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A fast increase has been seen in the use of energy acquired from fossil based and renewable resources along with the increasing population in the world and Turkey. It leads the studies to find new energy resources that fossil resources have been depleting day after day. Aydın Province that is located on 800.700 ha area over the lowlands irrigated by Büyük Menderes River is among the biggest cities of Turkey due to both animal number and area at which agricultural production is done. 363.215 ha cultivated area which is 45.3% of the total land is irrigable land. There are 70.884 units agricultural enterprises in the city and these enterprises are small and medium scale enterprises. 36% of these agricultural enterprises are the enterprises that make animal and vegetative production together, 35% of them are the enterprises that make only vegetative production and 29% of them are the enterprises that make only animal production. The unused wastes occurred after the production at these enterprises that makes animal and plant production pose a big problem for the enterprises and biogas that is a gas type having a high energy potential due to the methane gas inside it may be produced after they are fermented. In this paper, animal and vegetative production data of Aydın province will be reviewed and biogas potential of the province will be determined by calculating the waste amount occurred due to the production.en [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to compare energy consumptions under traditional cultivation system for wheat production in Turkey. The data used in this study were collected through a questionnaire by face to face interviews. The amount of energy that consumed in tillage, planting, fertilizing, agricultural spraying, harvesting and transport stages were calculated for wheat cultivation. The energy inputs such as human labor, tractors, tools/machineries, fuel/oil, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and seed obtainment processes were taken into consideration to determine the amount of energy that used in wheat cultivation. The total energy used in various farm inputs for wheat cultivation was 17159.5 MJ/ha. The energy output/input ratio, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy efficiency were found to be 2.21, 7.18 MJ/kg, 0.14 kg/MJ and 20746.5 MJ/ha, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out on Quercus infectoria Oliv. (Fagaceae) trees infested with the coccid Kermes hermonensis Spodek & Ben-Dov (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Kermesidae) between 2013 and 2014, in Diyarbakir. As a result of the study, two parasitoids and two predators were obtained. These are: Cheiloneurus claviger Thomson, 1876; Metaphycus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae: Encyrtinae) and Brumus (Exochomus) quadripustulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). B. (Exochomus) quadripustulatus and C. bipustulatus are the first records on K. hermonensis as predators in Turkey. K. hermonensis: Cheiloneurus claviger and Metaphycus sp. are the first records on K. hermonensis as parasitoids in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out to determine downy mildews species on the weed, which create problems on lentil fields of Diyarbakõr province of Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey during 2013. As result of this study, 7 different downy mildews were detected on 7 different weed species in the lentil fields. These downy mildews species are following: Peronospora aparines (de Bary) Gäum., Peronospora arborescens (Berk.) De Bary, Peronospora lamii A. Praum., Peronospora narbonensis Gäum., Hyaloperonospora parasitica (Pers.) Constant., Peronospora sisymbrii-officinalis Gäum. and Peronospora trifoliorum de Bary were determined on the weeds Galium aparine L., Papaver macrostomum Boiss & Huet. ex Boiss, Lamium amplexicaule L., Vicia narbonensis L., Myagrum perfoliatum L., Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. ve Trifolium sp. respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rusty grain beetle Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) is one of the most important pests of stored grains. It is known that long term use of phosphine against the pests causes to resistance development in the pests. In this study, 16 C. ferrugineus populations from grain warehouses of 11 provinces were collected. The resistance to phosphine of the populations was determined by modifying the FAO method to obtain LC50 values. Resistance ratios were calculated by comparing the LC50 values of the populations to the LC50 value of the sensitive population. The C. ferrugineus population obtained from İzmir province died at 36 ppm discriminating dose and LC50 value was calculated as 16.82 ppm/20 hrs. This population was considered susceptible and used in LC50 comparisons to determine the resistance ratios. The LC50 was not calculated for the six populations which died at the discriminating dose. In the 10 populations which LC50 were calculated, resistance ratios were found between 3.0 and 392.6 times. According to the results, phosphine resistance of C. ferrugineus was common and generally high in Turkish populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]