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Heat stress exposure in intermittent heat waves and subsequent exposure during war theaters pose a clinical challenge that can lead to multi-organ dysfunction and long-term complications in the elderly. Using an aged mouse model and high-throughput sequencing, this study investigated the molecular dynamics of the liver-brain connection during heat stress exposure. Distinctive gene expression patterns induced by periodic heat stress emerged in both brain and liver tissues. An altered transcriptome profile showed heat stress-induced altered acute phase response pathways, causing neural, hepatic, and systemic inflammation and impaired synaptic plasticity. Results also demonstrated that proinflammatory molecules such as S100B, IL-17, IL-33, and neurological disease signaling pathways were upregulated, while protective pathways like aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling were downregulated. In parallel, Rantes, IRF7, NOD1/2, TREM1, and hepatic injury signaling pathways were upregulated. Furthermore, current research identified Orosomucoid 2 (ORM2) in the liver as one of the mediators of the liver-brain axis due to heat exposure. In conclusion, the transcriptome profiling in elderly heat-stressed mice revealed a coordinated network of liver-brain axis pathways with increased hepatic ORM2 secretion, possibly due to gut inflammation and dysbiosis. The above secretion of ORM2 may impact the brain through a leaky blood-brain barrier, thus emphasizing intricate multi-organ crosstalk.

In this study, we aimed to understand the potential role of the gut microbiome in the development of Alzheimers disease (AD). We took a multi-faceted approach to investigate this relationship. Urine metabolomics were examined in individuals with AD and controls, revealing decreased formate and fumarate concentrations in AD. Additionally, we utilised whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data obtained from a separate group of individuals with AD and controls. This information allowed us to create and investigate host-microbiome personalised whole-body metabolic models. Notably, AD individuals displayed diminished formate microbial secretion in these models. Additionally, we identified specific reactions responsible for the production of formate in the host, and interestingly, these reactions were linked to genes that have correlations with AD. This study suggests formate as a possible early AD marker and highlights genetic and microbiome contributions to its production. The reduced formate secretion and its genetic associations point to a complex connection between gut microbiota and AD. This holistic understanding might pave the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in AD management.

Abstract Autoencoders are dimension reduction models in the field of machine learning which can be thought of as a neural network counterpart of principal components analysis (PCA). Due to their flexibility and good performance, autoencoders have been recently used for estimating nonlinear factor models in finance. The main weakness of autoencoders is that the results are less explainable than those obtained with the PCA. In this paper, we propose the adoption of the Shapley value to improve the explainability of autoencoders in the context of nonlinear factor models. In particular, we measure the relevance of nonlinear latent factors using a forecast-based Shapley value approach that measures each latent factor’s contributions in determining the out-of-sample accuracy in factor-augmented models. Considering the interesting empirical instance of the commodity market, we identify the most relevant latent factors for each commodity based on their out-of-sample forecasting ability.

Abstract Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) derived from tRNAs are known as tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs). These tsRNAs are further categorized into tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) and tRNA halves (tiRNAs), which play significant roles in the various molecular mechanisms underlying certain human diseases. However, the generation of tsRNAs and their potential roles during Dengue virus (DENV) infection is not yet known. Here, we performed small RNA sequencing to identify the generation and alterations in tsRNAs expression profiles of DENV-infected Huh7 cells. Upon DENV infection, tRNA fragmentation was found to be increased. We identified a significant number of differentially expressed tsRNAs during DENV infection. Interestingly, the 3′tRF population showed upregulation, while the i-tRF population exhibited downregulation. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was performed to analyze the impact of differentially expressed tsRNAs on DENV pathogenesis. Our results suggest that differentially expressed tsRNAs are involved in transcriptional regulation via RNA polymerase II promoter and metabolic pathways. Overall, our study contributes significantly to our understanding of the roles played by tsRNAs in the complex dynamics of DENV infection.

Abstract Late-life depression (LLD) is both common and disabling and doubles the risk of dementia onset. Apathy might constitute an additional risk of cognitive decline but clear understanding of its pathophysiology is lacking. While white matter (WM) alterations have been assessed using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), this model cannot accurately represent WM microstructure. We hypothesized that a more complex multi-compartment model would provide new biomarkers of LLD and apathy. Fifty-six individuals (LLD n = 35, 26 females, 75.2 ± 6.4 years, apathy evaluation scale scores (41.8 ± 8.7) and Healthy controls, n = 21, 16 females, 74.7 ± 5.2 years) were included. In this article, a tract-based approach was conducted to investigate novel diffusion model biomarkers of LLD and apathy by interpolating microstructural metrics directly along the fiber bundle. We performed multivariate statistical analysis, combined with principal component analysis for dimensional data reduction. We then tested the utility of our framework by demonstrating classically reported from the literature modifications in LDD while reporting new results of biological-basis of apathy in LLD. Finally, we aimed to investigate the relationship between apathy and microstructure in different fiber bundles. Our study suggests that new fiber bundles, such as the striato-premotor tracts, may be involved in LLD and apathy, which bring new light of apathy mechanisms in major depression. We also identified statistical changes in diffusion MRI metrics in 5 different tracts, previously reported in major cognitive disorders dementia, suggesting that these alterations among these tracts are both involved in motivation and cognition and might explain how apathy is a prodromal phase of degenerative disorders.

Abstract Depression questionnaire cutoffs are calibrated for screening accuracy and not to assess prevalence, but the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) is often used to estimate diagnostic prevalence among older adults, most commonly with scores of ≥ 5. We conducted an individual participant data meta-analysis to compare depression prevalence based on GDS-15 ≥ 5 to Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (SCID) diagnoses and assessed whether an alternative cutoff could be more accurate. We used generalized linear mixed models to estimate prevalence. Data from 14 studies (3602 participants, 434 SCID major depression) were included. Pooled GDS-15 ≥ 5 prevalence was 34.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 27.5–41.6%), and pooled SCID prevalence was 14.8% (95% CI 10.0–21.5%; difference of 17.6%, 95% CI 11.6–23.6%). GDS-15 ≥ 8 provided the closest estimate to SCID with mean difference of − 0.3% (95% prediction interval − 17.0–16.5%). Prevalence estimate differences were not associated with study or participant characteristics. In sum, GDS-15 ≥ 5 substantially overestimated depression prevalence. A cutoff of ≥ 8 was accurate overall, but heterogeneity was too high for implementation in practice. Validated diagnostic interviews should be used to estimate major depression prevalence among older adults.

Abstract Pioneering flexible micro-supercapacitors, designed for exceptional energy and power density, transcend conventional storage limitations. Interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) based on laser-induced graphene (LIG), augmented with metal-oxide modifiers, harness synergies with layered graphene to achieve superior capacitance. This study presents a novel one-step process for sputtered plasma deposition of HfO2, resulting in enhanced supercapacitance performance. Introducing LIG-HfO2 micro-supercapacitor (MSC) devices with varied oxygen flow rates further boosts supercapacitance performance by introducing oxygen functional groups. FESEM investigations demonstrate uniform coating of HfO2 on LIG fibers through sputtering. Specific capacitance measurements reveal 6.4 mF/cm2 at 5 mV/s and 4.5 mF/cm2 at a current density of 0.04 mA/cm2. The LIG-HfO2 devices exhibit outstanding supercapacitor performance, boasting at least a fourfold increase over pristine LIG. Moreover, stability testing indicates a high retention rate of 97% over 5000 cycles, ensuring practical real-time applications.

Abstract The concept of a standardized reference diet (SRD) is used in laboratory model organisms to ensure nutritional control between studies and laboratories. Although models using the genetically identical, all female parthenogenetic marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) are growing in popularity, research into nutrition in this species still has many knowledge gaps. To fast track the development of a SRD in terms of protein and amino acids (SRDprotein) for this species, we first analyzed the composition of its body amino acids to determine the ideal protein concept (IPC) of indispensable amino acids in wild-caught P. virginalis (which had an unusually high preponderance of leucine and arginine). Then, we strategically evaluated three common clusters of types of fish feed: (1) ornamental fish feed (SER) fortified with a naturally occurring alga (Spirulina). This type of feed was protein-high in arginine and leucine (SER + SPI) that fulfils the species’ IPC for iso-protein (~ 40%), iso-phosphorus (~ 0.8%) and near iso-energetic (~ 475 kcal 100 g−1); (2) freeze-dried live feed consisting of chironomid larvae (CHI) fortified with Spirulina (CHI + SPI) that fulfils the IPC for iso-protein (~ 46%), iso-phosphorus (~ 0.7%) and near iso-energetic (~ 405 kcal 100 g−1); and (3) a commercially standardized ‘starter diet’ for carnivorous fish larvae (FISH) and post-larval shrimps (SHRIMP) with iso-protein (~ 56%) and iso-phosphorus (~ 1.6%). A total of six diets, embracing a diverse range of proteinaceous feeds, were used in a 100-day ad libitum feeding and growth trial. The FISH group outperformed all the other groups (p 44% protein (tailored to deliver high arginine 3% and leucine 4%, followed by the usual lysine > 3.5% and methionine 1.2%) but also the lowest carbohydrate level (21%). For SRDprotein, our findings show that the FISH diet is ideal and suggest the possibilities of using a CHI + SPI diet for further optimization (more economic use of protein and phosphorus).

Abstract Fatty acid accumulation was studied in the parthenogenetic all-female marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis using six arbitrarily designed experimental feeds and related to individuals with glair glands (sexual maturity) after 100 days of ad libitum feeding at 21 °C, including gravid females from the wild as a reference. Fatty acids 16:0 and 18:1n-9 comprised 40% of the total amount of fatty acids and tended to up-concentrate in bodies. Shorter chain 14:0 depleted from feed to body. Across diets, there was a concomitant decrease in precursor fatty acid and increase in product fatty acid, such as reinforcements in monounsaturated fatty acid (18:1n-9), eicosanoid precursors 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid, ARA) and 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) in-vivo, but not 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) except when deficient in CHI or CHI + SPI diets. Saturation kinetics modeling (R2 0.7–0.9, p

Abstract While the succession of terrestrial plant communities is well studied, less is known about succession on dead wood, especially how it is affected by environmental factors. While temperate forests face increasing canopy mortality, which causes considerable changes in microclimates, it remains unclear how canopy openness affects fungal succession. Here, we used a large real-world experiment to study the effect of closed and opened canopy on treatment-based alpha and beta fungal fruiting diversity. We found increasing diversity in early and decreasing diversity at later stages of succession under both canopies, with a stronger decrease under open canopies. However, the slopes of the diversity versus time relationships did not differ significantly between canopy treatments. The community dissimilarity remained mainly stable between canopies at ca. 25% of species exclusively associated with either canopy treatment. Species exclusive in either canopy treatment showed very low number of occupied objects compared to species occurring in both treatments. Our study showed that canopy loss subtly affected fungal fruiting succession on dead wood, suggesting that most species in the local species pool are specialized or can tolerate variable conditions. Our study indicates that the fruiting of the fungal community on dead wood is resilient against the predicted increase in canopy loss in temperate forests.

Abstract Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are an emerging technology that can be used both in place of and in conjunction with conventional simulation methods. In this paper, we used PINNs to perform a forward simulation without leveraging known data. Our simulation was of a 2D natural convection-driven cavity using the vorticity-stream function formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations. We used both 2D simulations across the x and z domains at constant Rayleigh (Ra) numbers and 3D simulations across the x, z and Ra domains. The 3D simulation was tested for a PINN’s ability to learn solutions in a higher-dimensional space than standard simulations. The results were validated against published solutions at Ra values of 10 $$^{3}$$ 3 , 10 $$^{4}$$ 4 , 10 $$^{5}$$ 5 , and 10 $$^{6}$$ 6 . Both the 2D simulations and 3D simulations successfully matched the expected results. For the 2D cases, more training iterations were needed for the model to converge at higher Ra values (10 $$^5$$ 5 and 10 $$^6$$ 6 ) than at lower Ra (10 $$^3$$ 3 and 10 $$^4$$ 4 ) indicating increased nonlinear fluid-thermal coupling. The 3D case was also able to converge but, but it required more training than any of the 2D cases due to the curse of dimensionality. These results showed the validity of standard simulations via PINNs and the feasibility of higher-order parameter space solutions that are not possible using conventional methods. They also showcased the additional computational demand associated with increasing the dimensionality of the learned parameter space.

Abstract This study has a quantitative cross-sectional design that aims to investigate the relationships between gender, age, status (migrant or Chilean-born), educational satisfaction, and overall life satisfaction among adolescent students in 7th and 8th grades of the Chilean educational system. The sample includes 406 students from four municipal public educational centers located in the Santiago district of the Metropolitan Region of Chile, with at least 20% migrant enrollment. The data were analyzed using quantitative methods using the R language, with descriptive analysis, cross-tabulation analysis, and independence tests. The packages used were: ggplot2, tidyverse and ggstatplot. The study found that age has an impact on the level of satisfaction with education and relationships formed with peers. Specifically, younger students expressed higher levels of satisfaction in these areas compared to older students. Moreover, foreign students showed a statistically significant difference in relation to age range, suggesting that as these students grow older, they tend to become less satisfied with the relationships they form with their classmates. In contrast, no statistically significant difference was found among Chilean students, indicating that the findings discussed here may not be generalizable to this specific population. The analysis also indicates a significant difference in the entire sample, suggesting a correlation between age range and level of satisfaction with schooling.

Abstract This research introduces a novel global sensitivity analysis (GSA) framework for agent-based models (ABMs) that explicitly handles their distinctive features, such as multi-level structure and temporal dynamics. The framework uses Grassmannian diffusion maps to reduce output data dimensionality and sparse polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) to compute sensitivity indices for stochastic input parameters. To demonstrate the versatility of the proposed GSA method, we applied it to a non-linear system dynamics model and epidemiological and economic ABMs, depicting different dynamics. Unlike traditional GSA approaches, the proposed method enables a more general estimation of parametric sensitivities spanning from the micro level (individual agents) to the macro level (entire population). The new framework encourages the use of manifold-based techniques in uncertainty quantification, enhances understanding of complex spatio-temporal processes, and equips ABM practitioners with robust tools for detailed model analysis. This empowers them to make more informed decisions when developing, fine-tuning, and verifying models, thereby advancing the field and improving routine practice for GSA in ABMs.

Abstract Glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2) monitors cellular glucose uptake. Astrocyte GLUT2 controls glucose counterregulatory hormone secretion. In vivo gene silencing and laser-catapult-microdissection tools were used here to investigate whether ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) GLUT2 may regulate dorsomedial (VMNdm) and/or ventrolateral (VMNvl) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission to control this endocrine outflow in female rats. VMN GLUT2 gene knockdown suppressed or stimulated hypoglycemia-associated glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)1 and GAD2 mRNA expression in VMNdm versus VMNvl GABAergic neurons, respectively. GLUT2 siRNA pretreatment also modified co-expressed transmitter marker gene profiles in each cell population. VMNdm GABA neurons exhibited GLUT2 knockdown-sensitive up-regulated 5’-AMP-activated protein kinase-alpha1 (AMPKα1) and -alpha2 (AMPKα2) transcripts during hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemic augmentation of VMNvl GABA neuron AMPKα2 was refractory to GLUT2 siRNA. GLUT2 siRNA blunted (VMNdm) or exacerbated (VMNvl) hypoglycemic stimulation of GABAergic neuron steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) mRNA. Results infer that VMNdm and VMNvl GABA neurons may exhibit divergent, GLUT2-dependent GABA neurotransmission patterns in the hypoglycemic female rat. Data also document differential GLUT2 regulation of VMNdm versus VMNvl GABA nerve cell SF-1 gene expression. Evidence for intensification of hypoglycemic hypercorticosteronemia and -glucagonemia by GLUT2 siRNA infers that VMN GLUT2 function imposes an inhibitory tone on these hormone profiles in this sex.

Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus is the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in young children, causing extensive mortality and morbidity globally, with limited therapeutic or preventative options. Cathelicidins are innate immune antimicrobial host defence peptides and have antiviral activity against RSV. However, upper respiratory tract cathelicidin expression and the relationship with host and environment factors in early life, are unknown. Infant cohorts were analysed to characterise early life nasal cathelicidin levels, revealing low expression levels in the first week of life, with increased levels at 9 months which are comparable to 2-year-olds and healthy adults. No impact of prematurity on nasal cathelicidin expression was observed, nor were there effects of sex or birth mode, however, nasal cathelicidin expression was lower in the first week-of-life in winter births. Nasal cathelicidin levels were positively associated with specific inflammatory markers and demonstrated to be associated with microbial community composition. Importantly, levels of nasal cathelicidin expression were elevated in infants with mild RSV infection, but, in contrast, were not upregulated in infants hospitalised with severe RSV infection. These data suggest important relationships between nasal cathelicidin, upper airway microbiota, inflammation, and immunity against RSV infection, with interventional potential.

Abstract The inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α trimer formation renders it inactive for binding to its receptors, thus mitigating the vicious cycle of inflammation. We designed a peptide (PIYLGGVFQ) that simulates a sequence strand of human TNFα monomer using a series of in silico methods, such as active site finding (Acsite), protein–protein interaction (PPI), docking studies (GOLD and Flex-X) followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies. The MD studies confirmed the intermolecular interaction of the peptide with the TNFα. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting and fluorescence microscopy revealed that the peptide effectively inhibited the binding of TNF to the cell surface receptors. The cell culture assays showed that the peptide significantly inhibited the TNFα-mediated cell death. In addition, the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) was significantly suppressed in the peptide-treated A549 cells, as observed in immunofluorescence and gel mobility-shift assays. Furthermore, the peptide protected against joint damage in the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model, as revealed in the micro focal-CT scans. In conclusion, this TNFα antagonist would be helpful for the prevention and repair of inflammatory bone destruction and subsequent loss in the mouse model of CIA as well as human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. This calls upon further clinical investigation to utilize its potential effect as an antiarthritic drug.

Abstract A rapid and effective strategy has been devised for the swift development of a Zn(II)-ion-based supramolecular metallohydrogel, termed Zn@PEH, using pentaethylenehexamine as a low molecular weight gelator. This process occurs in an aqueous medium at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The mechanical strength of the synthesized Zn@PEH metallohydrogel has been assessed through rheological analysis, considering angular frequency and oscillator stress dependencies. Notably, the Zn@PEH metallohydrogel exhibits exceptional self-healing abilities and can bear substantial loads, which have been characterized through thixotropic analysis. Additionally, this metallohydrogel displays injectable properties. The structural arrangement resembling pebbles within the hierarchical network of the supramolecular Zn@PEH metallohydrogel has been explored using FESEM and TEM measurements. EDX elemental mapping has confirmed the primary chemical constituents of the metallohydrogel. The formation mechanism of the metallohydrogel has been analyzed via FT-IR spectroscopy. Furthermore, zinc(II) metallohydrogel (Zn@PEH)-based Schottky diode structure has been fabricated in a lateral metal–semiconductor-metal configuration and it’s charge transport behavior has also been studied. Notably, the zinc(II) metallohydrogel-based resistive random access memory (RRAM) device (Zn@PEH) demonstrates bipolar resistive switching behavior at room temperature. This RRAM device showcases remarkable switching endurance over 1000 consecutive cycles and a high ON/OFF ratio of approximately 270. Further, 2 × 2 crossbar array of the RRAM devices were designed to demonstrate OR and NOT logic circuit operations, which can be extended for performing higher order computing operations. These structures hold promise for applications in non-volatile memory design, neuromorphic and in-memory computing, flexible electronics, and optoelectronic devices due to their straightforward fabrication process, robust resistive switching behavior, and overall system stability.

We study the intricate interplay between ecological and evolutionary processes through the lens of the prisoners dilemma game. But while previous studies on cooperation amongst selfish individuals often assume instantaneous interactions, we take into consideration delays to investigate how these might affect the causes underlying prosocial behavior. Through analytical calculations and numerical simulations, we demonstrate that delays can lead to oscillations, and by incorporating also the ecological variable of altruistic free space and the evolutionary strategy of punishment, we explore how these factors impact population and community dynamics. Depending on the parameter values and the initial fraction of each strategy, the studied eco-evolutionary model can mimic a cyclic dominance system and even exhibit chaotic behavior, thereby highlighting the importance of complex dynamics for the effective management and conservation of ecological communities. Our research thus contributes to the broader understanding of group decision-making and the emergence of moral behavior in multidimensional social systems.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients show brain tissue changes in mood and cognitive regulatory sites, but the nature and extent of tissue injury and their associations with symptoms are unclear. Our aim was to examine brain tissue damage in T2DM over controls using mean diffusivity (MD) computed from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and assess correlations with mood and cognitive symptoms in T2DM. We collected DTI series (MRI), mood, and cognitive data, from 169 subjects (68 T2DM and 101 controls). Whole-brain MD-maps were calculated, normalized, smoothed, and compared between groups, as well as correlated with mood and cognition scores in T2DM subjects. Type 2 diabetes patients showed altered cognitive and mood functions over control subjects. Multiple brain sites in T2DM patients showed elevated MD values, indicating chronic tissue changes, including the cerebellum, insula, and frontal and prefrontal cortices, cingulate, and lingual gyrus. Associations between MD values and mood and cognition scores appeared in brain sites mediating these functions. Type 2 diabetes patients show predominantly chronic brain tissue changes in areas mediating mood and cognition functions, and tissue changes from those regions correlate with mood and cognitive symptoms suggesting that the microstructural brain changes may account for the observed functional deficits.

The United Nations projects that one in every six people will be over the age of 65 by the year 2050. With a rapidly aging population, the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) becomes a major concern. AD is a multifactorial disease that involves neurodegeneration in the brain with mild dementia and deficits in memory and other cognitive domains. Additionally, it has been established that individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) experience a 5 to 10-year accelerated aging and an increased risk of developing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Despite a significant amount of clinical evidence pointing towards a potential overlap between neuropathogenic processes in HAND and AD, the underlying epigenetic link between these two diseases is mostly unknown. This study is focused on identifying differentially expressed genes observed in both AD and HAND using linear regression models and a more robust significance analysis of microarray. The results established that the dysregulated type 1 and 2 interferon pathways observed in both AD and HAND contribute to the similar pathologies of these diseases within the brain. The current study identifies the important roles of interferon pathways in AD and HAND, a relationship that may be useful for earlier detection in the future.

Abstract Arachidonic acid (C20: 4n-6, AA) plays a fundamental role in fish physiology, influencing growth, survival and stress resistance. However, imbalances in dietary AA can have detrimental effects on fish health and performance. Optimal AA requirements for rainbow trout have not been established. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of varying dietary AA levels on survival, growth, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthetic capacity, oxylipin profiles, lipid peroxidation, and stress resistance of rainbow trout fry. Over a period of eight weeks, 4000 female rainbow trout fry at the resorptive stage (0.12 g) from their first feeding were fed diets with varying levels of AA (0.6%, 1.1% or 2.5% of total fatty acids) while survival and growth metrics were closely monitored. The dietary trial was followed by an acute confinement stress test. Notably, while the fatty acid profiles of the fish reflected dietary intake, those fed an AA-0.6% diet showed increased expression of elongase5, highlighting their inherent ability to produce LC-PUFAs from C18 PUFAs and suggesting potential AA or docosapentaenoic acidn-6 (DPAn-6) biosynthesis. However, even with this biosynthetic capacity, the trout fed reduced dietary AA had higher mortality rates. The diet had no effect on final weight (3.38 g on average for the three diets). Conversely, increased dietary AA enhanced eicosanoid production from AA, suggesting potential inflammatory and oxidative consequences. This was further evidenced by an increase in non-enzymatic lipid oxidation metabolites, particularly in the AA-2.5% diet group, which had higher levels of phytoprostanes and isoprostanes, markers of cellular oxidative damage. Importantly, the AA-1.1% diet proved to be particularly beneficial for stress resilience. This was evidenced by higher post-stress turnover rates of serotonin and dopamine, neurotransmitters central to the fish's stress response. In conclusion, a dietary AA intake of 1.1% of total fatty acids appears to promote overall resilience in rainbow trout fry.

Abstract With remarkable electrical and optical switching properties induced at low power and near room temperature (68 °C), vanadium dioxide (VO2) has sparked rising interest in unconventional computing among the phase-change materials research community. The scalability and the potential to compute beyond the von Neumann model make VO2 especially appealing for implementation in oscillating neural networks for artificial intelligence applications, to solve constraint satisfaction problems, and for pattern recognition. Its integration into large networks of oscillators on a Silicon platform still poses challenges associated with the stabilization in the correct oxidation state and the ability to fabricate a structure with predictable electrical behavior showing very low variability. In this work, the role played by the different annealing parameters applied by three methods (slow thermal annealing, flash annealing, and rapid thermal annealing), following the vanadium oxide atomic layer deposition, on the formation of VO2 grains is studied and an optimal substrate stack configuration that minimizes variability between devices is proposed. Material and electrical characterizations are performed on the different films and a step-by-step recipe to build reproducible VO2-based oscillators is presented, which is argued to be made possible thanks to the introduction of a hafnium oxide (HfO2) layer between the silicon substrate and the vanadium oxide layer. Up to seven nearly identical VO2-based devices are contacted simultaneously to create a network of oscillators, paving the way for large-scale implementation of VO2 oscillating neural networks.

Abstract COVID-19 vaccines have been effective in preventing severe illness, hospitalization and death, however, the effectiveness diminishes with time. Here, we evaluated the longevity of antibodies generated by COIVD-19 vaccines and the risk of (re)infection in Bangladeshi population. Adults receiving two doses of AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Moderna or Sinopharm vaccines were enrolled at 2–4 weeks after second dosing and followed-up at 4-monthly interval for 1 year. Data on COVID-like symptoms, confirmed COVID-19 infection, co-morbidities, and receipt of booster dose were collected; blood was collected for measuring spike (S)- and nucleocapsid (N)-specific antibodies. S-specific antibody titers reduced by ~ 50% at 1st follow-up visit and continued to decline unless re-stimulated by booster vaccine dose or (re)infection. Individuals infected between follow-up visits showed significantly lower S-antibody titers at preceding visits compared to the uninfected individuals. Pre-enrolment infection between primary vaccination dosing exhibited 60% and 50% protection against reinfection at 5 and 9 months, respectively. mRNA vaccines provided highest odds of protection from (re)infection up to 5 months (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.08), however, protection persisted for 9 months in AstraZeneca vaccine recipients (OR = 0.06). In conclusion, vaccine-mediated protection from (re)infection is partially linked to elevated levels of S-specific antibodies. AstraZeneca vaccine provided the longest protection.

Abstract Vision restoration is one of the most promising applications of optogenetics. However, it is limited due to the poor-sensitivity, slow-kinetics and narrow band absorption spectra of opsins. Here, a detailed theoretical study of retinal ganglion neurons (RGNs) expressed with ChRmine, ReaChR, CoChR, CatCh and their mutants, with near monochromatic LEDs, and broadband sunlight, halogen lamp, RGB LED light, and pure white light sources has been presented. All the opsins exhibit improved light sensitivity and larger photocurrent on illuminating with broadband light sources compared to narrow band LEDs. ChRmine allows firing at ambient sunlight (1.5 nW/mm2) and pure white light (1.2 nW/mm2), which is lowest among the opsins considered. The broadband activation spectrum of ChRmine and its mutants is also useful to restore color sensitivity. Although ChRmine exhibits slower turn-off kinetics with broadband light, high-fidelity spikes can be evoked upto 50 Hz. This limit extends upto 80 Hz with the improved hsChRmine mutant although it requires double the irradiance compared to ChRmine. The present study shows that ChRmine and its mutants allow activation of RGNs with ambient light which is useful for goggle-free white light optogenetic retinal prostheses with improved quality of restored vision.

Abstract The rapid evolution of the Internet is reshaping the media landscape, with frequent claims of an accelerated and increasingly outraged news cycle. We test these claims empirically, investigating the dynamics of news spread, decay, and sentiment on Twitter (now known as X) compared to talk radio. Analyzing 2019–2021 data including 517,000 hour of radio content and 26.6 million tweets by elite journalists, politicians, and general users, we identified 1694 news events. We find that news on Twitter circulates faster, fades faster, and is more negative and outraged compared to radio, with Twitter outrage also more short-lived. These patterns are consistent across various user types and robustness checks. Our results illustrate an important way social media may influence traditional media: framing and agenda-setting simply by speaking first. As journalism evolves with these media, news audiences may encounter faster shifts in focus, less attention to each news event, and much more negativity and outrage.

Abstract Coronary artery disease (CAD) imposes a significant economic burden in developing countries like India. Timely diagnosis and treatment should be prioritized to mitigate the disease. Current diagnostic tools being invasive and less specific raise the need to develop less invasive and more reliable molecular biomarkers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an emerging class of molecules that can serve as a potential source of non-invasive biomarkers for CAD. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of circulatory miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers in CAD. In this study, we have reported two microRNAs, miR-128-3p and miR-195-5p in the serum of CAD patients in Indian Population. A total of 124 subjects were recruited which included 89 angiographically proven CAD patients and 35 control subjects. Our results show a significant decrease in the levels of miR-128-3p in CAD patients while there were no significant changes in the levels of miR-195-5p. Further bioinformatics analysis revealed the potential role of miR-128-3p in cholesterol homeostasis. Altered homeostasis due to cholesterol accumulation in macrophages is the driving force behind formation of foam cells which in turn accelerates the progression of CAD. Here, we have shown that miR-128-3p increases cholesterol levels in macrophages by decreasing cholesterol efflux in-vitro.

Abstract Heat stress exposure in intermittent heat waves and subsequent exposure during war theaters pose a clinical challenge that can lead to multi-organ dysfunction and long-term complications in the elderly. Using an aged mouse model and high-throughput sequencing, this study investigated the molecular dynamics of the liver-brain connection during heat stress exposure. Distinctive gene expression patterns induced by periodic heat stress emerged in both brain and liver tissues. An altered transcriptome profile showed heat stress-induced altered acute phase response pathways, causing neural, hepatic, and systemic inflammation and impaired synaptic plasticity. Results also demonstrated that proinflammatory molecules such as S100B, IL-17, IL-33, and neurological disease signaling pathways were upregulated, while protective pathways like aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling were downregulated. In parallel, Rantes, IRF7, NOD1/2, TREM1, and hepatic injury signaling pathways were upregulated. Furthermore, current research identified Orosomucoid 2 (ORM2) in the liver as one of the mediators of the liver-brain axis due to heat exposure. In conclusion, the transcriptome profiling in elderly heat-stressed mice revealed a coordinated network of liver-brain axis pathways with increased hepatic ORM2 secretion, possibly due to gut inflammation and dysbiosis. The above secretion of ORM2 may impact the brain through a leaky blood–brain barrier, thus emphasizing intricate multi-organ crosstalk.

Abstract In recent years it became apparent that, in mammals, rhodopsin and other opsins, known to act as photosensors in the visual system, are also present in spermatozoa, where they function as highly sensitive thermosensors for thermotaxis. The intriguing question how a well-conserved protein functions as a photosensor in one type of cells and as a thermosensor in another type of cells is unresolved. Since the moiety that confers photosensitivity on opsins is the chromophore retinal, we examined whether retinal is substituted in spermatozoa with a thermosensitive molecule. We found by both functional assays and mass spectrometry that retinal is present in spermatozoa and required for thermotaxis. Thus, starvation of mice for vitamin A (a precursor of retinal) resulted in loss of sperm thermotaxis, without affecting motility and the physiological state of the spermatozoa. Thermotaxis was restored after replenishment of vitamin A. Using reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, we detected the presence of retinal in extracts of mouse and human spermatozoa. By employing UltraPerformance convergence chromatography, we identified a unique retinal isomer in the sperm extracts—tri-cis retinal, different from the photosensitive 11-cis isomer in the visual system. The facts (a) that opsins are thermosensors for sperm thermotaxis, (b) that retinal is essential for thermotaxis, and (c) that tri-cis retinal isomer uniquely resides in spermatozoa and is relatively thermally unstable, suggest that tri-cis retinal is involved in the thermosensing activity of spermatozoa.

Abstract Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease, characterized by spontaneous, unprovoked, recurrent seizures that may lead to long-term disability and premature death. Despite significant efforts made to improve epilepsy detection clinically and pre-clinically, the pervasive presence of noise in EEG signals continues to pose substantial challenges to their effective application. In addition, discriminant features for epilepsy detection have not been investigated yet. The objective of this study is to develop a hybrid model for epilepsy detection from noisy and fragmented EEG signals. We hypothesized that a hybrid model could surpass existing single models in epilepsy detection. Our approach involves manual noise rejection and a novel statistical channel selection technique to detect epilepsy even from noisy EEG signals. Our proposed Base-2-Meta stacking classifier achieved notable accuracy (0.98 ± 0.05), precision (0.98 ± 0.07), recall (0.98 ± 0.05), and F1 score (0.98 ± 0.04) even with noisy 5-s segmented EEG signals. Application of our approach to the specific problem like detection of epilepsy from noisy and fragmented EEG data reveals a performance that is not only superior to others, but also is translationally relevant, highlighting its potential application in a clinic setting, where EEG signals are often noisy or scanty. Our proposed metric DF-A (Discriminant feature-accuracy), for the first time, identified the most discriminant feature with models that give A accuracy or above (A = 95 used in this study). This groundbreaking approach allows for detecting discriminant features and can be used as potential electrographic biomarkers in epilepsy detection research. Moreover, our study introduces innovative insights into the understanding of these features, epilepsy detection, and cross-validation, markedly improving epilepsy detection in ways previously unavailable.

Abstract This study discusses the feasibility of Ferroelectric Capacitors (FeCaps) and Ferroelectric Field-Effect Transistors (FeFETs) as In-Memory Computing (IMC) elements to accelerate machine learning (ML) workloads. We conducted an exploration of device fabrication and proposed system-algorithm co-design to boost performance. A novel FeCap device, incorporating an interfacial layer (IL) and $$\text {Hf}_{0.5}\text {Zr}_{0.5}\text {O}_2$$ Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2 (HZO), ensures a reduction in operating voltage and enhances HZO scaling while being compatible with CMOS circuits. The IL also enriches ferroelectricity and retention properties. When integrated into crossbar arrays, FeCaps and FeFETs demonstrate their effectiveness as IMC components, eliminating sneak paths and enabling selector-less operation, leading to notable improvements in energy efficiency and area utilization. However, it is worth noting that limited capacitance ratios in FeCaps introduced errors in multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) computations. The proposed co-design approach helps in mitigating these errors and achieves high accuracy in classifying the CIFAR-10 dataset, elevating it from a baseline of 10% to 81.7%. FeFETs in crossbars, with a higher on-off ratio, outperform FeCaps, and our proposed charge-based sensing scheme achieved at least an order of magnitude reduction in power consumption, compared to prevalent current-based methods.

Abstract Protein synthesis is a highly energy-consuming process that is downregulated in response to many environmental stresses or adverse conditions. Studies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have shown that bulk translation is inhibited during adaptation to iron deficiency, which is consistent with its requirement for ribosome biogenesis and recycling. Although iron deficiency anemia is the most common human nutritional disorder, how iron modulates translation in mammals is poorly understood. Studies during erythropoiesis have shown that iron bioavailability is coordinated with globin synthesis via bulk translation regulation. However, little is known about the control of translation during iron limitation in other tissues. Here, we investigated how iron depletion affects protein synthesis in human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells. By adding an extracellular iron chelator, we observed that iron deficiency limits cell proliferation, induces autophagy, and decreases the global rate of protein synthesis. Analysis of specific molecular markers indicates that the inhibition of bulk translation upon iron limitation occurs through the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2α and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. In contrast to other environmental and nutritional stresses, iron depletion does not trigger the assembly of messenger ribonucleoprotein stress granules, which typically form upon polysome disassembly.

Abstract Colonoscopy is accurate but inefficient for colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention due to the low (~ 7 to 8%) prevalence of target lesions, advanced adenomas. We leveraged rectal mucosa to identify patients who harbor CRC field carcinogenesis by evaluating chromatin 3D architecture. Supranucleosomal disordered chromatin chains (~ 5 to 20 nm, ~1 kbp) fold into chromatin packing domains (~ 100 to 200 nm, ~ 100 to 1000 kbp). In turn, the fractal-like conformation of DNA within chromatin domains and the folding of the genome into packing domains has been shown to influence multiple facets of gene transcription, including the transcriptional plasticity of cancer cells. We deployed an optical spectroscopic nanosensing technique, chromatin-sensitive partial wave spectroscopic microscopy (csPWS), to evaluate the packing density scaling D of the chromatin chain conformation within packing domains from rectal mucosa in 256 patients with varying degrees of progression to colorectal cancer. We found average packing scaling D of chromatin domains was elevated in tumor cells, histologically normal-appearing cells 4 cm proximal to the tumor, and histologically normal-appearing rectal mucosa compared to cells from control patients (p

Abstract We report the close form expressions of the photon number statistics for a generalized coherent state and a generalized photon-added coherent state, which are shown to be crucial for proposing a variety of quantum scissor operations. The analytically obtained distributions are also capable of predicting the precise laser intensity windows for realizing a variety of quantum scissors. Truncating a photon added state overcomes the selection rule of obtaining the lower order Fock states. Photon addition also enables us to obtain a higher order Fock state in a lower order superposition. The importance of circular geometry is also demonstrated for engineering such quantum scissors.

Abstract Organic aquaculture is a new approach in the modern farming system. As the capital investment is higher for setting up the organic aquaculture, it is essential to conduct an economic feasibility study with compare the conventional farming system. In the current study, economic feasibility of culturing Indian major carps (IMC) using conventional culture system and organic culture system (OCS) were evaluated. IMC was cultured for three consecutive years from 2017 to 2019 in experimental ponds of 0.015 hectare (ha) area each. The crude protein content of the organic and conventional feed was maintained at the same iso-nitrogenous level (32% crude protein) but the highest production to the tune of 19 tons per ha was obtained in OCS. Further, in case of OCS, apart from fish production, vermicomposting to the tune of 45,000 kg ha−1 in the first year, and 90,000 kg ha−1 from second year onward is achievable by installing a vermicomposting unit of 200 tons annual capacity. Economic analysis of the culture systems assuming a project period of 10 years showed that the highest net present value (NPV) of 1.06 million USD, a payback period of one year and nine months and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 51% are achievable per ha of fish culture pond for OCS. Sensitivity analysis of various costs performed for OCS revealed that profitability of the organic fish farming investment is most sensitive to the total fish production and sale price of the organic fishes. In terms of production of fish and economics of organic culture system is proved to be the best available technique.

Abstract A significant rural–urban disparity in unsafe child stool disposal practices exists in India, yet existing research falls short in identifying the contributing factors to this gap. This study addresses the research gap by contextualizing the rural–urban divide in unsafe child stool disposal using data from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019–21). In particular, the study examines the prevalence and predictors of unsafe disposal practices, exploring associated contributing factors to this gap. The study involves a sample of 78,074 women aged 15–49 with a living child under 2 years, without any missing data related to the study interest. Employing descriptive statistics, the Pearson chi-square test, multilevel logistic regression, and the Fairlie decomposition model, the research aims to fulfill its objectives. The rural–urban gap in unsafe child stool disposal practices among the study participants was 22.3 percentage points (pp), with a more pronounced gap among the Scheduled Tribes (ST). Notably, the gap was particularly wide in Madhya Pradesh (33.9 pp), Telangana (27.5 pp), Gujarat (26.1 pp), and Rajasthan (25.8 pp). Predictors such as mother’s education, mass media exposure, household wealth quintile, and sanitation facilities proved significant irrespective of residence. However, religion, social group, and water facility on household premises emerged as significant factors in rural areas only. The study identified that 67% of the explained gap in unsafe child stool disposal practices was attributed to the rural–urban difference in household wealth. Other noteworthy contributors were ‘household sanitation facility’ (21.3%), ‘mother’s education level’ (3.9%), and ‘water facility on household premises’ (3.9%). These findings underscore the need for population and area-specific policy interventions, especially for individuals from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds, those with lower education levels, and limited exposure to mass media, particularly in states with a high prevalence of unsafe disposal practices. Such interventions are crucial to mitigating the existing rural–urban gap in unsafe child stool disposal practices.

Abstract The hexane extract of Persea schiedeana Ness (PSN) was analyzed as corrosion inhibitor for the brass surface immersed in 0.5 M HCl. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and a gas chromatographic (GC) and mass spectrometric (MS) were used to identify the PSN extract’s functional groups and compound constituents. The functional groups identified were $${\text{C}}{\text{H}}_{3}$$ CH 3 and $${\text{C}}{\text{H}}_{2}$$ CH 2 functional alkyl groups, $$\text{C=O}$$ C=O stretching vibration of aldehydes, ketones, and carbonyl groups. The GC/MS determined the presence of fatty acids in the PSN extract, where palmitic acid, oleic acid, and ethyl oleate were the major constituents. Electrochemical characterizations were conducted to observe the effect of PSN as corrosion inhibitor on the brass surface. The R p and R n calculated from EIS and ENA give the same behavior. Based on the OCP behavior, it was determined that the PSN works as a mix inhibitor, affecting both anodic and cathodic reactions. The corrosion current density (I corr) suggests that the extract of PSN reduces the corrosion rate of the brass with efficiencies above 90% for all concentrations. The efficiency obtained for each PSN concentration was attributed to forming a corrosion scale of $${\text{CuO}}$$ CuO and $${\text{C}}{\text{u}}_{2}{\text{O}}$$ Cu 2 O , which reacted with the carboxyl group to form copper carboxylates on the metal surface.

Abstract In this study, we aimed to understand the potential role of the gut microbiome in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We took a multi-faceted approach to investigate this relationship. Urine metabolomics were examined in individuals with AD and controls, revealing decreased formate and fumarate concentrations in AD. Additionally, we utilised whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data obtained from a separate group of individuals with AD and controls. This information allowed us to create and investigate host-microbiome personalised whole-body metabolic models. Notably, AD individuals displayed diminished formate microbial secretion in these models. Additionally, we identified specific reactions responsible for the production of formate in the host, and interestingly, these reactions were linked to genes that have correlations with AD. This study suggests formate as a possible early AD marker and highlights genetic and microbiome contributions to its production. The reduced formate secretion and its genetic associations point to a complex connection between gut microbiota and AD. This holistic understanding might pave the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in AD management.

Abstract Arsenic (As) is a significant contaminant whose unrestrained entrance into different ecosystems has created global concern. At the cellular level, As forms unsteady intermediates with genetic materials and perturbs different metabolic processes and proper folding of proteins. This study was the first in this region to explore, isolate, screen systematically, and intensively characterize potent As-tolerant bacterial strains from natural environments near Raiganj town of Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal. In this study, two potent Gram-negative bacterial strains with high tolerance to the poisonous form of As, i.e., As(III) and As(V), were obtained. Both the isolates were identified using biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These bacteria oxidized toxic As(III) into less poisonous As(V) and depicted tolerance towards other heavy metals. Comparative metabolic profiling of the isolates in control and As-exposed conditions through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed metabolic adjustments to cope with As toxicity. The metal removal efficiency of the isolates at different pH showed that one of the isolates, KG1D, could remove As efficiently irrespective of changes in the media pH. In contrast, the efficiency of metal removal by PF14 was largely pH-dependent. The cell mass of both the isolates was also found to favourably adsorb As(III). Whole genome sequence analysis of the isolates depicted the presence of the arsRBC genes of the arsenic operon conferring resistance to As. Owing to their As(III) oxidizing potential, high As bioaccumulation, and tolerance to other heavy metals, these bacteria could be used to bioremediate and reclaim As-contaminated sites.

Abstract Hysteretic sorption and desorption of water is observed from 0 to 95% relative humidity and 298–333 K on a glassy polyurethane foam. It is postulated that sorption-induced swelling of the glassy polyurethane increases the concentration of accessible hydrogen-bonding adsorption sites for water. The accessibility of sites is kinetically controlled due to the restricted thermal motions of chains in the glassy polymer, causing a difference in accessible site concentrations during sorption and desorption. This discrepancy leads to hysteresis in the sorbed concentrations of water. A coupled chemo-mechanical model relating volumetric strain, adsorption site concentration, and sorbed water concentration is employed to describe water sorption hysteresis in the glassy polyurethane. This model not only describes the final mass uptake for each relative humidity step, but also captures the dynamics of water uptake, which exhibit diffusion and relaxation rate-controlled regimes.

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant liver tumor and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. However, current diagnostic tools are often invasive and technically limited. In the last decade, non-invasive liquid biopsies have transformed the field of clinical oncology, showcasing the potential of various liquid-biopsy derived analytes, including extracellular vesicles (EVs), to diagnose and monitor HCC progression and metastatic spreading, serving as promising novel biomarkers. A prospective single-center cohort study including 37 HCC patients and 20 patients with non-malignant liver disease (NMLD), as a control group, was conducted. Serum EVs of both groups were analyzed before and after liver surgery. The study utilized microbead-based magnetic particle sorting and flow cytometry to detect 37 characteristic surface proteins of EVs. Furthermore, HCC patients who experienced tumor recurrence (R-HCC) within 12 months after surgery were compared to HCC patients without recurrence (NR-HCC). EVs of R-HCC patients (n = 12/20) showed significantly lower levels of CD31 compared to EVs of NR-HCC patients (p = 0.0033). EVs of NMLD-group showed significantly higher expressions of CD41b than EVs of HCC group (p = 0.0286). The study determined significant short-term changes in CD19 dynamics in EVs of the NMLD-group, with preoperative values being significantly higher than postoperative values (p = 0.0065). This finding of our pilot study suggests EVs could play a role as potential targets for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the early and non-invasive detection of HCC recurrence. Further, more in-depth analysis of the specific EV markers are needed to corroborate their potential role as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for HCC.

Abstract The TNM staging system is currently used to detect cancer stages. Regardless, a small proportion of cancer patients recur even after therapy, suggesting more specific molecular tools are required to justify the stage-specific detection and prompt cancer diagnosis. Thus, we aimed to explore the blood-based DNA methylation signature of metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) to establish a holistic methylation biomarker panel. For the identification of methylation signature, the EPIC BeadChip-based array was performed. Comparative analysis for identifying unique probes, validation, and functional studies was investigated by analyzing GEO and TCGA datasets. We observed 4093 differentially methylated probes (DMPs), 1232 hydroxymethylated probes, and 25 CpG islands. Gene expression study revealed both upregulated and downregulated genes. Correlation analysis suggested a positive (with a positive r, p ≤ 0.05) and negative (with a negative r, p ≤ 0.05) association with different cancers. TFBS analysis exhibited the binding site for many TFs. Furthermore, gene enrichment analysis indicated the involvement of those identified genes in biological pathways. However, blood-based DNA methylation data uncovered a distinct DNA methylation pattern, which might have an additive role in NPC progression by altering the TFs binding. Moreover, based on tissue-specificity, a variation of correlation between methylation and gene expression was noted in different cancers.

Abstract Having powerful antibacterial and antioxidant effects, zinc oxide and manganese oxide nanomaterials are of great interest. Here we have synthesized manganese oxide decorated zinc oxide (MZO) nanocomposites by co-precipitation method, calcined at different temperatures (300–750 °C) and studied various properties. Here the crystalline structure of the nanocomposite and phase change of the manganese oxide are observed with calcination temperature. The average crystalline size increases and the dislocation density and microstrain decrease with the increase in calcined temperature for the same structural features. The formation of composites was confirmed by XRD pattern and SEM images. EDAX spectra proved the high purity of the composites. Here, different biological properties change with the calcination temperature for different shapes, sizes and structures of the nanocomposite. Nanomaterial calcined at 750 °C provides the best anti-microbial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri (gram-negative), Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium (gram-positive) bacterial strain at 300 µg/mL concentration. The nanomaterial with calcination temperatures of 300 °C and 450 °C provided better antioxidant properties.

The study was aimed to evaluate the performance of a newly developed spectroscopy-based non-invasive and noncontact device (SAMIRA) for the simultaneous measurement of hemoglobin, bilirubin and oxygen saturation as an alternative to the invasive biochemical method of blood sampling. The accuracy of the device was assessed in 4318 neonates having incidences of either anemia, jaundice, or hypoxia. Transcutaneous bilirubin, hemoglobin and blood saturation values were obtained by the newly developed instrument which was corroborated with the biochemical blood tests by expert clinicians. The instrument is trained using Artificial Neural Network Analysis to increase the acceptability of the data. The artificial intelligence incorporated within the instrument determines the disease condition of the neonate. The Pearson's correlation coefficient, r was found to be 0.987 for hemoglobin estimation and 0.988 for bilirubin and blood gas saturation respectively. The bias and the limits of agreement for the measurement of all the three parameters were within the clinically acceptance limit.

Abstract Monolayer tungsten disulfide (1L-WS2) is a direct bandgap atomic-layered semiconductor material with strain tunable optical and optoelectronic properties among the monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (1L-TMDs). Here, we demonstrate biaxial strain tuned upconversion photoluminescence (UPL) from exfoliated 1L-WS2 flakes transferred on a flexible polycarbonate cruciform substrate. When the biaxial strain applied to 1L-WS2 increases from 0 to 0.51%, it is observed that the UPL peak position is redshifted by up to 60 nm/% strain, while the UPL intensity exhibits exponential growth with the upconversion energy difference varying from − 303 to − 120 meV. The measured power dependence of UPL from 1L-WS2 under biaxial strain reveals the one photon involved multiphonon-mediated upconversion mechanism. The demonstrated results provide new opportunities in advancing TMD-based optical upconversion devices for future flexible photonics and optoelectronics.