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The Sanskrit Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra or Lotus Sūtra is among the most important literary sources of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Old Uyghur version of this text in Sanskrit, which is unknown when, where and by whom it was compiled, is called Vaphuaki atl(ı)g nom çäçäki sudur. Old Uyghur version dates to a Chinese translation of the text by Kumārajīva in 406. In later studies, it is mentioned that a Sogdian version was also used among the sources of the Old Uyghur version. Fragments of Old Uyghur Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra were found because of research in Dunhuang, Turfan and Yarkhoto. The fragments that have survived to date belong to various parts of the text in question. Between the years 1911 and 2020, various studies were completed on the fragments of this text. In this paper, the unpublished fragments of the Avalokiteśvara, which constitutes the XXVth chapter of the Old Uyghur Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra, and more specifically Kuanši-im Bodis(a)t(a)v, preserved in the Berlin Turfan Collection, will be published. In the introduction of this paper, more than a century of work on Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra will be mentioned, and then the transcriptions and transliterations of the fragments in question will be included. This will be followed by explanations of the text and glossary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, literary products in written languages have been products in which expression techniques belonging to contemporary narrative types are also used effectively, as well as using traditional expression techniques in oral language in the best way. One of the remarkable works of the Old Uyghur Period, one of the important historical periods of Turkish, the work named Maitrisimit also shows the quality of a high-level literary work in terms of expression technique. The work, which is considered to be the holy book of the Buddhist teachings, unlike the other works of the period, is written in chapters in the form of "ülüş" and is a drama piece in which each chapter is accepted as a scene. In the parts of the work, the techniques used in contemporary narrative types in the text parts where there are no direct speech pattern elements have been remarkable. In the study, the quoted monologues in the work are handled in terms of contemporary narrative technique; It is aimed to determine the types of monologues, the functions of the monologues used and to draw attention to the importance of this aspect of the text of the work. In the findings obtained in the work, it was determined that the quoted monologues showed similarities as a contemporary narrative technique when compared with the examples in the historical process, and it was evaluated that it was a model among the works written after him in the same period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Library of Lund University, Sweden, which has an important place in Turcological studies, there is a collection of manuscipts that were written in Eastern (Chagathay), New Uighur and Uzbek Turkish. Foremost among these, Turcologist Gunnar Jarring Collection, is a leading example, which contains many precious works in various genre and versions. Copied by Swedish missionary Gunnar Hermansson on 15th April 1928 and donated to the Lund Library in 1982 by Jarring, registered to number Prov. 6, in the seize of 18x11 cm, "Teõkìre-i Süt Bibi PÀdişÀh" will be examined in this article. Each foil being comprised by 9 lines except for three foils, this 16-foil tezkire (collection of biographies) is a prosaic and religious/sufistic work that was written in late Eastern Turkish. The work is mainly about parables concerning a woman Saint named Bibi Halvâî (Ümeyye) and her disciple and caliph Süt Bibi (Ámine). In this study, after introducing the work in its form and content, its language and style will be examined and eventually a dictionary will be created by transcribing the work into contemporary Latin alphabeth. The tezkire is very much contentful for an academic study by virtue of its authenticity in the subject-matter and having related to late period of Eastern Turkish in terms of language (phonetic, morphological, dialect). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern Uighur Turkish literature and Turkey Turkish literature was fed from a common cultural resource. However, these two literatures also show some local characteristics unique to them. In some works that are the product of these literatures, we can find both common cultural elements and local elements together. A good example of this is the poem "in the cheater", which is the subject of our review. The poem "Uçraşkanda" written by Abdurehim Tinleşup Ötkür, one of the important representatives of contemporary Uyghur literature, is in the style of "müşaare (deyişme)", the first example of which is seen in Divanü Lügati't-Turk. Poem: It is an indication that a tradition of about a thousand years is continuing and the cultural bond between the two regions has not been broken. It is seen that Abdurehim Tleşup Ötkür wrote the poem "Uçraşkanda" based on the poem "No No" by Emrah from Erzurum. In this article, the relations, and similarities between the two poems were determined and evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Loan, which is the money or something valuable received to be given back under certain conditions, was one of the most frequently used trade ways to provide needs in the Old Uyghur society. Present contracts show that Uyghurs also borrowed for various agricultural products such as barley, wheat, and cotton in addition to the financial requirements. The loan contracts were issued by the debtor and the lenders together. They comprised the repayment conditions, surety and testimony information. This study is about the publication of the fragments of eight different loan contracts preserved in the Turfan Collection in the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. In the first instance, the main specialties of the loan contracts have been determined. The fragments have been transcribed, transliterated and then they have been translated into Turkey Turkish. Descriptor notes have been added where necessary. At the end of the study, there is an index of the texts and facsimiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the old Turkish texts, the handwrittens from Uighurs have an important place in terms of content, variety and grammatical features. Old Uighur texts, on the one hand, show language structure of the period in which they were written, on the other hand they include derivations and translations showing the existence of terms of newly entered religions, especially Buddhism. In this respect, in order to enlighten the historical accumulation of Turkish, unpublished Uighur texts should be brought to light. In this study, the handwritten registered with the number 752 in the Mainz Collection in Germany, which is commented among the Uighur narratives, will be given demonstration and this text will be published including transliteration, transcription, explanations and index. Based on its content, this handwritten, which is called “Old Uighur Four Brahman Story” by us, has a remarkable content in terms of vocabulary. While certain words are encountered for the first time in this handwritten, some of these words appear with their use which has never been seen before. Furthermore, approach of religious terms’ translation into Turkish is worthy of attention in this text. Our an attractive language trophy will be clarified by this study which expected to contribute to Uighur text edition activities which began in Germany firstly Turkey-oriented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the capture of Karabalgasun, the capital of the Orkhon Uighur Khaganate in 840, a large part of the Uighurs were scattered to the west, north and south foothills of Tanrı Mountains, and the rest to the south and north of China. The Uighurs who migrated to the agricultural basin reorganized here and founded the Uighur Idikut State and this state was reorganized XIV. century has continued to exist. Uighurs built a very deep-rooted civilization in this five century period and became one of the most important representatives of all branches of science and art from medicine to engineering, from music to literature. The Uighurs, most of whom belonged to the Mahayana sect of Buddhism as faith, created a literature within the Buddhism cultural circle and many translations and adaptations were brought to Old Uighur. Besides these works, the civil documents and contracts of Uighurs have survived to the present day. The dating in the documents was made according to the Turkish calendar with twelve animals. Researchers have limited the date range to the Mongolian-era Yuan Dynasty in China. In this study, it is aimed to determine the date of these documents through the onluk and yüzlük words that are witnessed in six of the Uyghur civil documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different opinions have been put forward so far on the root, meaning and etymology of the Old Turkic bögü/bügü word that came out as a personal name or title. bögü/bügü has also been associated with the word bokuk/bokug/bukuk/bukug used in Hun, Gokturk and Uyghur periods. The reason for bringing this matter back to the agenda is that recent researches on Uighur inscriptions and texts where bokuk is referred to as a clan name, as well as the re-evaluation of the new suggestions about the religious meaning of bögü together with the old information. In our paper we first examined the usage of these words within some important texts in the light of past studies and introduced some of the ideas that have recently emerged. Then, we tried to express our opinion about the contexts and meanings of them, and how these uses relate to each other in Turkish cultural history. Finally, we made suggestions about what might be the root and the oldest meaning of bögü/bügü, and underlined the points that need to be clarified and investigated yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the tenth century to the Mogols invasion Kitanes had to play important rol in the east and central Asia and affected to Turkish history in some ways. The times is lested three century. During the histon/ times Kitans political, military and cultural development are related with Uyghurs. At this article will be description rol of Uyghures in the found and development of Kitans country and a affect to Kitan culture of Uyghur Cultur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Mongols defeated Naymans and established their sovereignty on the vicinity of the Altay mountains, Uighurs accepted Mongol hegomony. From that time on ward, Uighurs had played an important role in the Mongol KSianate's political history. In addition to their militan/support for the expanse of Mongols, Uighurs showed themselves, especially, by their skills in the field of bureaucracy. Their profound impact on the Mongol Khanate became one of the reasons for mentioning about Uighurs in the literature handled in Persian, Arabic and Chinese related to Mongol History. Latin is another main language used in writing of historical works regarding Uighurs under the sovereignty of the Mongol Khanate. Both the globetrotters such as Johannes of Piano Carpini, Willem of Rubruk and Matthew of Paris, Hetum of Korykhos mentioned about Uighurs in their choronicles. In this study, tie Latin Works related to the Uighurs will be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]