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In this paper, a structural health monitoring (SHM) system is proposed to provide automatic early warning for detecting damage and its location in composite pipelines at an early stage. The study considers a basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) pipeline with an embedded Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensory system and first discusses the shortcomings and challenges with incorporating FBG sensors for accurate detection of damage information in pipelines. The novelty and the main focus of this study is, however, a proposed approach that relies on designing an integrated sensing-diagnostic SHM system that has the capability to detect damage in composite pipelines at an early stage via implementation of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based algorithm combining deep learning and other efficient machine learning methods using an Enhanced Convolutional Neural Network (ECNN) without retraining the model. The proposed architecture replaces the softmax layer by a k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) algorithm for inference. Finite element models are developed and calibrated by the results of pipe measurements under damage tests. The models are then used to assess the patterns of the strain distributions of the pipeline under internal pressure loading and under pressure changes due to bursts, and to find the relationship of strains at different locations axially and circumferentially. A prediction algorithm for pipe damage mechanisms using distributed strain patterns is also developed. The ECNN is designed and trained to identify the condition of pipe deterioration so the initiation of damage can be detected. The strain results from the current method and the available experimental results in the literature show excellent agreement. The average error between the ECNN data and FBG sensor data is 0.093%, thus confirming the reliability and accuracy of the proposed method. The proposed ECNN achieves high performance with 93.33 % accuracy (P%), 91.18 % regression rate (R%) and a 90.54 % F1-score (F%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is considered that 1 in 10 adults worldwide have diabetes. Diabetic foot ulcers are some of the most common complications of diabetes, and they are associated with a high risk of lower-limb amputation and, as a result, reduced life expectancy. Timely detection and periodic ulcer monitoring can considerably decrease amputation rates. Recent research has demonstrated that computer vision can be used to identify foot ulcers and perform non-contact telemetry by using ulcer and tissue area segmentation. However, the applications are limited to controlled lighting conditions, and expert knowledge is required for dataset annotation. This paper reviews the latest publications on the use of artificial intelligence for ulcer area detection and segmentation. The PRISMA methodology was used to search for and select articles, and the selected articles were reviewed to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Qualitative data were used to describe the methodologies used in individual studies, while quantitative data were used for generalization in terms of dataset preparation and feature extraction. Publicly available datasets were accounted for, and methods for preprocessing, augmentation, and feature extraction were evaluated. It was concluded that public datasets can be used to form a bigger, more diverse datasets, and the prospects of wider image preprocessing and the adoption of augmentation require further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocardiography (ECG) has emerged as a ubiquitous diagnostic tool for the identification and characterization of diverse cardiovascular pathologies. Wearable health monitoring devices, equipped with on-device biomedical artificial intelligence (AI) processors, have revolutionized the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of ECG data. However, these systems necessitate AI processors that exhibit flexible configuration, facilitate portability, and demonstrate optimal performance in terms of power consumption and latency for the realization of various functionalities. To address these challenges, this study proposes an instruction-driven convolutional neural network (CNN) processor. This processor incorporates three key features: (1) An instruction-driven CNN processor to support versatile ECG-based application. (2) A Processing element (PE) array design that simultaneously considers parallelism and data reuse. (3) An activation unit based on the CORDIC algorithm, supporting both Tanh and Sigmoid computations. The design has been implemented using 110 nm CMOS process technology, occupying a die area of 1.35 mm2 with 12.94 µW power consumption. It has been demonstrated with two typical ECG AI applications, including two-class (i.e., normal/abnormal) classification and five-class classification. The proposed 1-D CNN algorithm performs with a 97.95% accuracy for the two-class classification and 97.9% for the five-class classification, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mobile terminals used in the logistics industry can be exposed to wildly varying environments, which may hinder effective operation. In particular, those used in cold storages can be subject to frosting in the scanner window when they are carried out of the warehouses to a room-temperature space outside. To prevent this, they usually employ a film heater on the scanner window. However, the temperature and humidity conditions of the surrounding environment and the temperature of the terminal itself that cause frosting vary widely. Due to the complicated frost-forming conditions, existing industrial mobile terminals choose to implement rather simple rules that operate the film heater well above the freezing point, which inevitably leads to inefficient energy use. This paper demonstrates that to avoid such waste, on-device artificial intelligence (AI) a.k.a. edge AI can be readily employed to industrial mobile terminals and can improve their energy efficiency. We propose an artificial-intelligence-based approach that utilizes deep learning technology to avoid the energy-wasting defrosting operations. By combining the traditional temperature-sensing logic with a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier that visually checks for frost, we can more precisely control the defrosting operation. We embed the CNN classifier in the device and demonstrate that the approach significantly reduces the energy consumption. On our test terminal, the net ratio of the energy consumption by the existing system to that of the edge AI for the heating film is almost 14:1. Even with the common current-dissipation accounted for, our edge AI system would increase the operating hours by 86%, or by more than 6 h compared with the system without the edge AI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heart is one of the human body's vital organs. An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides continuous tracings of the electrophysiological activity originated from heart, thus being widely used for a variety of diagnostic purposes. This study aims to design and realize an artificial intelligence (AI)-based abnormal heart beat detection with applications for early detection and timely treatment for heart diseases. A convolutional neural network (CNN) was employed to achieve a fast and accurate identification. In order to meet the requirements of the modularity and scalability of the circuit, modular and efficient processing element (PE) units and activation function modules were designed. The proposed CNN was implemented using a TSMC 0.18 μ m CMOS technology and had an operating frequency of 60 MHz with chip area of 1.42 mm 2 and maximum power dissipation of 4.4 mW. Furthermore, six types of ECG signals drawn from the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database were used for performance evaluation. Results produced by the proposed hardware showed that the discrimination rate was 96.3 % with high efficiency in calculation, suggesting that it may be suitable for wearable devices in healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a deep learning method based on the Region Based Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN) architecture for the evaluation of sperm head motility in human semen videos. The neural network performs the segmentation of sperm heads, while the proposed central coordinate tracking algorithm allows us to calculate the movement speed of sperm heads. We have achieved 91.77% (95% CI, 91.11–92.43%) accuracy of sperm head detection on the VISEM (A Multimodal Video Dataset of Human Spermatozoa) sperm sample video dataset. The mean absolute error (MAE) of sperm head vitality prediction was 2.92 (95% CI, 2.46–3.37), while the Pearson correlation between actual and predicted sperm head vitality was 0.969. The results of the experiments presented below will show the applicability of the proposed method to be used in automated artificial insemination workflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]