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This study addresses a very topical issue, climate changes, increasingly present recently, with negative effects on our entire existence, with repercussions on agriculture and the way food is produced in general. In the last decade, climate changes have been increasingly present and adapting to these changes is essential. In this paper, two crops, barley and alfalfa are presented, and how these climate changes produced in the Sânnicolau Mare area during 2020-2022 had negative effects on the soils and, above all, on the production of barley and the number of mows in alfalfa. In the elaboration of the paper, the bibliographic study was combined with a series of laboratory analyses regarding the properties of the two types of soil identified. The idea was developed on the basis that we monitored the annual thermal and pluviometric regimes impact on crops and on soil evolution, through their distribution and through the specific adaptability of the plants to risk conditions in a short period of time. These climatic changes are obvious not only from one year or from one season to another: they appear within the same locality bringing obvious changes in terms of the amount of precipitation in a certain area of that locality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper was to assess the impact of climate changes on agricultural development and food security in Ukraine and Slovakia using statistical data from Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic, State Statistics Service of Ukraine, Eurostat, Food and Agriculture Organization and other sources. The comparison method was used to evaluate changes in agricultural development indicators, as well as climate changes in 1998-2021 in Ukraine and Slovakia. The main indicators of agricultural development used in the research were agricultural raw materials exports(%), agricultural raw materials imports (%), agriculture value added (% of GDP), agriculture value added (annual % growth), agriculture value added (current US$), cereal production (metric tons), cereal yield (kg per hectare), crop production index, food production index. Correlation and regression equations were used to establish the relationship between climatic factors and agricultural development indicators. The multiple correlations between air temperature and indicators of agricultural development was r=0.75 for Ukraine, r=0.69 for Slovakia. Using neuromodeling tools, the indicators of cereal production volumes and cereals yields in Ukraine and Slovakia in 2024-2033 were predicted. Tables were used to summarize the results. In conclusion, it should be noted that climatic conditions should be analyzed in each sector of crop production, and measures should be taken to adapt technologies for the gradual expansion of obligations for the production and export of agricultural products to world markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the behaviour of some wheat varieties under the years 2014, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2023 conditions in Dobrogea area in demonstrative plots carried out at S.C. SPORT AGRA S.R.L. Amzacea, Constanta County. The main aspects emphasized in this research area have been: climatic conditions, obtained yield, and economical efficiency. Looking to the pathogens, for wheat Septoria tritici showed an AR between 17-27% and Pyrenophora graminea showed a low atack (AR = 4.5-17.5%). The pathogen Puccinia striiformis was present in low precentage (AR = 0-13.5%) in the 2018 April observations. For crop protection against pathogens, 2 foliar tratments with fungicides were applied, Artea 330 EC(ciproconazol 80 g/l + propiconazol 250 g/l) 0,4 l/ha, in March and Priaxor EC (fluxapiroxad 150 g/l + piraclostrobin 75 g/l) 1l/ha and in April respectively. Fungal treatments have stopped the development of foliar and ear diseases. The beneficial effects were found in the good yields obtained in 2014, 2016, 2018, 2019, except the years 2020 and 2023. In 2020 Otilia reached 2,370 kg/ha, Miranda 2,260 kg/ha and Solindo variety 4,297 kg/ha and Ursita 4,165 kg/ha in 2023. All these special yields have been obtained under non-irrigated conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural sector of the Republic of Moldova is currently facing a series of challenges, an important part of them being related to the greening of the sector. The existing public support schemes for greening agriculture are more related to mitigation of the climate change effects, with less focus on preserving the environment, and their share in the total public support is relatively low. The paper aims to analyze the existing public support schemes related to climate change adaptation and greening of sector and provide a series of recommendations for their improvement. In order to achieve the main aim of the paper, the following scientific methods have been used: generalization of empirical and applied material, induction and deduction methods for making the paper conclusions, comparison method and analytical one. In order to be in line with current greening EU policies, Republic of Moldova must adapt some of its public support schemes for the agricultural sector and pay more attention to development of a coordinative mechanism and advice services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, global warming are phenomena that have changed the face of the world and that have a direct impact on agricultural production and food security, given that the world's population is growing from one year to the next, without the possibility of growth and natural resources. Another worrying phenomenon is the production of greenhouse gases and their destructive effect on the planet. That's why the technology that is being perfected every day tries to find solutions that simplify both the efforts made to obtain food, but also the possibility of increasing the efficiency of production processes. In this way, in the agricultural field, the idea of developing dual systems appeared, which would protect both agricultural crops, with the aim of increasing productivity, but which would also contribute to obtaining solar energy, necessary not only for own consumption, but also to be included in consumer networks, the proposed concept being that of the AgriVoltaic system. The idea that appeared in 1981 began to be developed, currently reaching the development of a technology that is starting to be adopted in many countries of the world, including Romania. In the current paper, we propose to analyze the opportunity of using AgriVoltaic technology, its advantages and disadvantages, but also the way in which it could contribute to increasing the profitability of agricultural farms. At the same time, increasing the degree of awareness regarding the advantages of introducing agricultural systems and the method of implementing the systems is another objective of the current work. Starting from the analysis of the specialized literature, we outlined the term Agrivoltaic technology and continued the study with an analysis of the possibilities of implementing this technology in Romania, due to the solar energy potential that it benefits from. The research methodology assumed on the one hand the bibliographic analysis, and on the other hand the analysis of the development potential of the system, taking into account the existing agricultural areas and crops suitable for this system. As a result of the research carried out, it turned out that although there are confirmed advantages of using AgriVoltaic technology, it does not yet benefit from sufficient visibility or high accessibility among farmers. Also, the existing legislation at the level of Romania does not yet make possible the development of the dual system. Among the disadvantages of using agrivoltaic systems are the still high costs, but the measures to protect the rural landscape, which occupies an important place in sustainable development, even if the energy produced is renewable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper emphasizes the importance of subsidizing agricultural activities, taking into account the climate changes that are more and more evident making agricultural holdings particularly vulnerable from an economic point of view, the most exposed being the small ones. The technical-economic the economic-financial analysis methods drew a technical-economic diagnosis of a small-scale vegetable farm in Romania, in order to highlight the major impact that subsidies have in achieving incomes that ensure the continuity of the activity. The vegetable farm under study was established in 2018, being included in the category of micro-enterprises paying income tax. It owns agricultural land exclusively on lease, the existing crops being those of wheat, corn, alfalfa, bell peppers and melons, with average productions/ha achieved similar to or below the average productions/ha recorded at national, regional and county level. From an economic and financial point of view, this holding presents a financial instability during the analysis period, based on the losses recorded in 2018 and 2020 and a non-compliant financial autonomy based on insufficient equity capital. It does not have the ability to generate constant profit during the period included in the study by capitalizing on production, it being small and insufficient, which denotes the major dependence on the income from exploitation subsidies in order to be profitable. Liquidity indicators evolve fluctuating and solvency is generally downward and positioned above the safety threshold, which places small-scale vegetable farms at risk of insolvency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to present the research results on some environmental challenges and priorities of climate resilience. The research work was carried out in 2021 and referred to the analysis of the transcendence character corresponding to the environmental policies according to the strategic guidelines of recovery and resilience for sustainable development and green transition. Although sustainable development of the Romanian water sector has been approached in the past, the present paper has new research related to the water security and its role in building the climate resilience of agriculture and rural development in the European Union and our country. From a methodological view, there are used accumulations and outcomes from the specialty literature, from previous researches, the own data processing in figures and tables to describe some conceptual relationships, comparative analyses of the developmental state and the climatic vulnerability of the Romanian water infrastructure sector. The conclusions and recommendations highlight backlogs, needs and opportunities in the context of implementing the European Green Deal and the National Recovery and Resilience Plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing awareness of the importance of food security and human concerns about the changes that have occurred in ecosystems has led to an increase in research on the impacts of climate change on agriculture. Climate change, a topic addressed worldwide, generates imbalances in the agricultural sector on multiple levels, such as: productivity, profitability and labour requirements. The aim of the present paper is to highlight the importance of approaching the subject related to the impact of climate change on the agricultural sector, at the same time emphasizing the existing connections on different fields of study: strategic management, agronomy, ecology, agricultural practices, agricultural policies. The method used in the research used is bibliographic analysis, with the help of which the process of evaluating the relevant sources of information on the subject of "adaptation of agriculture to climate change" is carried out. The results demonstrate the fact that this theme is increasingly addressed by researchers since 1986, the key words being represented on the one hand by the elements of ecosystems, natural phenomena, but also by the effects felt both at the level of producers and at the level of the whole populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper purpose was to assess the impact of climate change on wheat, maize and sunflower yield in the period 2017-2021, using statistical data from National Institute of Statistics (NIS) and National Administration of Meteorology (NAM) and other sources. Comparison method was used to evaluate the deviations between the registered air temperatures and precipitations and the 1981-2010 climatological norm. Graphic method reflected the dynamics of monthly air temperatures and rainfalls in each year. Descriptive statistics for mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation reflected an more comprehensive image upon air temperature, precipitations and yield. Correlations and regression equations were used to establish the intensity of the kinks between climate factors and yield. The highest average air temperature In Romania was 12.130C in 2019. In the period 2017-2020, the average annual temperatures exceeded the climatological norm 1981-2010 accounting for 9.10C. The lowest rainfalls, 614.2 mm, were recorded in 2019, being below of 633.1 mm the norm for the period 1981-2010. The high temperatures associated with drought and low precipitations have deeply affected yield of many agricultural crops, including maize, wheat and sunflower. The highest wheat yield 4,888 kg/ha was achieved in 2017, and the lowest one, 2,966 kg/ha in 2020. Maize registered the highest performance of 7,644 kg/ha in 2018, and the lowest one, 3,977 kg/ha in 2020. Sunflower carried out the high performance 3,041 kg/ha in 2018, and the lowest one, 1,858 kg/ha in 2020. The worst agricultural years for these three crops was 2020, but 2017 favored wheat, while 2018 favored maize and sunflower. The correlation coefficient had in general small values between average temperature and yield, but a higher link with precipitations level. The multiple correlation between yield, air temperatures and precipitations was: r= 0.817 for wheat, r = 0.116 for maize and r = 0.504 for sunflower. In the South Eastern Dobrogea, the driest area in Romania, the rainfalls declined by 65% in the period 2018-2020 having a deep negative impact on sunflower seeds yield, which decreased from 4,282 kg/ha in 2018, to 1,503 kg/ha in 2020. The correlation between precipitations and sunflower yield positive and very strong (r = 0.737). As a conclusion, the climate conditions should be analyzed in each farm and farmers have to take measure to adapt the technologies for sustaining production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to highlight the role of computer based information systems in managing the resources of agricultural companies in order to forecast agricultural production and to study, from several points of view, the impact of climate change, respectively the changes brought by them. The Internet of Things involves the use of the Internet to connect different devices, services, and automated systems, thus forming a network of objects. Internet of Things devices will be integrated, connected to computer based information systems to increase the efficiency of agricultural production, by remotely monitoring sensors that can detect soil moisture and crop growth, ensuring (for example) remote management of smart combine harvesters and equipment of irrigation. The data provided by different sensors will be collected and the operational data obtained will be analyzed. The analysis will be performed using artificial intelligence methods that, through specific algorithms, allow the learning of new processing procedures, using data and previous knowledge collected, correlated with information obtained from meteorological services, to improve the making process. of decisions. Climate change is affecting agriculture by decreasing agricultural areas and reducing crops in the affected areas. These changes ultimately lead to a reduction in the amount of food available to humans and animals, to starvation, a phenomenon that still affects millions of people today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to analyze cereals production and price at farm gate, also farm inputs prices (seeds, fertilizers, plant protection products, fuel and herbicides) in the EU in the period 2016-2021 and also partially in 2022 in order to identify the trends in the main cereals producing countries France, Germany, Poland, Romania, Italy, Spain and Hungary and to propose a few alternatives to farmers how to adapt to climate change for sustaining production. Eurostat data regarding cereals production and price at farm gate and also prices for farm inputs were used, graphically illustrated including trend regression equation and coefficient of determination. The results pointed out that EU cereals output accounted for 272.6 million tonnes in 2022, being by -8.2% lower than the peak of 2019. Wheat and maize production is 128.19 million tonnes and, respectively, 55.1 million tonnes, meaning lower levels than before. Cereals output declined in the main producing countries: France, Germany, Romania, Spain, Italy, Hungary, but increased in Poland. High temperatures, heat waves, severe and long droughts, low precipitations were the main causes related to climate change. Cereals price at the farm gate increased, and also production costs went up due to the raise in farm input prices which started since 2021 and exploded in 2022. High price for diesel, seeds, fertilizers, plant protection products, herbicides, were recorded compared to their levels in 2015. The highest increase of producer's price ranged between +60.7% in Hungary and +31.8% in Spain. In Romania it was +40%. Compared to 2015, in 2021, the growth rate of farm inputs price was: +15.8% for diesel, +10.8% for seeds, +9.8% for fertilizers, +5,13% for herbicides and +3% for plant protection products. In the future, farmers have to increase production rethinking cereals structure, using more high potential varieties and hybrids, resistant to drought, diseases and pests; to extend biodiversity and use crop rotation to preserve soil nutrients; to implement technologies with fewer inputs and conservative agriculture for assuring the sustainable development of cereals production, protecting environment and preserving biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agri-environment and climate payments represent a key element necessary for the integration of environmental protection issues into the Common Agricultural Policy. In Romania, this measure aims to encourage farmers (users of agricultural land) to adopt, on a voluntary basis, agricultural practices that ensure the maintenance of the environmental value of rural areas, the maintenance of specific habitats of agricultural land important for priority wild species, the sustainable use of natural resources and the preservation of traditional landscapes. This paper presents the situation of accessing the agri-environment and climate compensatory payment measure for adaptation to the effects of climate change on agricultural land, in Romania, between 2015 and 2019, where a total of 212,413 beneficiaries were registered, with a total eligible area of 1,799,820 hectares and the eligible value of compensatory payments was 231,563,125.73 euros. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose in carrying out this paper is to convey the way in which tourism is influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors in relation to climatic elements. Behind this paper is a careful documentation on each element presented, concrete information and close to the truth in order to create a precise picture of the relationship between climate and tourism in Sinaia. Climatic data provided by National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology and also the statistical data provided by National Institute of Statistics were used. Following the processing of statistical data, it was found that the favorable climatic factors, characteristics for each season and the specific tourist infrastructure are elements that ensure tourist flows throughout the year. The qualitative aspects in this research were studied based on current scientific literature, official documents and observation method, and the quantitative research was carried out using statistical analysis of the processed data, graphic and cartographic method, the method of observation and interpretation. The results were presented in tables, graphs and then interpreted and analyzed. Data used in this study are part of the textbook on the desk. Being one of the most spectacular mountain areas in Romania, recognized internationally by the satisfaction of tourists who arrive in these lands, this paper aims to highlight the favorable climate conditions in relation to tourism in Sinaia considered the "pearl" of the mountain resorts in the Prahova Valley. This paper presents the capitalization of tourism potential, which highlights the number of tourists arriving in the two resorts, in the period 2009-2019. Also, the private accommodation infrastructure and the number of main accommodation units, hotels and pensions are presented in detail, the typology of hotels according to the degree of comfort and the presentation of tourism in the hot and cold period of the year. Finally, we find the conclusions that highlight the main ideas that emerged from the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of pesticides is a growing problem for the environment given the negative impact it has on the quality of soil, groundwater and surface water, biodiversity and ecosystems, but also on human health. To these are added the emergence of new diseases and pests that must be combated, precisely as a result of changes in the environment and climate change. However, their use is necessary, given the growing need for food, as a result of the exponential growth of the world's population and the reduction of areas for agriculture. The use of the latest generation pesticides, their correct application leads not only to the increase of their productions and to their profitability, but also to the protection of the environment and the preservation of biodiversity. In this paper, we aim to analyze the evolution of pesticide consumption in the E.U. and at the level of Romania in the period 2011-2019. The research methodology involved the bibliographic study, the consultation of domestic and international databases, the analysis of statistical data, their interpretation and the formulation of conclusions on the current situation compared to the base year, so that we can estimate what future developments will be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to justify the strategic priorities of financial provisions for sustainable soil management in agriculture of Ukraine. In conditions of limited financial resources, there is a need to identify the top priorities of sustainable soil management. The study found that the most important priority of financial support for sustainable soil management is to suspend the decrease of the content of humus and achieve its deficit-free balance (global priority - 0.556); the second position is occupied by the protection of soils from erosion (priority - 0.274); third place - enrichment of soils with nutrients substances (priority - 0.101); fourth place - amelioration of acid and solonets soils (priority - 0.069). In the context of identification of priorities of financial support for practical implementation of the proposed conception of sustainable soil management this paper also addresses the empirical expert evaluation of the relative importance (significance) of the principles of sustainable soil management, as well as the level of adherence (compliance) of these principles in agricultural enterprises of Ukraine. The obtained results demonstrate the state of compliance with the principles of sustainable soil management in agricultural enterprises, the availability of opportunities and reserves for improving the situation for their implementation, and as well due to which this should be carried out. Thus, 77.8 % of the principles were implemented at a low level, the rest (22.2 %) - at a very low level, so there are significant reserves to improve the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the key role sustainability plays in the agricultural sector and its impact on local communities. With climate change and economic challenges on the rise, it is vital to focus on sustainable agricultural practices to ensure food security and well-functioning ecosystems. Throughout the article we highlight global and local initiatives that encourage sustainable agriculture, as well as the benefits to the environment and society, highlighting our shared responsibility to future generations, highlighting collaboration between farmers, communities, governments and international organizations. For the representativeness of what will be presented we use the creative platform Canva, the basic statistical information comes from the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) and FAOSTAT, the descriptive analysis is performed using the advanced tools offered by Microsoft Excel 365 and in addition to standard reference sources, we have also consulted recognized specialized websites, thus strengthening our perspective and providing readers with up-to-date and verified information. The purpose of this review is to examine the depth and breadth of the implications of sustainability in the context of agricultural work, highlighting the complex interconnections between agricultural practices, the environment and society. In conclusion, this article highlights the need for a collective and integrated approach to achieving sustainability goals in agriculture and building a more resilient and balanced future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of hops, a traditional activity in the area of Transylvania, where the plants also meet good conditions for development, experienced a pronounced decline after 1990. The lack of funds for the establishment of crops and maintenance in the first years of vegetation, the special plant support system, the old varieties, the effects of climate change and the lack of an irrigation infrastructure have negatively influenced the development of hop farms. Despite the fact that processors have increased the demand for this crop, as a result of its multiple uses, in 2022 in Romania 165 ha were cultivated and a production of 191 tons was obtained, in only three counties in the heart of Transylvania, Alba, Mureș and Sibiu. Mureș County owned 75% of the areas cultivated with hops and 44% of the harvest obtained. At the same time, in the context of the decrease in local beer production, the quantitative and value imports of Romanian hop products also decreased. In order to revitalize this sector, the Common Agricultural Policy, through Strategic Plan 2023-2027 for Romania, has introduced a special Field of Intervention for hops and table grape growers (DR-17) which joins other interventions necessary for processing, for the establishment of producer groups, farmer training and consulting. Added to this is the support granted by Pillar I of the Common Agricultural Policy: Coupled income support (PD - 15), Eco-schemes (PD - 06) and Transitional National Aid (ANT - 5), which will represent an important support for farmers and will contribute to the increase of the surfaces and the production obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we set out to analyze the need to monitor the "water footprint", starting from the fact that water is an indispensable resource for the development of life, and its lack is one of the biggest problems facing the world today, one of the biggest concerns and, at the same time, one of the biggest challenges. Water scarcity is a risk both for the economy and for communities and ecosystems, being influenced by climate change, but also by the irresponsible behaviour of people. Finding solutions to protect this resource is a concern of the modern world in trying to protect sustainable development. The research methodology involved the analysis of the literature, data collection and processing, formulating opinions and conclusions on how to apply smart development principles to find viable solutions to reduce the "water footprint". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global population growth in recent decades, combined with evolving industrialization, and climate change has an immediate negative impact on the environment. Organic farming is a widespread alternative production practice having serious interrelationship with the society, economy, and ecology state worldwide. The aim of this scientific research is to prove the organic agriculture as an environmental protection approach. The paper is also an appeal to farmers, citizens, scientists, and governments for more understanding, applying, and supporting the organic farming to spare the nature. Organic farming today is close to the agriculture practiced by our ancestors. Namely, the production of agricultural products and animal husbandry in a way that protects human health and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture plays a rather important role in the Romanian economy, with the agricultural sector accounting for 4.3% of GDP at the end of 2017. The agricultural sector is represented by different branches and production systems that have an essential and strategic role in improving the quality of life and quality by supplying various Romanian and / or organic products on the market. The agricultural sector is non-indispensable and indispensable to man. But, what is the link between climate change and agriculture, what does this relationship define? Agriculture is the victim of climate change or is agriculture responsible for climate change? This paper seeks to analyze climatic factors with a major influence on agriculture characterized by: temperature and precipitation, but also the role played by agriculture in climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. The paper deals with a topic of national, European and global interest, because these climate changes are reflected in food production, land and marine ecosystems, affecting the economy and the main culprit, the man. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In front of escalating resource limitations in agriculture, this study emphasizes the critical need for efficient crop cultivation. Focusing particularly on tomatoes, a staple in global diets, the research aims to sustenably enhance productivity. Recognizing productivity as a key economic indicator, the study highlights the pivotal role of energyefficient practices in addressing challenges posed by climate change and depleting natural resources. By optimizing energy use in agricultural processes, this research not only improves economic efficiency but also positions the sector for resilience and innovation in a resource-constrained environment. Through an in-depth analysis of data from Eurostat covering the 2014-2022 period, we trace the trends in greenhouse tomato cultivation across Europe, evaluating changes in cultivation areas and productivity. This research offers insights into how different European countries have adapted their agricultural practices in response to environmental and economic pressures and in the same time, it underscores the need for continued innovation and adaptation in agricultural practices to meet the demands of a growing global population under increasingly constrained environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a solution to mitigate the effects of climate change, scientists have been looking for more environmentally friendly energy production alternatives, so, since the 2000s, renewable energy production has increased across Europe. Climate change has a negative impact on our planet, with increased emissions of greenhouse gases contributing to global warming. In this context, biogas has become a promising solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving environmental quality. The purpose of the study is to review the evolution of research and development in this field, identify trends and gaps in existing knowledge, and assess the impact and significance of published research. In this sense, a bibliometric analysis was carried out, based on the topics "renewable energy" and "biogas", in which VosViewer software was used to create maps. The research results show that existing policies worldwide encourage transfer and synergy between researchers from different countries, achieving important results. Practically, researches and examples of good practise show that biogas can be a viable solution to mitigate the effects of climate change, and in the coming decades, under the conditions of the population growth estimates materialization, we will most likely witness an intensification of agriculture to ensure the population's food needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop management in the Romanian agriculture faces many risks and challenges that directly influence the technical and economic performance of the farms and implicitly the sustainability of the agricultural sector. These challenges range from climate change to resource issues, from plant health problems to market and regulatory issues. It is therefore essential to understand these issues in detail to develop effective crop management strategies and support Romanian agriculture in the face of a complex and changing environment. Through methods of statistical analyses and bibliographic documentation, we will identify and analyze this risks and challenges in detail in order to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the agricultural landscape in Romania in order to develop some necessary measures to reduce and, as far as possible, eliminate these risks. Data were collected from public institutions, from the official National Institute of Statistics, NIS, website Tempo-Online. The aim of crop management in Romania, as in any other country, is to ensure efficient, sustainable and profitable agricultural production. By adopting these recommendations and proactively addressing risks and challenges, agriculture in Romania can become more resilient and sustainable, further ensuring the supply of high-quality food and contributing to the country's economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romania's biodiversity is a natural treasure, offering a vast array of species and ecosystems, but faces increasing threats from human activities and climate change. Education, awareness and conservation of biodiversity are key to protecting this priceless biological diversity. In this article, through statistical methods of analysis, we aim to explore the role of education and awareness in the conservation of Romania's biodiversity, highlighting initiatives and efforts to promote public understanding and commitment to protecting the environment and unique species. This analysis allowed us to identify relevant patterns, trends and conclusions related to biodiversity education, awareness and conservation in Romania. Protecting Romania's biodiversity is therefore not only a necessity for the environment, but also for society, the economy and human well-being. Biodiversity conservation is essential for our well-being and the health of the planet, and it is our responsibility to act on it. We will explore the importance of education in schools and universities, the role of NGOs and government actions, and their impact on biodiversity conservation in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the prospects of Ukraine on the world grain market and ways to increase the efficiency of maize cultivation using environmentally safe technologies in the conditions of the negative impact of climate change and other stress factors. The methodological approach takes into account the peculiarities of agrarian production based on the use of data of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, United States Department of Agriculture, United Nations, Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine and State Statistics Service of Ukraine. The dynamics of world production and export of maize grain, sown areas, production and yield of maize in Ukraine are demonstrated, which directly focuses attention on the competitiveness of Ukrainian maize on the world grain market. These arguments are confirmed by analytical results, which show that in 2022, among the world leaders of maize grain producers, Ukraine took fifth place, and among exporters - fourth. In order to mitigate the impact of climate change and other stress factors on the effective production and export of Ukrainian maize, adaptation measures are proposed, which consist in the application of modern technologies, which include: optimization of the structure of sown areas and scientifically based crop rotations with the effective use of competitive varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops, the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers and plant protection products, the use of soil protective tillage, sideration and mulching, irrigation systems, and also the productive use of plant residues with the application of modern biodestructors. Their comprehensive implementation will contribute to the development of maize yield, grain quality, preservation of biodiversity and the solution of the grain-food problem in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct payments granted in agriculture play an extremely important role for the incomes of Romanian farmers. This type of payments are funds from the European Union budget, more precisely from the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF), and in Romania these payments are granted through various schemes such as: Single area payment scheme, Redistributive payment, Young farmers payment, payment for agricultural practices beneficial for climate and environment, but also Coupled support. In relation to the amounts granted per hectare, on the one hand, the most targeted by farmers, is coupled support, which is granted to sectors considered economically, socially and environmentally important and which are affected by certain difficulties. The aim of this paper is to identify the progress made in certain cultures that have been encouraged through this form of support. The analyzed data comes from the Agency for Payments and Intervention for Agriculture. The conclusion is that this support plays an important role for agricultural practices related to climate change and the environment protection, having the role of crop diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied the economic assessment of soil carbon sequestration and financial support for development of low-carbon land use in Ukrainian agriculture in the context of climate change. Results of evaluation show that Ukraine plays a strategic role in the soil carbon sequestration in Europe. Ukrainian soils contribution is equal to one third of SOC sequestered in agricultural soils of the European Union. Economic assessment of stocks of SOC in Ukrainian soils indicates that its value is in the range from 14.4 thousand USD/ha (Gray forest soils) to 103.7 thousand USD/ha (Chernozem-meadow soils). The results of analysis revealed that for agricultural production and the formation of the economic fertility of soils in Ukraine, the effects of climate change on warming will be both positive and negative. Taking into account the international experience of adaptation of land use processes to climate change, the basis of strategy of adaptation of agriculture in the enterprises of Ukraine to warming is proposed to put the concept of low carbon land use. As a result of the study it was determined the macroeconomic assessment of the need of financial resource for development potential of low carbon land use in Ukraine for the period until 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main atmospheric climate parameters are important for the daily and seasonal variation of the parameters of the Comana Puddle aquariums. The anomalous variation of temperatures, precipitation and evaporation induces a fluctuation in the volume of water from the pond and the river Neajlov. Atmospheric temperature and precipitation directly affect winter phenomena and breakdown processes during the summer period, with significant effects on the agriculture, the most vulnerable domain on climate changes. In the hilly or hill area, the amount of rainfall decreases, thus influencing the water intake in these aquariums. The high warming time of the heat season leads to an increase in evaporation values, so that a water deficit is recorded in the hillside, hillside and plain areas, which also entails a loss in the volume of water in the lagoons. These seasonal fluctuations directly affect the limbic or aquatic fauna, but also the agriculture. In the cold season winter phenomena (ice bridge, ice on the shore, slopes, snowballs) and blocking water as snow, creates a deficiency in the water supply of lakes, ponds, puddles and swamps. This paper analysed the impact of climatic changes but also the possibilities of the recovery a part of the gloss of water, a gloss that existed years ago and which was greatly diminished after the work done downstream changed the hydrological balance of the area. This effect adds to the fact that climate change has made it possible for the volume of evaporation to be increased and sometimes to exceed the volume of precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In agriculture, farm land is any space or medium that supports agricultural practice/production. This is in tandem with economics which has land as one of the four main factors of production. But ecologically, land can be said to be the solid part of the 'Earth' along with its components in the interior, on the surface (ground level) and above the ground level. These are respectively the rocks and minerals including underground water; the soil and biological matters within and upon it; and the atmosphere. The interactions and interdependency of these factors made land and climate inter-twined and have created series of dynamics and phenomena which have influenced and shall continue to influence all forms of existence on earth. Agriculture which is a principal branch of any national economy is tied in major part to the soil which is the topmost part of land and therefore, farm is tied to ecology and its factors (which include climatic factors). The limit in the size of land available for farming and the continuous decline due to other competing needs of humanity together with the ever-increasing population of the world have made efficient mechanization the panacea for intensification of production to cope with the ever-increasing demand for food and raw materials. The path to overcoming the looming danger is sustainable management, which is present beneficial exploitation, utilization, maintenance, co-ordination and control of resources that ensures the continuous existence / availability for future needs. Certainly, it is now a known fact that changes in climatic conditions/ factors have brought about either positive or negative or both in the different parts of the world, and Nigeria is not an exception. This paper is an original scholarly inquiry based on review of related literatures (academic and public awareness information outlets), reports and physical observations of the authors. The results reveal that a worrisome land management culture and practices at present in Nigeria. This is being worsened by climate change effects of drier (including desert expansion) northern parts and wetter (including coastal erosion, ocean surge, swamp expansion and heavier erosion) southern parts of Nigeria. These coupled with poor handling of wastes, mining operations, pollution from oil spillage and gas flaring; wrong use of chemical (agro-related and environmental Sanitation related); reckless deforestation; etc constitute huge threats. The paper ends with propositions of mitigating actions and ameliorative measures to be taken by stakeholders in land holding and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In front of climate change and the threat of food shortages, organic farming is an answer to both challenges. On the one hand, organic farming protects and improves environmental conditions, and on the other hand, it can provide food for the entire planet. Of course, the organic farming system is difficult to apply, requiring both financial resources and consumer awareness. The current work aims to carry out an analysis of how organic agriculture has evolved in the counties of Constanța and Tulcea, as well as identifying some particularities at the level of the organic farm, from demand to obtaining and delivering production. The study deepened the situation of organic farming using both published data and information collected with the help of a questionnaire. From the study, it emerged that the two studied counties together own 24.1% of the area certified in the ecological agriculture system of our country, respectively Constanța 6.5% (17,651 ha) and Tulcea 17.6% (47,757 ha). The number of operators in the ecological system, in 2020, was 280 in Constanța County and 343 in Tulcea County respectively, holding a share of 2.5% and 3.1% respectively of the total per country. The analysis of ways to capitalize on organic production consisted of the assessment of capitalization, the existence of a capitalization plan and the possession of storage spaces, the commercialization of production in the country or for export. Thus, from the answers of the farmers it emerged that out of the 70 respondents, 18 (25.6 %) consider the exploitation of production to be an easy and medium easy activity, and 28 (40 %) consider it a heavy activity and 24 (34 %) as a very hard activity, of which 85% have higher education; out of the farms analyzed, 35 farms have production storage facilities, of which 32 have higher education; the destination of the production is 41.4% only in the country, 11.4% outside the country and 37.1% capitalize the production both in the country and outside the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work aims to analyze the existing situation in Romania compared to other EU countries, regarding bovines herds, given that this species is one of the ones that causes the highest level of greenhouse gases, with a direct effect on the environment and global warming. This is the reason why the subject has become a priority not only at the community level, but also worldwide. Through the Common Agricultural Policy, important funds have been allocated at the level of the European Union, which will continue to be allocated, not only for the reduction of climate change, but also for the adaptation of the states of the world to these existing climate changes at the global level. Given the path in which animal husbandry influences sustainable development, through the study we have followed both the effective changes, but also the obtained productions, with a direct impact on consumption. It was found that both at the community level, as well as at the national level, there was a decrease in bovines herds in in the period 2016-2020, the reasons being primarily of an economic nature, but equally important being the social and environmental ones. The analysis was carried out starting from the data published by the National Institute of Statistics and Eurostat, data that were then processed and analyzed with the help of statistical methods. Based on these, the conclusions were formulated that show us that in Romania the number of bovines herds decreased by 11% in the period 2016-2021. At the European Union level, Romania ranks 10th in terms of bovines herds and 20th in terms of density/100 ha. Although there are advances in terms of applied technologies or more productive breeds, at the global level the objectives pursued by the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions have not been influenced by these advances, which makes the activity of raising bovines to be considered one with effects negative effects on the environment, but also high consumption of energy and water, which in turn have a negative impact on climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geographical area between the Danube and the Black Sea, Dobrogea, represents a region with the highest aridity indices. The average precipitation in the period 1961-2016 was 464 mm. Climate changes in recent years have accentuated this phenomenon and, due to this, low production levels of 1-2 tons/ha were achieved on large areas of corn. In the year 2022/2023, over 40,000 ha cultivated with corn in Constanta county were deeply affected by the lack of rainfalls, high temperatures and long and severe drought. In these particularly dry conditions, sorghum becomes an essential alternative. This study aimed to continue the experiments with sorghum hybrids which have been carried out during the last 15 years at SPORT AGRA Ltd from Amzacea Village, Constanta County, in order to adapt the technologies to climate changes. The novelty of this research is that the adapted technologies include, among other things, the following elements: changing the planting period by approximately 25-30 days compared to the recommendations of classical technologies (planting starting from the first decade of May in order to use the moisture in the soil layer at the depth of seed incorporation 4-5 cm.), the use of early hybrids in order to overcome the periods of heat that in this area start from mid-June, the use of technological means of crop protection that include pre- and post-emergent herbicides, seed treatment prior to planting. In these conditions of development of non-irrigated sorghum technology, we propose planting this crop earlier (25-30 days compared to classic technology). In this way, the sorghum will benefit from the water reserve accumulated during the fall of the previous year. The productions of the sorghum hybrids used in the observation research fields were over 10 to/ha in most of the tested hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is multi-year research and analyze of the dynamics of cultivated areas, production volumes and yield of cereal crops in Ukraine, in the context of world cereals production and export. Ukraine's prospects on the world cereals market have been established thanks to the formation of ways to adapt the production of wheat, barley and maize to the conditions of climate change. Graphically illustrated data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine on cultivated areas, production volumes and yield of cereal crops in Ukraine, data of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on world cereals production and export. It was established that the production of cereal crops in Ukraine during 1990-2021 increased by 69% - from 51.0 to 86.0 million tonnes thanks to an increase in maize production almost 9 times - from 4.74 to 42.1 million tonnes due to the growth of its of cultivated areas by 4.5 times - from 1.23 to 5.52 million hectares. During 2008-2022, the world production of cereals increased by 32%, and the world export of cereals increased by 76%. At the same time, the transformation of the structure of cultivated areas, climatic changes and the war of the rf against Ukraine led to the yield of cereal crops being much lower than the potentially possible level. For effective cereals production, a number of adaptation measures are proposed to overcome the negative impact of climate change, which consist in the use of innovative technologies in environmental and genetic research, which ensure the cultivation of highyielding varieties and hybrids of cereal crops that are resistant to drought, diseases and pests, as well as the optimization of cultivated areas with the introduction of scientifically based crop rotations and organic technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the determinants of the strategies adopted by the arable crop farmers in coping with climate change in Osun state, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 120 arable crop farmers as samples for the study. Data for the study were collected with a structured interview schedule. Data were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistical tools; frequency distributions, means, standard deviation, percentages, and Pearson's Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). Descriptive results reveal that most (87.5%) of the sampled farmers were male, and married (63.00%). The average age, household size, and years of formal education were 53.6 years, 10.15 persons, and 5.20 years respectively. Perceived significant variables influencing climate change were fluctuating rainfall patterns and extreme temperature with weighted mean scores (WMS) of 4.55 and 4.47 respectively. The major climate change adaptation strategy and constraint to adaptation were late or early planting, and unavailability of capital with WMS scores of 4.54 and 2.80 respectively. Significant factors influencing climate change adaptation strategies were age, household size, years of formal education, and farming experience. The study concluded that farmers were aware of the effects of climate change and have adopted coping strategies, especially planting their crops early or late in line with emerging rainfall patterns. Thus, extension services must be tailored towards awareness and adoption of improved agronomy practices and planting materials, especially early maturing and drought-resistant varieties of crops that would mitigate climate change effects on crop productivity. Also, farmers should be encouraged to insure their crops against failure due to the effects of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate changes that have taken place in recent years in our country have led to the desertification of arable land due to another phenomenon, namely the lack of irrigation systems, where the establishment of cereal crops has become an important issue to be debated. The smaller grain yields per unit area make them no longer profitable for farmers, and the land remains uncultivated and subjected to the aridity process. In the present paper it was presented the importance of knowing the germination period of some seeds grown in these dried areas, where the drying period after germination is induced by their resistance to drought and how many germinable grains remain viable. Experiences have been determined in the laboratory under natural conditions of temperature, humidity and brightness. The conclusion is that we must cultivate varieties or hybrids resistant to drought, diseases and pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food security, poverty and the overall sustainability of food and agricultural systems are influenced by a series of global trends. Nowadays, economic growth, population dynamics, and climate change disproportionately affect different regions. Conventional agriculture also contributes to accentuating these changes. As a result, we are faced with several challenges in the fields of food and agriculture. So, innovative systems are needed to protect and enhance the natural resource base as productivity increases. Consequently, today, but also in the future, the farming systems that counteract the negative impact of climate change must be in the attention of practitioners. Moreover, regulations in the field are necessary, and the implementation of such systems must be carried out in relation to the specificity of the geographical area. In view of the above, in the present paper, a brief overview was made on some agricultural systems aimed at counteracting the negative effects of global climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to present the key vulnerabilities of small-holder farms while adapting prospective climate change conditions. Natural resources' productivity has declined under climate stress. The natural resources that lose their prolificacy negatively affect small-holder farms. Consequently, the agricultural sector will suffer from climate change impacts. The countries which have small-holder farms should be more careful while designing their rural policies. Indeed, small-holder farms lack capacity in management of agricultural risks. This phenomenon has the potential to trigger rural poverty in the medium-term. Many studies carried out on the African Continent indicates that adaptation costs of climate change account for 250-500 billion USD in the years between 2010 and 2050. Climate change adaptation policies are most effective when they are fully integrated within countries' national development strategies. Furthermore, adequate funding and technology transfer to small-holder farms are important in ensuring success of any climate action and initiative. The current paper will give information related with adaptation costs to climate change in various countries of the world. In addition, the paper discusses the possibility of agricultural adaptation policies coming from developed zones of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Further, the vegetal sector encounters serious problems and is often dependent on a number of factors such as climate, whether the crops are irrigated or not. This factors can make a difference between gain and loss. There are other factors such as economic factors where this market is extremely volatile, but also a number of other factors described in this paper. This case study was carried out on a sample of 60 farms with a vegetal profile showing the level of this region compared to the national average, identifying the main strengths and weaknesses that farmers in this region have. Account should also be taken of the marketing capacity of agricultural crop production. Interviewing the representatives of 60 agricultural crops we could analyse a number of relevant issues for this sector through which we can contribute with a series of solutions and recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural innovations are considered a key driver in overcoming the global challenges related to climate change, natural resources scarcity and food security. However, the features of agriculture increase the degree of complexity in the implementation and adoption of the innovations. The aim of the study is to observe the theoretical and empirical literature on agricultural innovations adoption and diffusion and to outline the main conceptual models, barriers and opportunities in these processes. The study results show that there has been diversity in research linked to agricultural innovations adoption methods and models and therefore lack of globally accepted methodology. The surveys in the field represent different perspectives and outline social, economic and marketing points of view in the innovation diffusion system, which highlight the major challenges and prospects. The broader acceptance of agricultural innovations requires interaction and linkages between different stakeholders, knowledge transfer and the active role of the institutional setting in shaping the processes critical for agricultural innovation adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continued population growth together with current climate change will threaten global food security in the near future. Wheat is a staple cereal crop for many countries, including Romania. Therefore, to obtain high yields, it is necessary to choose wheat cultivars with drought tolerance. Research has been done out during two growing seasons: 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 in the experimental field of ARDS Simnic, the purpose of this study being the evaluation of the drought tolerance of ten wheat varieties. The obtained results confirmed the strong positive relationships between the grain yields obtained both in drought (Ys) and non-stress conditions (Ys) and STI, MPI, GMP and YI indices, these selection indices expressing a high power of discrimination between varieties at a moderate level of drought stress (SI =0.53). Based on the rank sum (RS) of all selection indices, three drought tolerant varieties were identified, namely Miranda, Simnic 60 and Glosa. These varieties can be considered as the most suitable for cultivation in the study area and other areas with similar agroclimatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting with the summer of 2020, the farms inputs prices, especially for diesel, seeds, fertilizers and pesticides as well as of grains (cereals and oilseeds) started fluctuating excessively. This phenomenon caused great uncertainty in farmers economic activity, especially for the crop farms that are bulk selling all their products to traders. The uncertainty was primarily caused by the overlap of several factors, some of which were more predictable and some of which took everyone by surprise and caused panic and volatility on the stock markets. The unfortunate events sequence began in early 2020, with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic that caused disruptions in supply chains, import-export bans and lockdowns that reduced the consumption of agri-food products in the HORECA industry. For Romanian farmers, the disturbance created by the pandemic also overlapped with the severe drought that affected production levels in 2020 and 2022, as well as with the hostilities in the region which started at the end of February 2022, and led to the agricultural inputs excessive price increase and high volatility on the commodities exchange. In this sequence of unfortunate events, the farmers' decision regarding the stored grains volumes, inputs purchasing timing and grains selling timing, made a major difference for their business' financial stability and profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to assess the pollution level of Romania's agriculture, with emphasis on emissions of carbon gases, by analyzing the structure, trends and estimates of indicators projected in medium and long terms, according to the actual policies and targets for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050. Romanian agriculture has not proved to be very intensive in terms of greenhouse gases pollution compared to the energy sector, however, being the second pollutant sector of economy, is one factor that contributes significantly to overall emissions mainly due to emissions of the livestock sector and of synthetic fertilizers use. Analysis shows potentials in 'greening' the economy in Romania, given the trends of massive reduces of emissions of greenhouse gases over the last two decades. It also underlines the crucial importance to reduce the statistics on polluting effects of agriculture provided by the potential expressed and growing of the Romanian forestry sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is not only manifested by high temperatures, but means perverse, cascading effects that must be viewed in interaction. Climate change solutions can not only be cost-effective, but also improve the level and quality of life of the population while protecting the environment. In order to improve the situation, at the moment, the following actions are necessary: reducing emissions, adapting to the effects of climate change and financing the necessary adaptation measures. Photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, stomatal conductance, assimilation, etc. can be used in the plant breeding process, with the aim of identifying plant genotypes with an increased potential for capturing CO2 from the atmosphere, thus contributing to maintaining the global average temperature within the limits, which would not lead to the intensification of the greenhouse effect and the change of factors climatic. In order to carry out the study, grapevine genotypes of intraspecific origin from the V. vinifera L. and genotypes of interspecific origin (V. vinifera L. x M. rotundifolia Michx.) were used. The measurements were made in the period up to flowering, the formation (growth) of berries and in the period of mature berries (formed). Phytomonitoring was carried out with the help of the PTM-48A monitor, which is an automatic CO2 exchange monitoring system. Studies have shown that the interspecific grapevine genotypes are characterized by much better adaptive features than intraspecific genotypes in relation to climate change. The respective methodology can also be applied in the improvement process of different plant crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research work was to analyze cereals cultivated area, yields, production and price at farm gate in Romania during the last decade, 2012-2021 and also in the year 2022 in order to identify the main trends and causes which affected the performances. The data provided by National Institute of Statistics and Eurostat were processed using indices methods, regression equations and r square, and comparisons between maize and wheat. The results emphasized that, compared to 2012 level, in 2021, Romania achieved 27.79 million tonnes cereals (+116.27%), 14.82 million tonnes maize grains (+149.07%), and 10.43 million tonnes wheat (+96.79%). Maize and wheat represent 92.8% of Romania's cereals production. The high record is explained by the large surfaces cultivated with cereals, accounting for 5.35 million ha in 2021 (-1.6% less than in 2012), of which maize 47.6% and wheat 40.6%, all together 88.2%. Yields are still below the levels achieved by France, Germany, Poland, Italy and Spain, which are its EU main competitors in producing cereals. Compared to 2012, in 2021, cereals yield was 5,188 kg/ha (+120%), maize 5,802 kg grains/ha (+166.16%), wheat 4,797 kg/ha (+78.85%), reflecting the efforts made by farmers to increase production. These results were carried out under the impact of intense climate variations and extreme phenomena like: high air temperatures, heat waves, long droughts, low precipitations. High price volatility for Diesel, seeds, fertilizers, products for plant protection etc had a deep impact on the increase of production costs. Cereals price at the farm gate also increased, under the influence of the unbalance demand/supply ratio in the international market, cereals quotations at the international stock exchange, and hostilities between Russia and Ukraine. Un uncertain future is for the coming agricultural years, when farmers have to strengthen their efforts as their business to survive. They have to set up new technological alternatives for crop structure, cultivated areas, amendments, conservative agriculture, lower farms inputs, environmentally friendly solutions to sustain soil fertility, extend biodiversity, and also to keep production costs under strict control and to assure a lower risk for their business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the result of a life cycle assessment (LCA) for three Egyptian aquaculture farms categorized as semi-intensive culture. The cradle-to-grave system was used to calculate the overall carbon footprint of fish unit production. The major data came from a study of three feed factories in Egypt, which included a wide range of feed manufacturing and agricultural practises in order to reveal the varied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Pre-farm, farming, and post-farming were the three stages of the life cycle assessment. Feed manufacture, which was primarily tied to the production and processing of raw materials, was the largest source of GHG emissions for all three processes. GHG emissions were also produced during the transport of raw materials to the factory. GHG emissions were also produced during the transportation of raw materials to manufacturers, as well as feed from factories to fish farms, via ship or road. Energy consumption in feed factories varies due to variances in design technology and manufacturing efficiencies. Feed conversion ratios (FCR) have a significant influence on GHG emissions since more feed is required to produce one kilogramme of fish. The kind of packaging material and energy utilised in the factories had an impact on GHG emissions, as each type had a distinct emission factor (EF). Aside from fingerling production, there are direct and indirect N2O emissions, as well as post-farming operations like packaging, ice serving method, and customer transportation. The conclusions of the investigation revealed that According to the results of the study, the emissions linked with the three farms varied greatly. Hanafy farm had the greatest emissions, with 3.265 kg CO2e/kg fish and 50.917 tonnes CO2e/Season, followed by Hashim farm with 2.259 kg CO2e/kg fish and 45.829 tonnes CO2e/Season, and finally Aly farm with 2.223 kg CO2e/kg fish and 38.864 tonnes CO2e/Season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maize is a culture of strategic importance for a country's agriculture. The productivity of the maize crop has significant fluctuations from year to year because of the climate variability, but mostly because of the occurrence of extreme weather events. The aim of this paper is to analyze and correlate the agro-climatic resources with the agrocultural production from the agricultural year 2011 - 2012, in the context of the present and predicted climate changes. The study area is the Central Bărăgan Plain. This area is located in a zone where dryness and drought phenomena are produced and are growing in frequency from the West and South-West to the East and North-East, in accordance with the degree of dryness. Taking into account the precipitation amounts, the agricultural year 2011 - 2012 was a year with a dry pluviometric regime. Therefore, the vegetation stage of the maize crop was medium and weak, in general, resulting an average maize production per hectare lower than in the previous years. Knowing the climate conditions and their impact on the main components of an agricultural system, of the level of yields and quality of the crops provides the possibility to reduce losses by respecting the adequate agricultural technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts from the conviction that one of the main environmental problems of today's society is the continuously increasing production of organic wastes. In many countries, sustainable waste management have become major political priorities in order to reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions and to avoid, as much as possible, global climate changes. This problem becomes more and more present in our country too. Production of biogas through anaerobic digestion of animal manure and slurries as well as of a wide range of digestible organic wastes, converts these substrates into renewable energy and offers a natural fertiliser for agriculture. That is why we consider that biogas plants will be more and more used in the future. In this paper we show the different stages which must be operated in a biogas plant and the problems which can be met in each of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has a significant impact on agricultural productivity, particularly crop production. Research has been focused on the examination of a traditional insurance model applied since 2020 based on state support for the management of agricultural risks. Based on the study of substantial statistical data, the advantages, challenges, and drawbacks of this model in the process of crop insurance are discussed. The study focuses on the frequency of covered risks occurrence, as well as the interrelationships between them based on the country's geographical and climatic characteristics. Risk assessment allows farmers to determine the most likely directions of behavior that may arise in the process of insuring their products. Drought risk was particularly emphasized that is not covered by Agrarian Insurance Fund. Droughts are becoming more frequent as a result of climate change, and their uniform role in crop loss necessitates that the need to address this problem be recognized in current times. The authors substantiate that an index-based insurance model based on weather parameters is a viable alternative to the traditional insurance model for assuring drought coverage, and they advocate using it to diversify the insurance system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The irrigation sector is a major issue in European agriculture considering the potential impact of climate change and increasing demand for food in areas undergoing economic development. The main objective of this paper has taken into account the analysis and description of trends and current status of irrigation in the European Union (EU) regarding a series of technological, economic and social factors. Achieving this goal involved literature review and analysis of databases dedicated to the subject. The data analysis targeted irrigable and irrigated agricultural areas, types of used irrigation and types of irrigated crops. Results of the analysis show a picture of the wide variety of irrigation sector in the EU. The development of this sector must consider the multifunctional role of agriculture in establishing a balance between economic, social and environmental variables in different European regions and countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming currently implies two major problems for mankind: the need for a drastic diminution of greenhouse gas emissions on one hand, and the need to adapt to the climate change effects on the other hand. The CRESC Strategy emphasized the agricultural sector contribution to the greenhouse gas production by more than 15% of total greenhouse gases produced in our country, although in the last 25 years the greenhouse gases were down by half. In order to measure the impact of farming activities upon the environment, as well as the effects that the climate changes have upon agriculture and the sustainable development of the European rural area, sets of agroenvironmental indicators were established; these indicators were tested in Romania's case as well, with regard to the relevance for policy assessment, the response capacity, analytical base, data accessibility and measurability, interpretation facility and cost effectiveness. Following these studies, the conclusion was that only part of these indicators can be calculated, the remaining indicators being estimated by mathematic modelling, due to the great diversity of physical-geographic conditions and agricultural systems, which depend on a wide range of specific local characteristics. In the last 20 years countries like France, for instance, designed methods to measure the agroenvironmental indicators at farm level. Farmers' awareness and involvement is essential in the environment protection activity and the contribution that this activity can bring in the fight against climate change. The purpose of the paper is to test the DIALECT method on the Romanian farms, by a double approach, i.e. global and thematic, by the environmental components. The diagnosis has the capacity to measure the environment "value added", expressed by a better nitrogen and manure management, the way in which the conversion to organic farming takes place, which is the effect of the change in crop rotation, the way in which certain operations better optimize the use of own natural resources (soil, weather, biodiversity, etc.) and put a limit to the pressure on resources (water, energy, etc.), while other operations have a negative impact upon the local ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]