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[Display omitted] • The Fe 2 @BC 900℃ -PMS process achieves outstanding degradation rate for CBZ. • Nonradical oxidation acts as dominate role for CBZ degradation. • 1O 2 , electron transfer and Fe(IV) are determined in the Fe 2 @BC 900℃ -PMS process. • The degradation pathways of CBZ are proposed by DFT and LC-MASS. • The toxicity of intermediates is evaluated by ECOSAR. In this study, the synthesis of Fe@BC (biochar) was successfully achieved using a one-step calcination process. The catalyst exhibited notable pore structures, a considerable specific surface area, and surface functional groups. Heterogeneous catalytic experiments further demonstrated that the CBZ degradation was significantly improved in the Fe 2 @BC 900℃ -PMS process, in comparison to alternative catalytic processes. The quenching, ESR analyses, and electrochemical tests (CV, LSV, OCP, and EIS) provided evidence that the CBZ degradation occurred via nonradical pathways involving the participation of 1O 2 , electron transfer, and Fe (IV). Furthermore, the potential mechanisms of PMS activation in the Fe 2 @BC 900℃ -PMS process were systematically elucidated. DFT, LC-MASS tests and ECOSAR suggested that CBZ can be transformed into smaller, less toxic molecules during the treatment. Moreover, the cyclic experiments revealed that the Fe 2 @BC 900℃ -PMS process maintained a consistent oxidation capacity for CBZ even after undergoing ten cycles. Based on the above findings, it can be concluded that the Fe 2 @BC 900℃ -PMS process could effectively degrade organic pollutants in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]