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Accurate estimates of global sea-level change from the observations of Altimetry, Argo and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-on (GRACE-FO) are of great value for investigating the global sea-level budget. In this study, we analyzed the global sea-level change over the period from January 2005 to December 2019 by considering all potential impact factors, i.e. three factors for Altimetry observations (two Altimetry products, ocean bottom deformation (OBD) and glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA)), three factors for Argo observations (four Argo products, salinity product error and deep-ocean steric sea-level change), and seven factors for GRACE/GRACE-FO observations including three official RL06 solutions, five spatial filtering methods, three GIA models, two C20 (degree 2 order 0) products, Geocenter motion, GAD field and global mass conservation. The seven impact factors of GRACE/GRACE-FO observations lead to ninety combinations for the post-procession of global mean barystatic sea-level change estimation, whose rates range from 2.00 to 2.45 mm/year. The total uncertainty of global barystatic sea-level change rate is ± 0.27 mm/year at the 95% confidence level, estimated as the standard deviation of the differences between the different datasets constituting the ensembles. The statistical results show that the preferred GIA model developed by Caron et al. in 2018 can improve the closure of the global sea-level budget by 0.20–0.30 mm/year, which is comparable with that of neglecting the halosteric component. About 30.8% of total combinations (GRACE/GRACE-FO plus Argo) can close the global sea-level budget within 1-sigma (0.23 mm/year) of Altimetry observations, 88.9% within 2-sigma. Once the adopted factors including GRACE/GRACE-FO solutions from Center for Space Research (CSR), Caron18 GIA model, SWENSON filtering and Argo product from China Second Institute of Oceanography, the linear trend of global sterodynamic sea-level change derived from GRACE/GRACE-FO plus Argo observations is 3.85 ± 0.14 mm/year, nearly closed to 3.90 ± 0.23 mm/year of Altimetry observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful production of unconventional resources such as shale gas is highly dependent on its two reservoir properties, organic matter and rock brittleness. High resolution spatially characterization of these two unconventional reservoir properties needs surface reflection seismic data. However, to delineate these two parameters on seismic scale is a challenging task because poor correlation is observed between these parameters and elastic properties of the rock. To encounter this adversity in current study we proposed effective attributes method in which organic shale reservoir properties are divided into their hard and soft elastic response. From the analysis of worldwide laboratory dataset, we find that hard and soft components have shown us much better linear correlation with P- and S- wave impedance. The proposed effective attributes, helped us to reduce the gap between unconventional reservoir properties and seismic characteristics. These attributes are the main controlling factor for rock elastic properties and exhibit information about hydrocarbon generation capacity and rock brittleness. A well data example from Sembar shale has also shown successful results for proposed effective attributes methodology. These attributes application on inverted P-wave impedance seismic data of employed organic shale reservoir have shown productive results to quantify its unconventional prospect on seismic scale. The approach used in this study can be confidently employed to assess unconventional reservoir potential in other parts of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]