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Hydraulic engineering built in the cold region, such as reservoirs and hydropower stations, is often threatened by static ice pressure from nature. Therefore, it is of vital significance to research the pressure variation in the growth and melting processes of the ice layer for the design and protection of hydraulic structures in cold regions. This paper introduces an optical fiber sensor system based on the fiber loop ring-down spectroscopy technology and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) pulse modulation technology. An electro-optic modulation scheme that relied on FPGA to generate optical pulses with adjustable pulse width and period is proposed, which is more suitable for the in-situ observation. In addition, the temperature stability and repeatability of the system are also discussed. This system was applied to the real-time detection of static ice pressure on the sidewall and bottom of the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe during the ice growth and melting processes. The results indicate that the system has favorable stability and sensitivity, and the relationship obtained between the static ice pressure and temperature could provide some references for the field application in the future.