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The parameters and dynamics of the development of Meckel's diverticulum in large gray geese aged one day to 5 years were determined. The changes in the length, cross-sectional area and wall area of the Meckel's diverticulum indicate that its growth stops by 3 months of age. The age-related morphofunctional indicators of lymphoid tissue formation in the wall of Meckel's diverticulum were determined. Diffuse lymphoid tissue is predominant in the composition of lymphoid tissue. Full morphofunctional maturity of the lymphoid tissue with the development of four levels of its structural organization is observed at the age of 21 days in geese. The lymphoid tissue in the wall of Meckel's diverticulum reaches its maximum development by the age of 3 months, which must be taken into account when raising large gray geese and conducting experimental studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, immunomodulation is an alternative in the fight against many diseases, being considered a possibility to fight against many infectious diseases that can affect pig herds. Selenium can be used for this purpose, the effect of its administration on the immune response being the main purpose of the present study. Following the administration of organic selenium, we found that in the case of WBC parameters, granulocytes and agranulocytes percentages and lymphoblastic transformation percentages of B lymphocytes, there are no major differences between the values recorded at the beginning of the experiment and the values recorded in the two experimental moments. Instead, following the administration of organic selenium, we observed significant increases in T lymphocytes percentages (by 9.94%, after 21 days, and respectively by 8.18%, after 30 days), percentages of lymphoblastic transformation of T lymphocytes (by 59.59% after 21 days, and respectively by 64.14% after 30 days), as well as the helper T lymphocytes/supressor T lymphocytes ratio (by 46.15% after 21 days, and respectively by 65.38% after 30 days). Regarding the percentage of B lymphocytes, a decrease of this parameter is observed by 38.34% after 21 days and by 21.84% after 30 days following the administration of the product based on organic selenium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunomodulation is an important alternative in combating many diseases, being considered a potential weapon in the fight against pathological entities that cause major economic losses in pig herds. Levamisole, in addition to its anthelmintic effect, has also an immunostimulatory effect, for which it has also been used as a vaccine adjuvant. The aim of the research was to evaluate the non-specific immune response in modern techniques in pigs given levamisole. The results showed significant differences in the case of the ratio of lymphocyte subpopulations, there was an increasing trend in favor of T lymphocytes (with 10.44%), and the % of T lymphocytes blastic transformation (with 56%). Also, we observed a significant increase of the LTh/LTs ratio (with 65.92%) which supports the immunomodulatory potential of the levamisole and its involvement on the coordination of immune processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powder probiotic has a good effect on the digestive tract which improvement of the immune system. This study to know the impact of powder probiotics on the immune system which includes levels of leukocytes, heterophils, lymphocytes, and heterophils to lymphocytes ratio in laying hens age 90 weeks. This study was conducted from February to March 2021 at Laying Hens Farm in Sukarapih Village, Sukasari, Sumedang, Jawa Barat. The object study were 40 laying hens aged 90 weeks. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was applied which consists of four treatments and five replications. The treatments are basal ration without powder probiotic (T0); basal ration + 2 % powder probiotic (T1); basal ration + 3% powder probiotic (T2); and basal ration + 4% powder probiotic (T3). Statically this study showed no significant difference in levels of leukocyte, heterophil, lymphocyte, and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. However, the administration of powder probiotic 4 % has improved the levels of, heterophil, lymphocyte, and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio on laying hens aged 90 weeks near rejected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]