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Chemical molecular structures are a direct and convenient means of expressing chemical knowledge, playing a vital role in academic communication. In chemistry, hand drawing is a common task for students and researchers. If we can convert hand-drawn chemical molecular structures into machine-readable formats, like SMILES encoding, computers can efficiently process and analyze these structures, significantly enhancing the efficiency of chemical research. Furthermore, with the progress of educational technology, automated grading is gaining popularity. When machines automatically recognize chemical molecular structures and assess the correctness of the drawings, it offers great convenience to teachers. We created ChemReco, a tool designed to identify chemical molecular structures involving three atoms: C, H, and O, providing convenience for chemical researchers. Currently, there are limited studies on hand-drawn chemical molecular structures. Therefore, the primary focus of this paper is constructing datasets. We propose a synthetic image method to rapidly generate images resembling hand-drawn chemical molecular structures, enhancing dataset acquisition efficiency. Regarding model selection, the hand-drawn chemical molecule structural recognition model developed in this article achieves a final recognition accuracy of 96.90%. This model employs the encoder-decoder architecture of EfficientNet + Transformer, demonstrating superior performance compared to other encoder-decoder combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During their life cycle, buildings are subjected to damage that reduces their performance and can pose a significant threat to structural safety. This paper presents the results of research into the creation of a model for predicting damage intensity of buildings located in mining terrains. The basis for the research was a database of technical and mining impact data for 185 masonry residential buildings. The intensity of damage to buildings was negligible and ranged from 0 to 6%. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) methodology was used to create the model. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) methodology, which is commonly used for analysis of this type of issue, was used for comparisons. The resulting models were evaluated by comparing parameters such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. The comparisons revealed only minor differences between the models. Despite the small range of damage intensity, the models created were able to achieve prediction results of around 80%. The SVM model had better results for training set accuracy, while the CNN model achieved higher values for F1 score and average precision for the test set. The results obtained justify the adoption of the CNN methodology as effective in the context of predicting the damage intensity of masonry residential buildings located in mining terrains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the predominant form of dementia, is a growing global challenge, emphasizing the urgent need for accurate and early diagnosis. Current clinical diagnoses rely on radiologist expert interpretation, which is prone to human error. Deep learning has thus far shown promise for early AD diagnosis. However, existing methods often overlook focal structural atrophy critical for enhanced understanding of the cerebral cortex neurodegeneration. This paper proposes a deep learning framework that includes a novel structure-focused neurodegeneration CNN architecture named SNeurodCNN and an image brightness enhancement preprocessor using gamma correction. The SNeurodCNN architecture takes as input the focal structural atrophy features resulting from segmentation of brain structures captured through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). As a result, the architecture considers only necessary CNN components, which comprises of two downsampling convolutional blocks and two fully connected layers, for achieving the desired classification task, and utilises regularisation techniques to regularise learnable parameters. Leveraging mid-sagittal and para-sagittal brain image viewpoints from the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI) dataset, our framework demonstrated exceptional performance. The para-sagittal viewpoint achieved 97.8% accuracy, 97.0% specificity, and 98.5% sensitivity, while the mid-sagittal viewpoint offered deeper insights with 98.1% accuracy, 97.2% specificity, and 99.0% sensitivity. Model analysis revealed the ability of SNeurodCNN to capture the structural dynamics of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD in the frontal lobe, occipital lobe, cerebellum, temporal, and parietal lobe, suggesting its potential as a brain structural change digi-biomarker for early AD diagnosis. This work can be reproduced using code we made available on GitHub. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the utilization of color image processing technologies and deep learning algorithms in the development of a robot vision system specifically designed for 8-ball billiards. The sport of billiards, with its various games and ball arrangements, presents unique challenges for robotic vision systems. The proposed methodology addresses these challenges through two main components: object detection and ball pattern recognition. Initially, a robust algorithm is employed to detect the billiard balls using color space transformation and thresholding techniques. This is followed by determining the position of the billiard table through strategic cropping and isolation of the primary table area. The crucial phase involves the intricate task of recognizing ball patterns to differentiate between solid and striped balls. To achieve this, a modified convolutional neural network is utilized, leveraging the Xception network optimized by an innovative algorithm known as the Improved Chaos African Vulture Optimization (ICAVO) algorithm. The ICAVO algorithm enhances the Xception network's performance by efficiently exploring the solution space and avoiding local optima. The results of this study demonstrate a significant enhancement in recognition accuracy, with the Xception/ICAVO model achieving remarkable recognition rates for both solid and striped balls. This paves the way for the development of more sophisticated and efficient billiards robots. The implications of this research extend beyond 8-ball billiards, highlighting the potential for advanced robotic vision systems in various applications. The successful integration of color image processing, deep learning, and optimization algorithms shows the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. This research has far-reaching implications that go beyond just billiards. The cutting-edge robotic vision technology can be utilized for detecting and tracking objects in different sectors, transforming industrial automation and surveillance setups. By combining color image processing, deep learning, and optimization algorithms, the system proves its effectiveness and flexibility. The innovative approach sets the stage for creating advanced and productive robotic vision systems in various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning has emerged as a highly effective and precise method for classifying images. The presence of plant diseases poses a significant threat to food security. However, accurately identifying these diseases in plants is challenging due to limited infrastructure and techniques. Fortunately, the recent advancements in deep learning within the field of computer vision have opened up new possibilities for diagnosing plant pathology. Detecting plant diseases at an early stage is crucial, and this research paper proposes a deep convolutional neural network model that can rapidly and accurately identify plant diseases. Given the minimal variation in image texture and color, deep learning techniques are essential for robust recognition. In this study, we introduce a deep, explainable neural architecture specifically designed for recognizing plant diseases. Fine-tuned deep convolutional neural network is designed by freezing the layers and adjusting the weights of learnable layers. By extracting deep features from a down sampled feature map of a fine-tuned neural network, we are able to classify these features using a customized K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm. To train and validate our model, we utilize the largest standard plant village dataset, which consists of 38 classes. To evaluate the performance of our proposed system, we estimate specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, and AUC. The results demonstrate that our system achieves an impressive maximum validation accuracy of 99.95% and an AUC of 1, making it the most ideal and highest-performing approach compared to current state-of-the-art deep learning methods for automatically identifying plant diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, the software industry has expanded to include all industries. Since stakeholders tend to use it to get their work done, software houses seek to estimate the cost of the software, which includes calculating the effort, time, and resources required. Although many researchers have worked to estimate it, the prediction accuracy results are still inaccurate and unstable. Estimating it requires a lot of effort. Therefore, there is an urgent need for modern techniques that contribute to cost estimation. This paper seeks to present a model based on deep learning and machine learning techniques by combining convolutional neural networks (CNN) and the particle swarm algorithm (PSO) in the context of time series forecasting, which enables feature extraction and automatic tuning of hyperparameters, which reduces the manual effort of selecting parameters and contributes to fine-tuning. The use of PSO also enhances the robustness and generalization ability of the CNN model and its iterative nature allows for efficient discovery of hyperparameter similarity. The model was trained and tested on 13 different benchmark datasets and evaluated through six metrics: mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), mean magnitude relative error (MMRE), root mean square error (RMSE), median magnitude relative error (MdMRE), and prediction accuracy (PRED). Comparative results reveal that the performance of the proposed model is better than other methods for all datasets and evaluation criteria. The results were very promising for predicting software cost estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virus‒host protein‒lncRNA interaction (VHPLI) predictions are critical for decoding the molecular mechanisms of viral pathogens and host immune processes. Although VHPLI interactions have been predicted in both plants and animals, they have not been extensively studied in viruses. For the first time, we propose a new deep learning-based approach that consists mainly of a convolutional neural network and bidirectional long and short-term memory network modules in combination with transfer learning named CBIL‒VHPLI to predict viral–host protein‒lncRNA interactions. The models were first trained on large and diverse datasets (including plants, animals, etc.). Protein sequence features were extracted using a k-mer method combined with the one-hot encoding and composition–transition–distribution (CTD) methods, and lncRNA sequence features were extracted using a k-mer method combined with the one-hot encoding and Z curve methods. The results obtained on three independent external validation datasets showed that the pre-trained CBIL‒VHPLI model performed the best with an accuracy of approximately 0.9. Pretraining was followed by conducting transfer learning on a viral protein–human lncRNA dataset, and the fine-tuning results showed that the accuracy of CBIL‒VHPLI was 0.946, which was significantly greater than that of the previous models. The final case study results showed that CBIL‒VHPLI achieved a prediction reproducibility rate of 91.6% for the RIP-Seq experimental screening results. This model was then used to predict the interactions between human lncRNA PIK3CD-AS2 and the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of the H5N1 virus, and RNA pull-down experiments were used to prove the prediction readiness of the model in terms of prediction. The source code of CBIL‒VHPLI and the datasets used in this work are available at https://github.com/Liu-Lab-Lnu/CBIL-VHPLI for academic usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bone marrow overproduces immature cells in the malignancy known as Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). In the United States, about 6500 occurrences of ALL are diagnosed each year in both children and adults, comprising nearly 25% of pediatric cancer cases. Recently, many computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) systems have been proposed to aid hematologists in reducing workload, providing correct results, and managing enormous volumes of data. Traditional CAD systems rely on hematologists' expertise, specialized features, and subject knowledge. Utilizing early detection of ALL can aid radiologists and doctors in making medical decisions. In this study, Deep Dilated Residual Convolutional Neural Network (DDRNet) is presented for the classification of blood cell images, focusing on eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils. To tackle challenges like vanishing gradients and enhance feature extraction, the model incorporates Deep Residual Dilated Blocks (DRDB) for faster convergence. Conventional residual blocks are strategically placed between layers to preserve original information and extract general feature maps. Global and Local Feature Enhancement Blocks (GLFEB) balance weak contributions from shallow layers for improved feature normalization. The global feature from the initial convolution layer, when combined with GLFEB-processed features, reinforces classification representations. The Tanh function introduces non-linearity. A Channel and Spatial Attention Block (CSAB) is integrated into the neural network to emphasize or minimize specific feature channels, while fully connected layers transform the data. The use of a sigmoid activation function concentrates on relevant features for multiclass lymphoblastic leukemia classification The model was analyzed with Kaggle dataset (16,249 images) categorized into four classes, with a training and testing ratio of 80:20. Experimental results showed that DRDB, GLFEB and CSAB blocks' feature discrimination ability boosted the DDRNet model F1 score to 0.96 with minimal computational complexity and optimum classification accuracy of 99.86% and 91.98% for training and testing data. The DDRNet model stands out from existing methods due to its high testing accuracy of 91.98%, F1 score of 0.96, minimal computational complexity, and enhanced feature discrimination ability. The strategic combination of these blocks (DRDB, GLFEB, and CSAB) are designed to address specific challenges in the classification process, leading to improved discrimination of features crucial for accurate multi-class blood cell image identification. Their effective integration within the model contributes to the superior performance of DDRNet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop yield production could be enhanced for agricultural growth if various plant nutrition deficiencies, and diseases are identified and detected at early stages. Hence, continuous health monitoring of plant is very crucial for handling plant stress. The deep learning methods have proven its superior performances in the automated detection of plant diseases and nutrition deficiencies from visual symptoms in leaves. This article proposes a new deep learning method for plant nutrition deficiencies and disease classification using a graph convolutional network (GNN), added upon a base convolutional neural network (CNN). Sometimes, a global feature descriptor might fail to capture the vital region of a diseased leaf, which causes inaccurate classification of disease. To address this issue, regional feature learning is crucial for a holistic feature aggregation. In this work, region-based feature summarization at multi-scales is explored using spatial pyramidal pooling for discriminative feature representation. Furthermore, a GCN is developed to capacitate learning of finer details for classifying plant diseases and insufficiency of nutrients. The proposed method, called Plant Nutrition Deficiency and Disease Network (PND-Net), has been evaluated on two public datasets for nutrition deficiency, and two for disease classification using four backbone CNNs. The best classification performances of the proposed PND-Net are as follows: (a) 90.00% Banana and 90.54% Coffee nutrition deficiency; and (b) 96.18% Potato diseases and 84.30% on PlantDoc datasets using Xception backbone. Furthermore, additional experiments have been carried out for generalization, and the proposed method has achieved state-of-the-art performances on two public datasets, namely the Breast Cancer Histopathology Image Classification (BreakHis 40 × : 95.50%, and BreakHis 100 × : 96.79% accuracy) and Single cells in Pap smear images for cervical cancer classification (SIPaKMeD: 99.18% accuracy). Also, the proposed method has been evaluated using five-fold cross validation and achieved improved performances on these datasets. Clearly, the proposed PND-Net effectively boosts the performances of automated health analysis of various plants in real and intricate field environments, implying PND-Net's aptness for agricultural growth as well as human cancer classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image segmentation is a critical and challenging endeavor in the field of medicine. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is a helpful method for locating any abnormal brain tissue these days. It is a difficult undertaking for radiologists to diagnose and classify the tumor from several pictures. This work develops an intelligent method for accurately identifying brain tumors. This research investigates the identification of brain tumor types from MRI data using convolutional neural networks and optimization strategies. Two novel approaches are presented: the first is a novel segmentation technique based on firefly optimization (FFO) that assesses segmentation quality based on many parameters, and the other is a combination of two types of convolutional neural networks to categorize tumor traits and identify the kind of tumor. These upgrades are intended to raise the general efficacy of the MRI scan technique and increase identification accuracy. Using MRI scans from BBRATS2018, the testing is carried out, and the suggested approach has shown improved performance with an average accuracy of 98.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting emotions from facial images is difficult because facial expressions can vary significantly. Previous research on using deep learning models to classify emotions from facial images has been carried out on various datasets that contain a limited range of expressions. This study expands the use of deep learning for facial emotion recognition (FER) based on Emognition dataset that includes ten target emotions: amusement, awe, enthusiasm, liking, surprise, anger, disgust, fear, sadness, and neutral. A series of data preprocessing was carried out to convert video data into images and augment the data. This study proposes Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models built through two approaches, which are transfer learning (fine-tuned) with pre-trained models of Inception-V3 and MobileNet-V2 and building from scratch using the Taguchi method to find robust combination of hyperparameters setting. The proposed model demonstrated favorable performance over a series of experimental processes with an accuracy and an average F1-score of 96% and 0.95, respectively, on the test data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to protect intangible cultural heritage and promote outstanding cultural works, this article introduces innovative research on Shen Embroidery using convolutional neural networks. The dataset of Shen Embroidery was preprocessed to augment the data required for experimentation. Moreover, the approach of transfer learning was introduced to fine-tune the recognition network. Specifically, Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP) is employed by replacing the avg pool in the MobileNet V1 network, achieving the fusion of local and global features. The experimental results showed that the improved MobileNet V1 achieved a recognition accuracy of 98.45%, which was 2.3% higher than the baseline MobileNet V1 network. The experiments demonstrated that the improved convolutional neural network can efficiently recognize Shen Embroidery and provide technical support for the intelligent development of intangible cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myelodysplastic syndrome is primarily characterized by dysplasia in the bone marrow (BM), presenting a challenge in consistent morphology interpretation. Accurate diagnosis through traditional slide-based analysis is difficult, necessitating a standardized objective technique. Over the past two decades, imaging flow cytometry (IFC) has proven effective in combining image-based morphometric analyses with high-parameter phenotyping. We have previously demonstrated the effectiveness of combining IFC with a feature-based machine learning algorithm to accurately identify and quantify rare binucleated erythroblasts (BNEs) in dyserythropoietic BM cells. However, a feature-based workflow poses challenges requiring software-specific expertise. Here we employ a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm for BNE identification and differentiation from doublets and cells with irregular nuclear morphology in IFC data. We demonstrate that this simplified AI workflow, coupled with a powerful CNN algorithm, achieves comparable BNE quantification accuracy to manual and feature-based analysis with substantial time savings, eliminating workflow complexity. This streamlined approach holds significant clinical value, enhancing IFC accessibility for routine diagnostic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of grapes encounters various challenges, such as the presence of pests and diseases, which have the potential to considerably diminish agricultural productivity. Plant diseases pose a significant impediment, resulting in diminished agricultural productivity and economic setbacks, thereby affecting the quality of crop yields. Hence, the precise and timely identification of plant diseases holds significant importance. This study employs a Convolutional neural network (CNN) with and without data augmentation, in addition to a DCNN Classifier model based on VGG16, to classify grape leaf diseases. A publicly available dataset is utilized for the purpose of investigating diseases affecting grape leaves. The DCNN Classifier Model successfully utilizes the strengths of the VGG16 model and modifies it by incorporating supplementary layers to enhance its performance and ability to generalize. Systematic evaluation of metrics, such as accuracy and F1-score, is performed. With training and test accuracy rates of 99.18 and 99.06%, respectively, the DCNN Classifier model does a better job than the CNN models used in this investigation. The findings demonstrate that the DCNN Classifier model, utilizing the VGG16 architecture and incorporating three supplementary CNN layers, exhibits superior performance. Also, the fact that the DCNN Classifier model works well as a decision support system for farmers is shown by the fact that it can quickly and accurately identify grape diseases, making it easier to take steps to stop them. The results of this study provide support for the reliability of the DCNN classifier model and its potential utility in the field of agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to deeply understand the psychological state of boxers before the competition, and explore an efficient boxing action classification and recognition model supported by artificial intelligence (AI) technology through these psychological characteristics. Firstly, this study systematically measures the key psychological dimensions of boxers, such as anxiety level, self-confidence, team identity, and opponent attitude, through psychological scale survey to obtain detailed psychological data. Then, based on these data, this study innovatively constructs a boxing action classification and recognition model based on BERT fusion 3D-ResNet, which not only comprehensively considers psychological information, but also carefully considers action characteristics to improve the classification accuracy of boxing actions. The performance evaluation shows that the model proposed in this study is significantly superior to the traditional model in terms of loss value, accuracy and F1 value, and the accuracy reaches 96.86%. Therefore, through the comprehensive application of psychology and deep learning, this study successfully constructs a boxing action classification and recognition model that can fully understand the psychological state of boxers, which provides strong support for the psychological training and action classification of boxers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder that requires accurate diagnosis for effective management and treatment. In this article, we propose an architecture for a convolutional neural network (CNN) that utilizes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from the Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset to categorize AD. The network employs two separate CNN models, each with distinct filter sizes and pooling layers, which are concatenated in a classification layer. The multi-class problem is addressed across three, four, and five categories. The proposed CNN architecture achieves exceptional accuracies of 99.43%, 99.57%, and 99.13%, respectively. These high accuracies demonstrate the efficacy of the network in capturing and discerning relevant features from MRI images, enabling precise classification of AD subtypes and stages. The network architecture leverages the hierarchical nature of convolutional layers, pooling layers, and fully connected layers to extract both local and global patterns from the data, facilitating accurate discrimination between different AD categories. Accurate classification of AD carries significant clinical implications, including early detection, personalized treatment planning, disease monitoring, and prognostic assessment. The reported accuracy underscores the potential of the proposed CNN architecture to assist medical professionals and researchers in making precise and informed judgments regarding AD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]