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The objective of this study is to analyze the association between sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep patterns, and depressive states among centenarians due to the crucial impact of depression on the well-being of elderly individuals, particularly the oldest. Recognizing easily identifiable manifestations and risk factors is essential since the onset of depressive states tends to be insidious. The baseline data from the China Hainan Centenarians Cohort Study (CHCCS) served as the basis for this study. Questionnaire surveys were conducted to obtain research indicators, with depressive states evaluated using the GDS-15 scale and sleep quality evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Logistic regression was employed to describe the association between sleep status and depressive states. A total of 994 centenarians, with an age range of 100–116 years and a mean age of 102.77 ± 2.75 years, were included in this study. Among these participants, 815 were female, accounting for 82.0 %. After adjustment, the odds ratio (OR) for the association between poor sleep quality and depressive states was 2.07 (95 % CI: 1.54–2.77) compared to those with normal sleep quality. Additionally, there were associations between depressive states and both nighttime sleep duration and total sleep duration. After adjustment, the strongest association between depressive state and sleep patterns was found for those who had >9 h of nighttime sleep and ≥2 h of daytime sleep (OR = 1.80, 95%CI: 1.02–3.16). Moreover, compared to centenarians with 7–9 h of sleep duration and good sleep quality, the highest odds ratio (OR = 3.44, 95%CI: 2.18–5.43) for the association between depressive states and sleep duration ≤7 h and poor sleep quality was observed. The findings of this study indicate that there is an association between poor sleep quality and depressive states in centenarians. Furthermore, both sleep quality and long/short total sleep duration are associated with depressive states in this population. Therefore, special attention should be given to the psychological state of elderly individuals with short sleep duration and poor sleep quality in order to prevent depression and minimize its negative impact on their overall health. • This is a study of a large sample centenarians in China, Hainan. • Analyzed the association between sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep patterns, and depressive states among centenarians. • There was an association between poor sleep quality and depressive states in centenarians. • Both sleep quality and long/short total sleep duration were associated with depressive states in centenarians. • Gender differences in the association between nighttime sleep duration and depressive state exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]