the continuously increasing production of organic wastes. In many countries, sustainable waste management have become major political priorities in order to reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions and to avoid, as much as possible, global climate changes. This problem becomes more and more present in our country too. Production of biogas through anaerobic digestion of animal manure and slurries as well as of a wide range of digestible organic wastes, converts these substrates into renewable energy and offers a natural fertiliser for agriculture. That is why we consider that biogas plants will be more and more used in the future. In this paper we show the different stages which must be operated in a biogas plant and the problems which can be met in each of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work dwells on the nature of waste as a social phenomenon and defines the term 'waste' from the standpoint of their further use to achieve economic effect. In order to combine the diversity of all components that characterize certain waste features within specific economic conditions, an economic classification of wastes has been developed, that makes it possible to identify areas of effective waste management. It was developed an effective economic mechanism for waste management, which would improve the socio-economic efficiency of public production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste of any kind, resulting from many human activities, is a very topical issue, both due to the increase in quantities and types (which through degradation and infestation pose a danger to the natural environment and the health of the population) and significant amounts of materials, raw materials, reusable materials and energy that can be recovered and put into the economic circuit. Waste is not only an environmental problem, but also an economic loss. The types of waste resulting from agriculture and forestry are: vegetable waste and waste from preparation; waste from manure; waste from forest holdings; used motor oils; used tires; plastic waste, including plastic packaging waste; waste from batteries and accumulators. In Romania, of the total amount of waste generated, most is vegetable waste and waste from preparation (over 90%), according to the National Institute of Statistics. Waste management must be carried out in waste recovery or disposal facilities. Thus, waste from agriculture can be managed by: recovery of organic substances - biogas plants, composting, recycling of plastic waste; recycling of scrap metal; incineration - in the case of hazardous waste (agrochemical waste, used oils); storage - in the case of waste that cannot be recovered. The EU legislation, more exactly the Waste Framework Directive creates the framework in which waste management has to implemented regarding prevention, preparation for reuse, recycling, recovery and disposals. The Directive has the duty to prevent the greatest possible generation of waste, to utilize the waste generated as a resource and to diminish to a minimum the amount of waste that reaches landfills. In this way, environmental pollution can be significantly reduced. After all, waste can be a problem or a resource only depending on how it is managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal waste management is one of the most complex flows to manage. It is usually delegated to local authorities and funded by the revenue from the municipal waste charge. The critical introduction of the polluter pays principle raises the question of how to reasonably set the municipal waste charge. It should be structured so that it generates sufficient revenue to cover the costs of waste management. At the same time, it should influence human behaviour to reduce waste even at the source. Achieving both at the same time requires a strong link to the tax base of the charge. The fairest one is linked to the amount of household waste. Such a link is necessary to incentivise taxpayers to effectively reduce and manage the waste generated. Bulgaria is among the countries that have postponed such a reform for many years, but it is now becoming inevitable. The main objective of this study is to assess and analyse the current financial instruments and tax legislation related to municipal waste management in the Republic of Bulgaria. The critical point is to evaluate the link between the tax base and the taxpayers' behaviour by setting the municipal waste charge in the Republic of Bulgaria. The methods of retrospective analysis and synthesis, inductive and deductive methods and comparative analysis are used to achieve the aims and objectives of the study. In Bulgaria, an unfair tax base has always been applied in determining the municipal waste charge. It depends not on the amount of waste but on the property's tax assessment. The fiscal policy in Bulgaria related to the municipal waste management needs to be updated to achieve the targets set in the Bulgarian National Waste Management Plan 2021-2028. The change should affect both the methodology of calculating the waste charge to apply the "polluter pays" principle and the system of tax preferences and reliefs to encourage the rational treatment of household waste, such as recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to develop recommendations for the conflict in agrarian nature use management on the basis of assessment, analysis and mapping (on the example of the community of Velyka Andrusivka of the Kirovohrad region of Ukraine). To achieve the goal, the methods were used: analytical, SWOT analysis, interviewing, cartography, chemical analysis. The article includes the results of the chemical analysis of water from the wells of the Velyka Andrusivka community and the results of the SWOT analysis of the conflict in nature use between the community of Velyka Andrusivka and the "VKiK" pig farming complex. The existence of a conflict within the community was confirmed and recommendations for its resolution were formed. A number of ecological and social recommendations for this specific community have been developed on the basis of existing methods of resolving conflicts in nature use. The data and recommendations obtained during the research can be used to resolve the conflict in the community of Velyka Andrusivka and similar conflicts in agrarian nature management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects the problem of organic waste management and the composting methods used to improve the ecological situation of the environment. Some methods of composting organic waste of various origins are synthesized. Composting represents the process of decomposition and transformation of solid organic substances by microorganisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) into a stable material, which can be used (depending on the characteristics), in agriculture, instead of chemical fertilizers or in land improvement works (soil improvement). Only some methods of composting are characterized: the traditional method, worm cultivation and the method of effective microorganisms. All composting methods are welcome for agriculture because they solve complicated environmental problems: complete processing of organic waste, obtaining organic fertilizers and ecological agricultural production and improving the ecological situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the consumers’ attitude towards the use of food industry waste in newly formulated cookies as well as the consumers’ acceptance of these cookies incorporated with grape pomace powder (GPP). Total of 13 varieties of cookies were evaluated by sensory trained panel using hedonistic analysis including an attitude survey. Cookies were prepared with dried grape skin and seeds milled into powder as a replacement for the flour. Four different concentrations (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 %) of GPP with 3 different granulations (0.25, 0.50, 1.00 mm) were prepared and compared to the control sample (without GPP). More than a half of the surveyees are aware of the term functional food and they are eager to try food that contain food waste in it, but unfortunately they are not well informed on how the food waste is disposed and managed. The sensory analysis showed that newly developed cookies are well accepted from the panellists due to their good appearance, likable colour, pleasant aroma and taste with those that contain GPP in granulation 1.00 mm being the best ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the concepts, the purpose, the evolution and the present state of the waste management and recycling in EU. In view of a green or circular economy, there are several prerequisites for further development of the sector, since the analysis discovers issues of waste management and recycling in Romania compared with some other Member States. There will be also approached and highlighted some aspects regarding the management of the rural municipal waste in Romania. The analysis will lead to some conclusions in regard with chances of the member states to reach the ambitious recycling target of 50% adopted by EU. The revision of the legislative framework has the purpose of waste reduction and therefore sets up an ambitious plan in view of waste management and recycling. This plan consists of some challenging targets to be reached by 2030, such as: the recycling of 65 per cent of municipal waste and of 75 per cent of packaging waste (as common EU targets); reducing landfill to at most 10% of all the waste (binding target). The conclusions reflect recommendations for improving the waste management in Romania and topics of further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agriculture practiced in Calarasi county has negative effects on soil and water sources. The significant quantities of chemical fertilizers and fito-sanitary products, mono crops practicing, vegetal layer reducing (pasture) and poor organic waste management derived from agriculture vegetal remains and animal manure) lead to soil and ground water pollution. Due to the geographical position of the county, it is needed to monitor constantly the agricultural sector that can flow into the Danube high quantities of nitrites and nitrates. Călăraşi county has a high potential of biomass, enough to obtain natural fertilizers and biogas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In accomplish eco-friendly natural resource utilization, the concept such industrial ecology and cleaner production are proposed. The two terms are generally considered to have nearness and numerous likenesses. The time of advancement of environmental management in the late 1980s to the mid-1990s turned into the beginning of the two ideas. Recently the likenesses and contrasts between the two ideas are still bantered in connection to the multifaceted nature of the issues examined. Unfortunately, a few definitions and implementations had done as such far just spotlight on the economic and ecological perspectives just so there are other vital angles, for example, social viewpoints that are as yet immaculate. Environmental problem solving needed multi perspective approach including the concept of cleaner production or industrial ecology. Therefore, the new paradigm in cleaner production and industrial ecology request agreement with the idea of economic improvement through the thought of the three pillars (social, economic and environment) and in addition all-encompassing and exhaustive examination. The new approach is required to minimize the ecological effects, as well as to enhance individuals' expectations for everyday comforts through financial strengthening and social states of the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the influence of the worm compost on the physiological development of the peas, depending on the phenological phases, the researches were carried out during the first year of action of two types of worm compost: worm compost I - obtained using as the bio transformer of the Red Hybrid of California and worm compost II - using descendant F2 of the new line of earthworms, obtained by crossing the California Red Hybrid earthworm with local rubbish earthworm. Materials for research were: worm compost, the soil and the peas variety "Renata". The worm compost was incorporated into the soil, early spring, on the autumn plowing taking into account the dose of 4 t / ha (or 40kg/acres). Previously the worm compost and soil samples taken according to the usual methods were subjected to biochemical analyzes. At the end of the experiment, essential changes in the soil samples were not found, except for the content of organic matter and humus, which in the soil samples of the experimental lots exceeded that in the samples of the control lot, respectively by 10.00% -21, 12%; 10.34% -22.05% and 17.14% -19.74%; 11.43% -13.16%. As a result of the study of the phenological phases of the development of peas, it was found that peas cultivated with worm compost fund (experimental lots) developed for 5-9 days earlier than the cultivated with natural background (the control lot). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining activities have the potential to affect the health of the ecosystem and reduces its ability to provide goods and services needed for human welfare and the environment. The importance of a healthy environment for future generations is a pillar of sustainable development. To be more environmentally friendly, more mining operations carried out in a manner that minimizes its impact on the surrounding environment. A number of management strategies and technologies are being developed and used by the mining industry to reduce the environmental impact of mining. One of the potential considerable environmental pollutions may occur in the mining sector is pollution due to hazardous wastes and toxic (it's called B3 waste). Compliance with the Indonesian Government Regulation number 101 of 2014 has been a challenge for the coal mining company given the B3 waste management requirements are very detailed and rigorous. B3 waste management challenges become more complex than other business sectors because of the typical mining company-wide working area and the number of workers involved lots. The mining company must prepare a special strategy in the management of B3 waste to be able to adhere to all requirements. The study was conducted at Mining Company "X" in terms of the effectiveness of the management of B3 waste by using Regulation of the Governor of East Kalimantan, Indonesia number 05 of 2014 concerning Performance Rating Program Activity In Coal Mining Environmental Protection and Management. The purpose of this study are: (1) To determine and analyze the effectiveness of the Waste Management Policy B3 on Mining Company "X" is based on Government Regulation No. 101 of 2014; (2) To determine and analyze the added value of B3 Waste Management Policy in Mining Company "X" (it's called MC "X"). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use in agriculture of Moldova led to the acceleration of decomposition of accumulated organic matter, and therefore to the loss of carbon. High carbon losses from agricultural soils become a problem with appropriately sized, as this phenomenon affects not only agriculture, but accelerates the degradation of the environment. In the last 20 years, the amount of organic fertilizers decreased 60 times and consists 0.01 t/ha, the area of alfalfa has decreased 4-5 times, on the large areas the crop residues are burned. As a source of remediation the soil organic matter can serve local organic waste: manure of rural households, sewage sludge, wine lees, vinasse, cereal waste, fermented straw etc. Application of organic waste in agricultural practice for soil fertilization contributes to the maintenance a balanced circuit of carbon and nutrients. Each tone of organic waste applied as fertilizer supplements humus reserve with 85-100 kg/ha, with nitrogen 8-9 kg/ha, stimulates increasing production potential and improves the soil fertility. The effect of organogenic waste application is expected for a period of 4-5 years. Along with increasing the soil fertility and reducing the negative impact on the environment, applied waste can provide, depending on the production schedule and application specific, income from 1 tone of fertilizer: 89-928 MDL, with a recovery period of expenses - 1-3 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A problem in food industry is the various types of waste that are produced during and after food preparation. In this article, mathematical studies have been implemented to obtain what amount of food waste is most appropriate for the enrichment of food and the production of new functional products. The subject of the study are cookies and the subject is the addition of Apple peel powder (APP). Physico-chemical, organoleptic characteristics and spectral indexes of biscuits were used as an input data. Vectors of the most informative features are selected, describing main indicators of the quality of cookies. Mathematical models have been developed to describe the relationship between the amount of APP and the weighting coefficients of the feature vectors. Using the partial least squares regression (PLS), principal component analysis (PCA), and factor analysis (FA) methods, it has been determined the optimum amount of APP for cookies preparation. The study found that using the Factor Analysis (FA) method performed better than using PCA and PLS. It has been found that the amount of apple residues in cookies is APP=23,6±1,3%, which can be considered as optimal. The proposed methods and tools have the potential to reduce food and waste losses. They are also one way to reduce production costs and improve food quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]