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To master the basic characteristics of steady-state cornering for a semitrailer, this paper summarises the current modelling methods for handling and stability and discusses their limitations. The classical linear mathematical model for a two-degree-of-freedom (DOF) handling and stability system is used to develop a new model. Analysis methods are proposed to introduce the influence of the camber angle and body roll into the model parameters. Thus, a mathematical model for the lateral stability of semitrailer with five DOFs is established. At the same time, a modified formula to calculate the stability factor of the semitrailer is developed with a MATLAB model to solve the dynamic state equation. The mathematical model, which considers the body roll and the changes in the camber angle caused by roll, compares the turning radius ratio and yaw rate as the evaluation index with the classical linear mathematical model of a two-DOF system. The vehicle parameters for three different types of semi-tractor trailers are used to calculate and compare two mathematical models for handling and stability using real vehicle test data. The results show that the new modelling and analysis method proposed in this paper has a high calculation accuracy and fast calculation speed, is clear and concise, and is consistent with the real vehicle test data. In addition, the accuracy of the new mathematical model for handling and stability and the improved stability factor are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new efficient rock-breaking technology, harmonic impact drilling technology has received great attention, but the research on its rock-breaking mechanism is insufficient, which limits its development. Based on the theory of vibration, a simplified model of high-frequency harmonic vibration impact system is established in this paper. The numerical model was solved by Matlab and the motion equations of drill bit and rock at different stages of motion are obtained, respectively. Based on the factor analysis of the mathematical model, the dynamic characteristics of the impact system under harmonic excitation are studied. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to further analyze the drilling effect of harmonic impact drilling and verify the correctness of the simplified model. The results show that when the excitation frequency equals the resonance frequency of rock, the vibration displacement of rock reaches the peak value. The drilling speed is greatly increased by harmonic impact drilling compared with conventional drilling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive analysis on the modal characteristics of V-shaped electrothermal microactuators is presented in this paper for the first time. Considering the unique geometric characteristics of the V-shaped beam, that is, two inclined beams supporting a movable shuttle, both the lateral and longitudinal deflections are taken into account in the modal analysis. Boundary and continuity conditions are employed to obtain the frequency equation. Natural frequencies are then obtained by solving the frequency equation. Mode shapes corresponding to their natural frequencies are also calculated analytically. The theoretical modal analysis is verified with the finite element analysis using ANSYS software. Based on the model analysis, this paper further investigates the relationship between natural frequencies and the volume scaling of the V-shaped beam. Finally, comprehensive parametric studies in terms of material properties and structural dimensions are conducted to provide insights and guidance in designing the V-shaped beam electrothermal microactuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In industrial production, the structures of hydraulic servo system-connecting device-load systems are often simplified as rigid connections for the ease of calculation. However, this simplification is problematic when applied to flexible connections in hydraulic systems, which generally have multivariable and strong couplings; these characteristics affect the control accuracy of the hydraulic servo system and lead to serious distortion of the output waveform, which cannot be ignored. These problems cause greater lag and attenuation of the actual signal than those of the expected signal, leading to lower credibility. Therefore, it is important to study the waveform distortion caused by flexible connections. In this paper, according to the characteristics of a flexible connection, a corresponding mathematical model is established, and an adaptive controller, whose structure is simple and calculation cost is low, is used to adjust the amplitude and phase of the response signal and improve the accuracy of the system response. Treating the change in the response signal as the error value, the algorithm weights are adjusted until the error value is stable. Then, a more accurate output signal is obtained. Finally, the validity and practicability of the adaptive controller are verified by simulation experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with analysis of selected soft-contact problems in discrete mechanical systems. Elastic-dissipative rheological schemes representing dampers as well as the notion of unilateral constraints were used in order to model interaction between colliding bodies. The mathematical descriptions of soft-contact problems involving variational inequalities are presented. The main finding of the paper is a method of description of soft-contact phenomenon between rigid object and deformable rheological structure by the system of explicit nonlinear differential-algebraic equations easy for numerical implementation. The results of simulations, that is, time histories of displacements and contact forces as well as hysteretic loops, are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle jet impact drilling technology is an efficient method which mainly uses high-velocity particles to break rock. As the important criterion for evaluating rock-breaking effect, rock-breaking depth and damage area were studied in this paper. Firstly, a particle jet impact rock-breaking test device was developed, and laboratory experiments have been carried out. Then, based on the spherical cavity expansion theory, the mathematical model of rock-breaking depth and damage area under particle jet impact was established. Afterward, the effect of water-jet impact velocity, impact angle, and particle diameter on rock-breaking depth and damage area was analyzed by comparing experimental results and mathematical calculation. The results show that rock-breaking depth and damage area would increase with increase of water-jet impact velocity and decrease slightly with increase of particle diameter. And the combination of 8° and 20° is recommended for nozzle layout. The experimental results and mathematical calculation are basically consistent, which could verify the correctness of the mathematical model. The study has significance for development and application of particle jet impact rock-breaking technology and perfection of theoretical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the complexity of a train crash, it is a challenging process to describe and estimate mathematically. Although different mathematical models have been developed, it is still difficult to balance the complexity of models and the accuracy of estimation. This paper proposes a nonlinear spring-mass-damper model of train frontal crash, which achieves high accuracy and maintains low complexity. The Convolutional Long-short-term-memory Generation Adversarial Network (CLGAN) model is applied to study the nonlinear parameters dynamic variation of the key components of a rail vehicle (e.g., the head car, anticlimbing energy absorber, and the coupler buffer devices). Firstly, the nonlinear lumped model of train frontal crash is built, and then the physical parameters are deduced in twenty different cases using D'Alembert's principle. Secondly, the input/output relationship of the CLGAN model is determined, where the inputs are the nonlinear physical parameters in twenty initial conditions, and the output is the nonlinear relationship between the train crash nonlinear parameters under other initial cases. Finally, the train crash dynamic characteristics are accurately estimated during the train crash processes through the training of the CLGAN model, and then the crash processes under different given conditions can be described effectively. The estimation results exhibit good agreement with finite element (FE) simulations and experimental results. Furthermore, the CLGAN model shows great potential in nonlinear estimation, and CLGAN can better describe the variation of nonlinear spring damping compared with the traditional model. The nonlinear spring-mass-damper modeling is involved in improving the speed and accuracy of the train crash estimation, as well as being able to offer guidance for structure optimization in the early design stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a dynamic model of an offshore drilling riser is developed based on the Hamilton principle. The developed dynamic model is transformed into a finite element model by introducing an approximate solution which chooses the Hermite cubic interpolation function of bending beam element as the shape function. Thereafter, the standard Newmark integration is applied to numerically simulate the dynamic responses of offshore drilling risers with varied system parameters, including the length of riser, top tension ratio, and buoyant factor. Based on the results of numerical simulation, under the influences of sea wind, sea current, and the periodic excitation of sea wave, the offshore drilling riser experiences a fast lateral deflection phase in the beginning, a reciprocating deflection phase in the following long duration, and then, a periodic oscillation when it reaches the dynamic stable condition, respectively. The riser system working in deeper water with a higher top tension ratio and a lower buoyant factor shows more controllable vibration and less lateral deflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem of pipeline vibration caused by fluids in linear-driving pump pipeline system, this paper proposed a vibration reduction method based on a pressure-fluctuating attenuator with circular elastic sheets. Firstly, a new type of pressure-fluctuating attenuator was proposed, and its working principle and frequency characteristics were analyzed. Secondly, the mathematical model of the developed attenuator was established in combination with the dynamic characteristic equations of the pipeline. Besides, the effect of relevant parameters on attenuation performance was investigated through simulation. The size and material of the circular elastic sheet were screened according to the pressure fluctuating frequency of the linear-driving pump under the rated conditions. The prototype of the pressure-fluctuating attenuator was fabricated, and the performance of the prototype in the pipeline was tested. The experimental results show that the pressure-fluctuating attenuator with circular elastic sheets has a good suppression effect on the pulsating pressure of the linear-driving pump under the rated conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stochastic averaging is applied to derive the random responses of the SDOF vibro-impact system with one-side wall under additive and multiplicative broadband noise, where the impact is described by the modified Hertzian contact model. Compared with the popular simplified "classical model" (i.e., x˙−=rx˙+), the whole impact process is captured by the modified Hertzian contact model without any assumptions. One example is given to illustrate the proposed technique. The comparison between the analytical results and those from Monte Carlo simulations manifests the accuracy of the proposed technique. It should be pointed out that the technique proposed in this paper is powerful for the cases of weak excitation and big enough bandwidth of the broadband noise. Finally, the influences of various parameters are also discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shaking table array system is composed of multiple shaking tables for seismic response simulation tests of large-span spatial structures, bridge structures, slender structures such as pipeline and aqueduct, complex structures, and so on. In the process of testing with the multiple shaking tables, the interaction between the shaking tables and specimen affects the output accuracy of the shaking tables. The characteristics and rules of the dual shaking tables-specimen interaction effects on the system performance were analyzed in this paper. In order to improve the output accuracy of the dual shaking tables, force feedback compensation was introduced into three-variable control to reduce the interaction effects. However, the measurement errors of the force in the actuator and the acceleration of the shaking tables existed in the process of force feedback compensation. In order to verify the effectiveness of force feedback compensation for interaction between the dual shaking tables and specimen, the error influences on the system performance were simulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of building structure modeling and control under bidirectional seismic waves. It focuses on different types of bidirectional control devices, control strategies, and bidirectional sensors used in structural control systems. This paper also highlights the various issues like system identification techniques, the time-delay in the system, estimation of velocity and position from acceleration signals, and optimal placement of the sensors and control devices. The importance of control devices and its applications to minimize bidirectional vibrations has been illustrated. Finally, the applications of structural control systems in real buildings and their performance have been reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Damage detection in bridges using vibration-based methods is an area of growing research interest. Improved assessment methodologies combined with state-of-the-art sensor technology are rapidly making these approaches applicable for real-world structures. Applying these techniques to the detection and monitoring of scour around bridge foundations has remained challenging; however this area has gained attraction in recent years. Several authors have investigated a range of methods but there is still significant work required to achieve a rounded and widely applicable methodology to detect and monitor scour. This paper presents a novel Vehicle-Bridge-Soil Dynamic Interaction (VBSDI) model which can be used to simulate the effect of scour on an integral bridge. The model outputs dynamic signals which can be analysed to determine modal parameters and the variation of these parameters with respect to scour can be examined. The key novelty of this model is that it is the first numerical model for simulating scour that combines a realistic vehicle loading model with a robust foundation soil response model. This paper provides a description of the model development and explains the mathematical theory underlying the model. Finally a case study application of the model using typical bridge, soil, and vehicle properties is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless ultrasonic vibration energy transmission systems through metal barriers based on piezoelectric transducers have drawn a lot of focus due to the advantage of nonpenetration of the barriers, thus maintaining the integrity of sealed structures. It is meaningful to investigate appropriate modeling methods and to characterize such wireless ultrasonic energy transmission channels with different geometric shapes. In this paper, equivalent circuit modeling and finite element modeling methods are applied to the planar metal barrier channel, and a 3-dimensional finite element modeling method is applied to the cylindrical metallic barrier channel. Meanwhile, the experimental setup is established and measurements are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the corresponding modeling methods. The results show that Leach’s equivalent circuit modeling method and finite element modeling method are nearly similarly effective in characterizing the planar metal barrier channel. But for a cylindrical metal barrier, only the three-dimensional finite element modeling method is effective. Furthermore, we found that, for the planar barrier, the effect of standing waves on the efficiency of wireless energy transmission is dominated. But for the curved barrier, only the resonant phenomenon of the piezoelectric transducer exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The foundation might be separated from the supporting soil if the earthquake is big enough, which is known as base mat uplift. This paper proposed a simplified calculation model in which spring element is adopted to simulate the interaction between soil and structure. The load-deformation curve (F-D curve) of the spring element can be designated to represent the base mat uplift, in which the pressure can be applied while tensile forces are not allowed. Key factors, such as seismic wave types, seismic wave excitation directions, seismic wave amplitudes, soil shear velocities, structure stiffness, and the ratio of structure height to width (H/B), were considered in the analysis. It is shown that (1) seismic wave type has significant influence on structure response due to different frequency components it contained; (2) the vertical input of seismic wave greatly affected structure response in vertical direction, while it has little impacts in horizontal direction; (3) base mat uplift is easier to take place in soil with higher shear velocity; (4) structure H/B value has complicated influence on base mat uplift. The outcome of this research is assumed to provide some references for the seismic design of the structure due to base mat uplift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Filter systems are widely used in petrochemical plants for removing solid impurities from hydrocarbon oils. The backwash is the cleaning process used to remove the impurities on the sieves of the filters without a need to interrupt the operation of the entire system. This paper presents a case study based on the actual project of a filter system in a petrochemical plant, to demonstrate the significant effect of vibration on the structural integrity of piping. The induced vibration had led to the structural fatigue failure of the pipes connecting the filter system. A preliminary assessment suggested that the vibrations are caused by the operation of backwashing of the filter system. A process for solving the vibration problem based on the modal analysis of the filter system using the commercial finite element software for simulation is therefore proposed. The computed natural frequencies of the system and the vibration data measured on site are assessed based on the resonance effect of the complete system including the piping connected to the filters. Several approaches are proposed to adjust the natural frequencies of the system in such a way that an optimal and a reasonable solution for solving the vibration problem is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliability assessment is a critical consideration in equipment engineering project. Successful reliability assessment, which is dependent on selecting features that accurately reflect performance degradation as the inputs of the assessment model, allows for the proactive maintenance of equipment. In this paper, a novel method based on kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) and Weibull proportional hazards model (WPHM) is proposed to assess the reliability of rolling bearings. A high relative feature set is constructed by selecting the effective features through extracting the time domain, frequency domain, and time-frequency domain features over the bearing’s life cycle data. The kernel principal components which can accurately reflect the performance degradation process are obtained by KPCA and then input as the covariates of WPHM to assess the reliability. An example was conducted to validate the proposed method. The differences in manufacturing, installation, and working conditions of the same type of bearings during reliability assessment are reduced after extracting relative features, which enhances the practicability and stability of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fractional-order calculus is more competent than integer-order one when modeling systems with properties of nonlocality and memory effect. And many real world problems related to uncertainties can be modeled with stochastic fractional-order systems with random parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the dynamical behaviors in those systems concerning both memory and uncertainties. The period-doubling bifurcation of stochastic fractional-order Duffing (SFOD for short) system with a bounded random parameter subject to harmonic excitation is studied in this paper. Firstly, Chebyshev polynomial approximation in conjunction with the predictor-corrector approach is used to numerically solve the SFOD system that can be reduced to the equivalent deterministic system. Then, the global and local analysis of period-doubling bifurcation are presented, respectively. It is shown that both the fractional-order and the intensity of the random parameter can be taken as bifurcation parameters, which are peculiar to the stochastic fractional-order system, comparing with the stochastic integer-order system or the deterministic fractional-order system. Moreover, the Chebyshev polynomial approximation is proved to be an effective approach for studying the period-doubling bifurcation of the SFOD system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the stability of vehicle concerning the slow-varying sprung mass is analyzed based on two degrees of freedom quarter-car model. A mathematical model of vehicle is established, the nonlinear vibration caused by sprung mass vibration is solved, and frequency curve is obtained. The characteristics of a stable solution and the parameters affecting the stability are analyzed. The numeric solution shows that a slow-varying sprung mass is equivalent to adding a negative damping coefficient to the suspension system, making the effective damping coefficient change from negative to positive. Such changing parameters lead to Hopf bifurcation and a shrinking limit cycle. The simulation results indicate the existence of static as well as dynamic bifurcation and the result is a change in the final stable vibration of the suspension. Even the tiny vibration of the sprung mass will lead to amplitude mutation, leading to the sprung mass instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remaining useful life (RUL) prediction can provide early warnings of failure and has become a key component in the prognostics and health management of systems. Among the existing methods for RUL prediction, the Wiener-process-based method has attracted great attention owing to its favorable properties and flexibility in degradation modeling. However, shortcomings exist in methods of this type; for example, the degradation indicator and the first predicting time (FPT) are selected subjectively, which reduces the prediction accuracy. Toward this end, this paper proposes a new approach for predicting the RUL of rotating machinery based on an optimal degradation indictor. First, a genetic programming algorithm is proposed to construct an optimal degradation indicator using the concept of FPT. Then, a Wiener model based on the obtained optimal degradation indicator is proposed, in which the sensitivities of the dimensionless parameters are utilized to determine the FPT. Finally, the expectation of the predicted RUL is calculated based on the proposed model, and the estimated mean degradation path is explicitly derived. To demonstrate the validity of this model, several experiments on RUL prediction are conducted on rotating machinery. The experimental results indicate that the method can effectively improve the accuracy of RUL prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operators of overhead traveling cranes experience discomfort as a result of the vibrations of crane structures. These vibrations are produced by defects in the rails on which the cranes move. To improve the comfort of operators, a nine-degree-of-freedom (nine-DOF) mathematical model of a “human–crane–rail” system was constructed. Based on the theoretical guidance provided in ISO 2631-1, an annoyance rate model was established, and quantization results were determined. A dynamic optimization design method for overhead traveling cranes is proposed. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to optimize the crane structural design, with the structure parameters as the basic variables, the annoyance rate model as the objective function, and the acceleration amplitude and displacement amplitude of the crane as the constraint conditions. The proposed model and method were used to optimize the design of a double-girder 100 t–28.5 m casting crane, and the optimal parameters are obtained. The results show that optimization decreases the human annoyance rate from 28.3% to 9.8% and the root mean square of the weighted acceleration of human vibration from 0.59 m/s2 to 0.38 m/s2. These results demonstrate the effectiveness and practical applicability of the models and method proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the summary of existing pounding force analytical models, an updated pounding force analysis method is proposed by introducing viscoelastic constitutive model and contact mechanics method. Traditional Kelvin viscoelastic pounding force model can be expanded to 3-parameter linear viscoelastic model by separating classic pounding model parameters into geometry parameters and viscoelastic material parameters. Two existing pounding examples, the poundings of steel-to-steel and concrete-to-concrete, are recalculated by utilizing the proposed method. Afterwards, the calculation results are compared with other pounding force models. The results show certain accuracy in proposed model. The relative normalized errors of steel-to-steel and concrete-to-concrete experiments are 19.8% and 12.5%, respectively. Furthermore, a steel-to-polymer pounding example is calculated, and the application of the proposed method in vibration control analysis for pounding tuned mass damper (TMD) is simulated consequently. However, due to insufficient experiment details, the proposed model can only give a rough trend for both single pounding process and vibration control process. Regardless of the cheerful prospect, the study in this paper is only the first step of pounding force calculation. It still needs a more careful assessment of the model performance, especially in the presence of inelastic response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic efficiency of hoisting transmission system on a container crane is fundamental for accurate efficiency prediction, while the dynamic efficiency of hoisting transmission system has not been investigated sufficiently. This paper will focus on dynamic efficiency of hoisting transmission system under hoisting dynamic load. A power loss model of gearbox was built. Then the dynamic model of gear transmission was developed including time-varying mesh stiffness and hoisting dynamic load was studied. Power loss, dynamic efficiency, and equivalent static efficiency were conducted in hoisting and lowering working conditions. The result shows that dynamic efficiency which consists of the significant lower frequency component coincided with hoisting load torque of the higher frequency component which is directly related to dynamic mesh and bearing force. And in two processes, the equivalent static efficiency in constant speed stage is min, whereas maximum value occurs in different stage. The research results lay a foundation for hoisting gear transmission dynamic efficiency analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is to be submitting an identification method for the unbalance parameters of a rotor-bearing system. In the method, the unbalance parameters identification problem is formulated as the unbalance force reconstruction which belongs to solving deconvolution problem, in which the unbalance force is expressed in the time domain. The unbalance response is expressed by the convolution integral of Green’s function and the unbalance force. In order to avoid the unstable solution arising from the noisy responses and the deconvolution, a regularization method is adopted to stabilize the solution. Meanwhile, a searching of the sensitive measured point has also been carried out to confirm the robustness of the method. Numerical example and a test rig have been used to illustrate the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on an assessment of the state of the art of operational modal analysis (OMA) methodologies in estimating modal parameters from output responses of nonlinear structures. By means of the Volterra series, the nonlinear structure excited by random excitation is modeled as best linear approximation plus a term representing nonlinear distortions. As the nonlinear distortions are of stochastic nature and thus indistinguishable from the measurement noise, a protocol based on the use of the random phase multisine is proposed to reveal the accuracy and robustness of the linear OMA technique in the presence of the system nonlinearity. Several frequency- and time-domain based OMA techniques are examined for the modal identification of simulated and real nonlinear mechanical systems. Theoretical analyses are also provided to understand how the system nonlinearity degrades the performance of the OMA algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]