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In today's rapidly changing economy, efficient lifestyle has become the current situation of most mobile product users. With the development of performance tools and technologies, a fast lifestyle has brought more wealth and opportunities to users. The slow pace and fluctuating time are indirect income losses, which cause user anxiety to some extent. When the waiting time exceeds the user's waiting threshold, users would experience negative emotions, such as boredom, anxiety and anger, and product satisfaction would drop significantly. Therefore, by analyzing the uniqueness of mobile Internet products and the characteristics of users, this paper studied the reasons and influencing factors of product interactive waiting, and then used machine learning algorithm to analyze the cost function of interactive waiting experience. Finally, the corresponding interactive waiting experience design strategy was proposed. By comparison, the user experience after product interaction optimization design was 8.4% higher than that before product interaction optimization design, and the user frequency was also 14.7% higher after optimization design. In short, user experience plays an important role in product interaction design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's rapidly changing economy, efficient lifestyle has become the current situation of most mobile product users. With the development of performance tools and technologies, a fast lifestyle has brought more wealth and opportunities to users. The slow pace and fluctuating time are indirect income losses, which cause user anxiety to some extent. When the waiting time exceeds the user's waiting threshold, users would experience negative emotions, such as boredom, anxiety and anger, and product satisfaction would drop significantly. Therefore, by analyzing the uniqueness of mobile Internet products and the characteristics of users, this paper studied the reasons and influencing factors of product interactive waiting, and then used machine learning algorithm to analyze the cost function of interactive waiting experience. Finally, the corresponding interactive waiting experience design strategy was proposed. By comparison, the user experience after product interaction optimization design was 8.4% higher than that before product interaction optimization design, and the user frequency was also 14.7% higher after optimization design. In short, user experience plays an important role in product interaction design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart failure is the final destination of most cardiovascular diseases, and its complex molecular mechanisms remain largely uncertain. This study aimed to systematically investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms and diagnostic and therapeutic targets of heart failure using bioinformatics. We obtained 8 healthy samples and 8 heart failure samples from GSE8331 and GSE76701. After removing the batch effect, we performed a differential analysis on it and obtained 185 differentially expressed ID. The results of enrichment analysis showed that the molecular mechanisms of heart failure were mostly related to immune, inflammation, and metabolism-related pathways. Immune cell infiltration analysis showed that the degree of infiltration of Tgd cells and Neurons was significantly enriched in heart failure samples, whereas pDCs and NKTs were in healthy tissue samples. We obtained Hub genes including EGR1, EGR2, FOS and FOSB by PPI network analysis. We established a 4-gene diagnostic model with Hub gene, and validated it in GSE21610 and GSE57338, and evaluated the discriminative ability of Hub gene by ROC curve. The 4-gene diagnostic model has an AUC value of 0.775 in GSE21610 and 0.877 in GSE57338. In conclusion, we explored the underlying molecular mechanisms of heart failure and the immune cell infiltration environment of failing myocardium by performing bioinformatic analysis of the GEO dataset. In addition, we identified EGR1, EGR2, FOS and FOSB as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for heart failure. More importantly, a diagnostic model of heart failure based on these 4 genes was developed, which leads to a new understanding of the pathogenesis of heart failure and may be an interesting target for future in-depth research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T-cells have been demonstrated to modulate ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) in the kidney, lung, liver, and intestine. Whereas most T-cell subpopulations contribute primarily to the antigen-specific effector and memory phases of immunity, γδ-T-cells combine adaptive features with rapid, innate-like responses that can place them in the initiation phase of immune reactions. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the role of γδ-T-cells in intestinal IRI. Adult wild-type (WT) and γδ-T-cell-deficient mice were subjected to acute intestinal IRI. Gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and influx of leukocyte subpopulations in the gut were assessed by qPCR and flow cytometry. Serum transaminases were measured as an indicator of distant organ IRI. Intestinal IRI led to increased influx of neutrophils, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and LDH/ALT/AST elevation. Selective deficiency of γδ-T-cells significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and neutrophil infiltration in the gut following IRI compared to controls. Furthermore, γδ-T-cell deficiency resulted in decreased LDH and transaminases levels in sera, indicating amelioration of distant organ injury. Increasing evidence demonstrates a key role of T-cell subpopulations in IRI. We demonstrate that γδ-T-cell deficiency ameliorated pro-inflammatory cytokine production, neutrophil recruitment and distant organ injury. Thus, γδ-T-cells may be considered as mediators contributing to the inflammatory response in the acute phase of intestinal IRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed the effects of rice straw biochar (RSBC) and swine manure biochar (SMBC) on N2O emission from paddy soil. The biochars were added to soil at the rates of 1% and 5% (w/w), and N2O emission, soil properties and soil enzyme activities were determined at the elongation, heading and maturation stages of rice growth. The N2O flux started within 2 h of adding the biochar, and decreased significantly thereafter during the three growth stages. The cumulative N2O emission was suppressed by 45.14–73.96% following biochar application, and 5% SMBC resulted in the lowest cumulative emission. In addition, biochar application significantly increased soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), NO3− levels and urease activity, and decreased soil NH4+ and nitrate reductase activity. Regression analysis indicated that cumulative N2O emission was correlated positively to NH4+, and negatively to soil pH, SOC and NO3−. SEM further revealed that biochar application weakened the denitrification process, and the NH4+ level had the most significant impact on N2O emission. Taken together, RSBC and SMBC regulated the nitrogen cycle in paddy soil and mitigated N2O emission by increasing soil pH, decreasing nitrate reductase activity and NH4+ content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goldstone and Higgs modes have been detected in various condensed matter, cold atom and particle physics experiments. Here, we demonstrate that the two modes can also be observed in optical systems with only a few (artificial) atoms inside a cavity. We establish this connection by studying the U(1)/Z2 Dicke model where N qubits (atoms) coupled to a single photon mode. We determine the Goldstone and Higgs modes inside the super-radiant phase and their corresponding spectral weights by performing both 1/J= 2/N expansion and exact diagonalization (ED) study at a finite N. We find nearly perfect agreements between the results achieved by the two approaches when N gets down even to N =2. The quantum finite size effects at a few qubits make the two modes quite robust against an effectively small counter rotating wave term. We present a few schemes to reduce the critical coupling strength, so the two modes can be observed in several current available experimental systems by just conventional optical measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is the most common respiratory pathogen worldwide. Nasopharyngeal carriage with S. pneumoniae is the major source of lower respiratory tract infection and horizontal spread among children. Investigating nasopharyngeal S. pneumoniae is crucial for clinicians to control pneumococcus disease. Here, we retrospectively analyzed clinical information of 5,960 hospitalized children, focusing on pneumonia children less than five years with positive nasopharyngeal pneumococcal cultures. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) were collected between June 2009 and December 2016, which were outside the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine(PCV) period. NPAs were subjected to common bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility tests, and serotypes were identified by both multiplex PCR and DNA sequencing. Results clearly revealed that clinical manifestations of the children whose NPAs were S. pneumoniae culture positive were serious, especially in those less than twelve months old. Fifteen different serotypes of nasopharyngeal S. pneumoniae were detected, the most common ones being 19F (35.2%), 6A/B (23.8%), 19A (11.4%), 15B/C (9.3%) and 23F (7.8%). Eight serotypes, accounting for 85.5% of the isolates, corresponded to the PCV13 serotypes. Approximately one-third of all S. pneumoniae strains were susceptible to penicillin. Overall, we consider nasopharyngeal S. pneumoniae culture is beneficial in assessing the situations of pneumonia children. Moreover, PCV13 could be useful in preventing pneumococcal disease in Chongqing, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Royal jelly (RJ) is a type of natural health product with a long history of use. Royal jelly peptides (RJPs) obtained from RJ have numerous bioactivities. To study the neuroprotective effect of RJPs, major royal jelly proteins were digested into crude RJPs and subsequently purified by RP-HPLC. Purified RJP fractions were evaluated in N2a/APP695swe cells. Our results indicated that purified royal jelly peptides (RJPs) (1-9 μg/mL) could inhibit external beta-amyloid 40 (Aβ1-40) and beta-amyloid 42 (Aβ1-42) production through the down-regulation of β-secretase (BACE1) in N2a/APP695 cells. The modulation of BACE1 may be related to histone acetylation modification. Our results demonstrated a neuroprotective function of RJPs, which indicates that RJPs may serve as potential β-secretase inhibitors in ameliorating Aβ-related pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is common in patients with trauma, and thromboprophylaxis has been advocated. However, conflicting results regarding VTE rates in the Asian population following orthopaedic procedures have been presented. We aimed to investigate the VTE incidence in Taiwanese patients with pelvic and/or acetabular fractures and identify the associated risk factors. We included 402 patients who underwent surgery for pelvic and/or acetabular fractures. All patients received mechanical thromboprophylaxis with graduated compression stockings. Duplex scanning was performed postoperatively or during follow-up when signs or symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) developed. Variables with a significance level of ≤ 0.1 in the univariate analyses were introduced into the multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify DVT risk factors. The overall DVT and symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) rate was 3.48% (14/402 patients). Among patients with DVT, 46.1% were asymptomatic. Patients with VTE were significantly older than those without. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age was a VTE risk factor. The incidence of DVT and symptomatic PE in our cohort was low. Advanced age was a risk factor for VTE. These findings could help clinicians develop appropriate prevention and treatment strategies for VTE in Taiwanese patients with pelvic and/or acetabular fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the incidence and causative factors of surgical site infection (SSI) following osteosynthesis for pelvic ring injury by reviewing the data of 97 consecutive patients with pelvic ring injuries treated between 2014 and 2019. Osteosyntheses, including internal or external skeletal fixation with plates or screws, were performed based on fracture type and patient's condition. Fractures were treated surgically, with a 36 months minimum follow-up period. Eight (8.2%) patients experienced SSI. The most common causative pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus. Patients with SSI had significantly worse functional outcomes at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months than those without. For patients with SSI, the average Merle d'Aubigné and Majeed scores at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after injury were 2.4, 4.1, 8.0, 11.0, and 11.3, and 25.5, 32.1, 47.9, 61.9, and 63.3, respectively. Patients with SSI had a higher likelihood of undergoing staged operations (50.0 vs. 13.5%, p = 0.02), more surgeries for associated injuries (6.3% vs. 2.5%, p = 0.04), higher likelihood of Morel–Lavallee lesions (50.0% vs. 5.6%, p = 0.002), higher incidence of diversional colostomy (37.5% vs. 9.0%, p = 0.05), and longer intensive care unit stay (11.1 vs. 3.9 days, p = 0.001) than those without. The contributing factors for SSI were Morel–Lavallee lesions (odds ratio [OR] 4.55, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 3.34–50.0) and other surgeries for associated injuries (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.07–5.28). Patients with SSI after osteosynthesis for pelvic ring injuries may have worse short-term functional outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that is originated from the lined proximal convoluted tubule, and its major histological subtype is clear cell RCC (ccRCC). This study aimed to retrospectively analyze single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, to explore the correlation among the evolution of tumor microenvironment (TME), clinical outcomes, and potential immunotherapeutic responses in combination with bulk RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and to construct a differentiation-related genes (DRG)-based prognostic risk signature (PRS) and a nomogram to predict the prognosis of ccRCC patients. First, scRNA-seq data of ccRCC samples were systematically analyzed, and three subsets with distinct differentiation trajectories were identified. Then, ccRCC samples from TCGA database were divided into four DRG-based molecular subtypes, and it was revealed that the molecular subtypes were significantly correlated with prognosis, clinicopathological features, TME, and the expression levels of immune checkpoint genes (ICGs). A DRG-based PRS was constructed, and it was an independent prognostic factor, which could well predict the prognosis of ccRCC patients. Finally, we constructed a prognostic nomogram based on the PRS and clinicopathological characteristics, which exhibited a high accuracy and a robust predictive performance. This study highlighted the significance of trajectory differentiation of ccRCC cells and TME evolution in predicting clinical outcomes and potential immunotherapeutic responses of ccRCC patients, and the nomogram provided an intuitive and accurate method for predicting the prognosis of such patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To elucidate the accuracy, efficacy, and safety of percutaneous iliosacral screw (ISS) and trans-iliac trans-sacral screw (TITS) insertion using a single C-arm fluoroscopy intensifier. Additionally, the potential risk factors that might cause mal-positioned screws were identified. Patients with pelvic ring injuries who underwent percutaneous screw fixation in a single medical institute were divided into an ISS group (n = 59) and a TITS group (n = 62) and assessed. The angles deviated from ideal orientation (ADIO) of the implanted screw were measured, and potential risk factors for mal-positioned screws were analyzed. Overall, the reduction quality of the pelvic ring was good or excellent in 70 patients (82.4%) by Matta's criteria and in 48 patients (56.5%) by Lefaivre's criteria. ADIO measurements of the ISS and TITS groups via multi-planar computed tomography were 9.16° ± 6.97° and 3.09° ± 2.8° in the axial view, respectively, and 5.92° ± 3.65° and 2.10° ± 2.01° in the coronal view, respectively. Univariate statistical analysis revealed body mass index as the single potential risk factor of mal-positioned screws. With careful preoperative planning and intraoperative preparations, placing ISS and TITS under the guidance of single C-arm fluoroscopy intensifier is a reliable and safe technique. Caution should be exercised when performing this procedure in patients with a high body mass index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to propose a method, the Feature Ambiguity Mitigate Operator (FAMO) model, to mitigate feature ambiguity in bone fracture detection on radiographs of various body parts. A total of 9040 radiographic studies were extracted. These images were classified into several body part types including 1651 hand, 1302 wrist, 406 elbow, 696 shoulder, 1580 pelvic, 948 knee, 1180 ankle, and 1277 foot images. Instance segmentation was annotated by radiologists. The ResNext-101+FPN was employed as the baseline network structure and the FAMO model for processing. The proposed FAMO model and other ablative models were tested on a test set of 20% total radiographs in a balanced body part distribution. To the per-fracture extent, an AP (average precision) analysis was performed. For per-image and per-case, the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) were analyzed. At the per-fracture level, the controlled experiment set the baseline AP to 76.8% (95% CI: 76.1%, 77.4%), and the major experiment using FAMO as a preprocessor improved the AP to 77.4% (95% CI: 76.6%, 78.2%). At the per-image level, the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were 61.9% (95% CI: 58.7%, 65.0%), 91.5% (95% CI: 89.5%, 93.3%), and 74.9% (95% CI: 74.1%, 75.7%), respectively, for the controlled experiment, and 64.5% (95% CI: 61.3%, 67.5%), 92.9% (95% CI: 91.0%, 94.5%), and 77.5% (95% CI: 76.5%, 78.5%), respectively, for the experiment with FAMO. At the per-case level, the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were 74.9% (95% CI: 70.6%, 78.7%), 91.7%% (95% CI: 88.8%, 93.9%), and 85.7% (95% CI: 84.8%, 86.5%), respectively, for the controlled experiment, and 77.5% (95% CI: 73.3%, 81.1%), 93.4% (95% CI: 90.7%, 95.4%), and 86.5% (95% CI: 85.6%, 87.4%), respectively, for the experiment with FAMO. In conclusion, in bone fracture detection, FAMO is an effective preprocessor to enhance model performance by mitigating feature ambiguity in the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has long been considered as a metabolic disease characterized by metabolic reprogramming due to the abnormal accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. However, the prognostic value of metabolism-related genes in ccRCC remains unclear. In our study, we investigated the associations between metabolism-related gene profile and prognosis of ccRCC patients in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Importantly, we first constructed a metabolism-related prognostic model based on ten genes (ALDH6A1, FBP1, HAO2, TYMP, PSAT1, IL4I1, P4HA3, HK3, CPT1B, and CYP26A1) using Lasso cox regression analysis. The Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that our model efficiently predicts prognosis in TCGA_KIRC Cohort and the clinical proteomic tumor analysis consortium (CPTAC_ccRCC) Cohort. Using time-dependent ROC analysis, we showed the model has optimal performance in predicting long-term survival. Besides, the multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated our model is an independent prognostic factor. The risk score calculated for each patient was significantly associated with various clinicopathological parameters. Notably, the gene set enrichment analysis indicated that fatty acid metabolism was enriched considerably in low-risk patients. In contrast, the high-risk patients were more associated with non-metabolic pathways. In summary, our study provides novel insight into metabolism-related genes' roles in ccRCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural expansion at the cost of natural or semi-natural habitats is simplifying human-dominated landscapes. As croplands provide a large resource of food to herbivores, pest damage may increase, but such large-scale patterns across regions are little known. Here, we used two years of maize field data from 102 counties (each 1318 km2 on average) across Shandong Province in China to study the spatial distribution of two major co-occurring maize pests: the putative habitat specialist the Asian Corn Borer (Ostrinia furnacalis) (ACB) and the generalist Yellow Peach Moth (Conogethes punctiferalis) (YPM). We used Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices (SADIE) to assess the spatial distribution patterns of these pests and their relation to landscape factors. In both 2016 and 2017, the aggregation and abundance of the ACB was positively correlated with the proportion of maize on the county level, whereas the YPM exhibited the opposite pattern, i.e., a negative correlation with maize proportion. The ACB abundance was below the economic threshold level when maize was <31% in 2017, whereas the YPM abundance was below the threshold when maize was >27% (in 2016) or 23% (in 2017). Maize plant presence was the main determinant of the abundance of the ACB, while the YPM appeared to benefit from further resources in non-crop habitats. These contrasting distribution patterns suggest that the two pests are driven by their different resource requirements. In more diversified landscapes, pest control may need to focus primarily on the generalist consumer, the YPM, whereas in maize-dominated landscapes, the specialist consumer, the ACB, is dominant and needs attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correction to: I Scientific Reports i https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15206-6, published online 29 June 2022 The original version of this Article omitted an affiliation for Cheng Zhang. These authors contributed equally: Zhi-Nan Xia and Jing-Gen Wu. [Extracted from the article]

In the domain of high-energy-density materials, the understanding to physico-chemical properties has long been primarily based on molecular structures whereas the crystal packing effect that significantly affects solid properties has been seldom involved. Herewith we predict the solid properties of six novel energetic cocrystals by taking into account of the crystal packing effect using a quantum chemistry method. We discover that the hydrogen bonding causes an increase in the molecular polarizability and their cooperation significantly changes the solid-state nature of the cocrystals compared to the pristine crystal and the gas counterparts. For example, stabilizing the multi-component molecular association by increasing the binding energy by 19-41% over the pristine crystals, improving the detonation performance by 5-10% and reducing the sensitivity to external stimuli compared to their pure crystal or gas counterparts. Therefore, the solid nature of the cocrystal is not a simple combination of the pure crystalline properties of its components and the heterogeneous molecular coupling effects must be considered to design improved functional cocrystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We designed a two-step Pickering emulsification procedure to create nano-encapsulated phase changing materials (NEPCMs) using a method whose simplicity and low energy consumption suggest promise for scale-up and mass production. Surface-modified amphiphilic zirconium phosphate (ZrP) platelets were fabricated as the Pickering emulsifiers, nonadecane was chosen as the core phase change material (PCM), and polystyrene, the shell material. The resultant capsules were submicron in size with remarkable uniformity in size distribution, which has rarely been reported. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) characterization showed that the capsulation efficiency of NEPCMs, and they were found to be thermal stable, as characterized by the DSC data for the sample after 200 thermal cycles. NEPCMs exhibit superior mechanical stability and mobility when compared with the well-developed micro-encapsulated phase change materials (MEPCMs). NEPCMs find useful applications in thermal management, including micro-channel coolants; solar energy storage media; building temperature regulators; and thermal transfer fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induction chemotherapy treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment outcomes and toxicities between two induction chemotherapy regimens, with both followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The first strategy used docetaxel, cisplatin and fluorouracil for induction chemotherapy (TPF), and the second utilised gemcitabine and cisplatin (GP). A retrospective analysis was performed on eligible NPC patients attending our hospital between May 2009 and Dec 2014. A total of 113 patients were enrolled with 58 patients receiving TPF and 55 receiving GP induction chemotherapy. Ninety-four patients (83.2%) were alive after 36-months follow-up. The median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) time were 48.3 and 39.7 months, respectively. The 3-year OS for the TPF regimen was 87.9% and 87.4% with GP chemotherapy (P = 0.928). The 3-year PFS of the TPF treatment was 84.5%, while it was 83.5% for the GP group (P = 0.551). Univariate analysis showed that lymph node metastasis was a significant PFS prognostic factor, while N3 stage was an independent predictor of PFS and distant failure-free survival (DMFS) in multivariate analysis. There were no significant differences in adverse toxicities or treatment efficacy between the chemotherapy regimens in the treatment of locoregionally advanced NPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc; also known as Arg3.1) is an immediate early gene product that is transcribed in dendritic spines and, to date, has been best characterized as a positive regulator of AMPAR endocytosis during long-term depression (LTD) through interaction with endocytic proteins. Here, we show that protein interacting with C terminal kinase 1 (PICK1), a protein known to bind to the GluA2 subunit of AMPARs and associated with AMPAR trafficking, was pulled-down from brain homogenates and synaptosomes when using Arc as immobilized bait. Fluctuation and FLIM-FRET-Phasor analysis revealed direct interaction between these proteins when co-expressed that was increased under depolarizing conditions in live cells. At the plasma membrane, Arc-mCherry oligomerization was found to be concentration dependent. Additionally, co-expression of Arc-mCherry and EGFP-PICK1 followed by depolarizing conditions resulted in significant increases in the number and size of puncta containing both proteins. Furthermore, we identified the Arc binding region to be the first 126 amino acids of the PICK1 BAR domain. Overall, our data support a novel interaction and model where PICK1 mediates Arc regulation of AMPARs particularly under depolarizing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nosiheptide is a parent compound of thiopeptide family that exhibit potent activities against various bacterial pathogens. Its C-terminal amide formation is catalyzed by NosA, which is an unusual strategy for maturating certain thiopeptides by processing their precursor peptides featuring a serine extension. We here report the crystal structure of truncated NosA1-111 variant, revealing three key elements, including basic lysine 49 (K49), acidic glutamic acid 101 (E101) and flexible C-terminal loop NosA112-151, are crucial to the catalytic terminal amide formation in nosiheptide biosynthesis. The side-chain of residue K49 and the C-terminal loop fasten the substrate through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The side-chain of residue E101 enhances nucleophilic attack of H2O to the methyl imine intermediate, leading to Cα-N bond cleavage and nosiheptide maturation. The sequence alignment of NosA and its homologs NocA, PbtH, TpdK and BerI, and the enzymatic assay suggest that the mechanistic studies on NosA present an intriguing paradigm about how NosA family members function during thiopeptide biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]