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The present paper is conceptual; its aim is to state what we consider the essential structural categories in race relations viewed as an empirical system. It is the contention of this paper that two general theories currently in use the "cycle of race relations" and "caste and class" -are not incompatible and that the conflict between them is more apparent than real. Polemicists' outcries notwithstanding, a critical examination of empirical research on race relations indicates that these two theories can be and in fact have been effectively implemented. Faulty theory construction, faulty methodology, and faulty implementation of an essentially good theory are perhaps more frequent in sociology than in other sciences. There are some students who are prone either to place unusual emphasis on certain aspects of a theory or to use it as an interpretative device rather than as an hypothesis to be tested. It is our belief that a statement of the essential requisites in race relations would enable students of race and cultural contacts to implement better these two theories and would terminate excessive polemics in this area.

Data from a probability sample of a state university faculty are analyzed to determine whether academic discipline is predictive of faculty religiosity. Wide variations observed on four of Glock's proposed dimensions of religiosity are compared to the scientist-nonscientist dichotomy of fields and to "scholarly distance from religion," a construct delineated in the paper. The scientist-nonscientist scheme is not predictive of religiosity scores. Scholarly distance from religion successfully orders the scores. A relationship between scholarly distance from religion and religiosity seems to be interpreted partly by the effect of scholarly distance from religion on cognitive differentiation of religion and on social support for religiosity, especially the former. Selectivity of discipline and present religiosity appear to be based on childhood religious background, but controlling for childhood religiosity does not alter the original relationships greatly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of systems of simultaneous equations to describe social behavior, extensive in econometrics, appears to have promise for explaining behavior in other social sciences as well. Two problems that may arise with the use of such equations are (1) identification, and (2) estimation. This paper considers the problem of identification and extends the methodology to include a description of the Theil-Basmann method of estimation. A specific model concerning the diffusion of technical innovations is formulated and tested. The results suggest that variables in the model represent an interdependent system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is intended to serve a dual function. First, to point up the need for a different theoretical approach to the specific problem of predicting or explaining the level of worker productivity, and second, to view this specific problem as an example of a general difficulty in sociological theory-building and to offer some suggestions for dealing with this difficulty. As the title indicates, this general problem is the need for "systemic" theories and organic models in sociology. Studies of worker productivity can be said to have focused generally on four kinds of independent variables—internalized factors (what the worker brings to the work situation), task-generated factors (what the worker must do), organizational factors (the formal structural limitations on how the job is done), and interpersonal factors (the worker's informal relations with others on the job). In summary, this paper has been an attempt to indicate that the current state of ordering of the problem of worker productivity is less than adequate.

The purpose of this paper is twofold: to distinguish conceptually between a number of dimensions of status consciousness and to investigate their empirical interrelationships. An ideal-type model can be constructed of the highly status-conscious person as one who adheres religiously to middle-class values and who has high mobility aspirations. Not only is he willing to sacrifice interesting work for a job that pays, but he is very much aware of the kinds of behavior required in playing the "social game." In his interpersonal relations he associates with those persons who are in a position to help him advance toward the top, shunning those who are beneath him in status. In short, the extremely status conscious person lives and acts as though status considerations are of the utmost importance. They are to him the essence of social interaction. The empirical problem with which this paper is concerned is the question of just how realistic this kind of description actually is.

This article focuses on the author's study on making personal contacts in the study of a Puerto Rican community. The first part of the paper will deal with the broader aspects of the problem of making personal contacts that the author has deduced from this study; the second part will be a case report of several experiences that actually had in the making of personal contacts along with brief comments on the outcome of these contacts. The first premise upon which this article rests is that the investigator is in quest of accurate and significant data in sufficient quantity to satisfy inductive requirements. The second and corollary premise is that the fulfillment of these ends requires that a method of meeting and securing the confidence of persons in the community be employed that will minimize interpersonal distance between the investigator and the persons with whom contacts are to be made. The process of meeting and making friends of prospective informants, so as to assure that data can be obtained, and obtained with a reasonable assurance of its accuracy, is an art.

This paper is a study of federally assisted American Indian migration from the reservations to urban areas. The education of the migrants, their earnings before and after relocation, and the change in the degree of antisocial behavior after leaving the reservation are analyzed. It is found that while relocation can enhance the standard of living of those participating in federal programs, budget limitations prevent these programs front assisting enough applicants. to markedly reduce the level of surplus labor on the reservations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines occupational evaluation, as a behavioral process. First, alternative methods of investigating- occupational stratification are distinguished: the socioeconomic or "objective" approach, the prestige assessment or "subjective" approach, and a "linkage model" that attempts to identify objective characteristics that enter as status-conferring criteria into prestige assessment. The third approach assumes a weighting and combining process according to which prestige assessments are concluded de novo by each person who reviews the occupational structure. Taking account of occupational characteristics may, however, involve response to stereotyped imagery as to what occupations and their incumbents are like, as well as the processing of objective data. Popular stereotypes of occupations are explored through the use of the semantic differential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative methods in sociology have been under serious development chiefly during the four decades 1920-1960, which corresponds roughly to the professional career of William F. Ogburn. The principal issues regarding quantitative methods which engaged sociologists during that period were: (1) philosophical controversy arising from the assumption (a) that some phenomena are intrinsically and inherently quantitative (e.g., such as most of the subject matter of demography), while (b) other phenomena are intrinsically qualitative. The contrary view regarded quantitative and qualitative aspects of phenomena not as a characteristic of phenomena but purely a matter of what method of observation and recording is adopted. Another issue was (2) the controversy over the relative merits of the "case study" versus the statistical method, especially as regards objectivity, prediction, and other purely scientific objectives, as contrasted with diagnostic and therapeutic objectives. Perhaps the principal problem of quantification was reflected in (3) the controversy over attitude scales and techniques of studying verbal behavior and public opinion, and the relationship of such data to other types of social behavior. All of these developments greatly stimulated interest in sampling techniques, mathematical models, information theory, and machine techniques of processing data. The implications of these developments for sociology as a science are impressive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article recognizes group structure and interpersonal creativity as factors which reduce errors in the prediction of marital adjustment. The need to deal systematically with the problem of interpersonal inventiveness or creativity arose in this field as a consequence of the empirical attempts to account for family survival during major social changes such as wars and depressions. From a theoretical point of view it was argued that relational measures of interpersonal abilities which explicitly take into account the structure of the family were better than those which ignored group structure. More broadly, the foregoing analysis suggests that in order to assess the effects of interpersonal abilities in the marriage situation, the measure should reflect the structure of the group. It is only in a special type of structure (additive structure) or in situations where structure is unimportant that the investigator can safely use individual measures or the average of several individual scores to index the interpersonal ability.

This article focuses on Negro leadership in order to correct race relation patterns in a Southern community of the U.S. One of the significant features of race relations in the past five years has been the emergence of new patterns of Negro leadership in southern communities. Prior to the various court decisions which withdrew legal support from the traditional framework of segregation, Negro leadership gave the appearance of conforming to the pattern of "accommodating" or "compromise" leadership. They were also accepted by Negroes because accommodation was regarded as the most practical and effective mode of adjustment in the existing power situation. The desegregation decisions of the U. S. Supreme Court, even without extensive implementation, redefined this power situation. The study presented here is performed through interviews with a panel of 21 Negroes tentatively designated as "leaders" by social scientists familiar with the community. A panel of 21 white leaders was also selected. Subjects were allowed to give as few or as many responses to each question as they wished, and Negro subjects were encouraged to include their own names if they felt they should. The second portion of the study was an attitude survey of a sample of the adult Negro population. Analysis of tabulated data of respondents of both panels revealed that a real change in leadership had indeed taken place between the "Pre-Boycott" and "Post-Boycott" periods.

A hiatus in the study of premarital sexual behavior is the absence of precise evidence on the extent to which erotic activities are associated, first, with the intimacy states of being and not being in love and, second, with the single and double standards of sexual morality. The purposes of this paper are to report the sexual experience of 100 single college students with acquaintances, friends, and lovers, their sexual experiences according to their standards of sexual behavior, and the coincidence and noncoincidence of their behavior with their personal code of sex conduct in order both to describe some aspects of sexual behavior and values practiced and held by the sample population and to determine the extent to which these findings agree with the popular supposition about the interrelationship between sex codes of conduct and ideas of love. The interrelationship between love and premarital sexual behavior, as indicated by the findings of this research, depends to a large extent upon the sex codes of conduct.

This paper is addressed primarily to the consideration of an old ghost in new sheets—what constitutes the sphere of relevant phenomena for the discipline of sociology. The current research and publications on factors in mate selection provide one of several growing collections of data which pose a central question in this regard. The fascination of the biological orientation for sociological explanations is well known. It is an attractive explanation for man's behavior because man is after all a biological organism and what he does must be understood at least in part on this basis. It is the social phenomenon of mate selection which will be utilized here to demonstrate the departure of certain sociologists from analysis of social reality in their search for explanations of social behavior. Personality needs constitute another important factor in mate selection. This refers to needs which the person wants fulfilled and at the same time are most likely to be satisfied within the context of married life. The person chosen as a marriage partner is viewed as the one who, in the estimation of the chooser, is most likely to satisfy these needs.

In this period of relative insecurity there appears to be an increasing interest in and concern about the fate of communities that have experienced disasters. This concern, of course, reflects a manifestation of survival values, or, otherwise phrased, how much destruction can a community endure and still retain its identity and existence. This paper, which draws from a more comprehensive study, is an attempt to describe the salient aspects of individual and group behavior under such conditions of stress. The pattern of settlement extending from the community of Cameron to some distance cast of Creole, a total of approximately 17 miles, was of the line-village type which in some parts was doubled and tripled. The community of Grand Chenier, beginning at the Merrnentau River and extending in a line village pattern for approximately 18 miles, represented the easternmost boundary of the impact area. The social effects of disaster upon this quasi-isolated rural area are still in the process of becoming. Months after the storm, references were continually being made to this disastrous event and to "pre" and "post" conditions of community institutions and activities.

The upward social mobility of American Jews to middle-class status has been noted by various investigators, but more important is the great rapidity of this mobility. American Jews have climbed the social status ladder more quickly and have achieved middle-class status more widely than any other ethnic group during the same period of American history. In a discussion of the differential rates of vertical mobility among social classes, it has been hypothesized that social classes possess to a disparate extent two components of the achievement orientations. The essay suggests that just as different social classes have differential rates of social mobility, so also do various ethnic groups. Those ethnic groups which achieve more rapid upward social mobility have the prerequisite value orientations and the necessary achievement motivations associated with American middle-class life. The paper reviews the socio-historical sources of the value orientations of American Jews and indicates that these values reflect the middle-class values of American life. These values were transferred to American Jews through the interpersonal relationships within the first-generation family.

One of the reactions to such mythical concepts as "the group mind" which dominated social psychological theory in an earlier era was to shift the focus of analysis from the group to the individual. As a result, contemporary research in this area is usually concerned either with the impact of social and cultural factors on the individual or on the role of the individual in the social process. However, for the sociologist, who is interested primarily in collective phenomena, there remains the problem of dealing with the psychological structure of groups. In other words, groups differ and can be typed not only in terms of their social structure, in the sense of characteristic normative and status systems, but also in terms of what Rudolf Heberle has recently termed their social psychological texture, in the sense of the predominating type of motivation which informs the social relationships involved. The focus of the present paper is on the social psychological aspect of the secularization process. It aims at the empirical validation of the general hypothesis that the larger, more heterogeneous, older, and more powerful a group becomes, the more will its psychological structure change from that of an emotional to a rational association.

Numerous studies of residential propinquity as a factor in mate selection have appeared during the past twenty years. These studies seem to have established the general conclusion that the urban American tends to marry someone who lives within a fairly limited distance of his or her home. When these studies are examined more closely, however, numerous variations are found which raise questions about the meaning of the findings beyond this general conclusion. It is a major purpose of this paper to examine the implications of some of these variations in the earlier studies of propinquity. The discussion will be divided into four parts: (1) a consideration of the findings of a recent study of propinquity in Nashville, Tennessee; (2) some observations about the methods of data gathering and analysis used in propinquity studies; (3) consideration of the value of the collected findings of studies of propinquity; and (4) suggestions for further research. The study of Nashville followed the general design used in earlier propinquity studies. The sample studied consisted of all of those Negro couples and one-half of those white couples applying for marriage licenses in Davidson County, Tennessee, during 1950 who met the following criterion: at least one member of the couple gave a "non-institutional" address within the area covered by the census tracts of metropolitan Nashville.

Within last few decades recreation and play have been accepted as integral parts of social system. Two main factors have been closely associated with this significant social change: the increased amount of leisure as a result of technological advances, and the changing attitude of the church toward play. This paper emphasizes the latter and will include a presentation of the modification of the attitude of the church, as a social institution, toward recreation. Social structure is constantly changing. Social institutions have been in a constant state of flux in their relative control over man. A hundred years ago the family and the church were nearly all-powerful. Today the state and industry have gained in hegemony an potency. The church of the last century stressed the spiritual life. The church of the modern era advocates social as well as spiritual values. Since play and recreation are so much a part of present social behavior, it seems advisable for more research and study to be done in this field. The sociologist is becoming deeply interested because he recognizes that most recreational pursuits are group affairs.

It is one that the newspaper can help along to recognition in the local community. It is one to which my paper has been glad to give its cooperation in its own community. Only a beginning has been made, but it has been so helpful that we feel that with due credit to its achievement, it will move along under its own power in the future. That the Negro leaders of Danville were able to make an outstanding contribution to the solution of relief problems among their own people was due to the work of the Danville Interracial Commission. Negroes chosen to do work of social case investigation were college graduates and exceptionally well equipped for the work for which they volunteered. There were Negro ministers, a physician, and the principal of a Negro high school. All had an intimate knowledge of the type of problems to be solved among their people and where they were to be found. Despite the mechanical processes of modern journalism, the newspaper is today less mechanistic in its outlook than ever before and playing a more helpful role in the solution of social problems.

The author wishes to consider in this paper that peculiar nature of the parent-child relationship which proves to be a causal factor in parent-child conflict. There are three elements which family life affords to an especial degree, and which constitute at once the source of some of its deepest satisfactions and the basis for some of its strongest conflicts. The author refer to the well recognized elements of duration, intimacy and continuity of contact. The dominance of the parent may be viewed as extending to three general fields: the physical, the psychological and the social. In actual experience the three are interrelated and interfused. Persons experience other relationships of super-ordination and subordination, but no one of them approaches the parent child relationship in degree of dominance on the part of the superior. From a sociological standpoint, parent and child stand in the same position with reference to each other as master and slave. To the parent society delegates the task of bringing the child's impulses into conformity with the prevailing culture. There is no natural direction of the child's impulses into socially approved behavior patterns.

The article throws light on the treatment of problems of political behavior in hands of modern politics students. It also emphasizes on activities of large bodies of voters. The formation and expression of what is loosely called public opinion has been treated generally as a function of an indefinite and ill-defined entity referred to as the "electorate" or the "public." It is the simple thesis of this paper that the significant part of the political process will be observed in the minute portions of it and not in the process "viewed as a whole," and that the chief contributions of the future will be made as a result of studies of these small portions. Indeed in any proper sense it is impossible to view the process "as a whole." Finally, the article presents the leader-follower relationship which includes: 1) the character and technique of the leader; 2) the relation of the leader to his lieutenants; 3) the relation of groups to their immediate leaders and immediately to the principal leader; (4) the relation between various groups interested in the situation; and 4) the relationships between individuals within groups and across group lines.

The case worker, the ultimate purpose of a case record must be treatment based upon the needs of the individual Case. For example, in a study of the causes and effects of divorce, case records designed for research purposes should contain reasonably complete information upon divorce whenever it is found. From the point of view of the case worker, however, in many cases the causes and effects of divorce may have receded so far into the background, or be so overshadowed by more important issues, as to receive comparatively little emphasis in the case record. Several years ago some of social case workers were much disappointed to find that their case records revealed little of value on the social effects of prohibition. Case work has in recent years levied tribute upon psychology. Indeed it may be hard to tell where the contribution of psychology ends and that of sociology begins. Sociology and social work agree in seeing the individual, not as a self- sufficient unit, but as a person with relationships.

Human ecology and operant conditioning are compared in order to consider the feasibility and desirability of linking human ecology and behavioral social psychology. General similarities between human ecology and operant conditioning include a recognition of the interaction between behavior and environment, the necessity of longitudinal analyses, the view that change is externally determined, and quantitative analyses involving aggregated behaviors. Major differences include origins of general principles, methodology, and units of analysis. Many similarities also exist among general concepts and principles. Operant principles might be applied to provide complex psychological, social-psychological, sociological, and human-ecological analyses. The major barrier between human ecologists and behavioral social psychologists and sociologists now appears to be the discrepancy in the size of the social systems each studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rational values and their bureaucratic embodiment as defined by Weber are declining in the United States. The rational production economy freed resources to support new groups with nonrational qualitative values. These groups adopted activism as a technique and appeared to threaten the bureaucractic system. Then activism was institutionalized, with elites representing activist movements incorporated into the system. These elites' qualitative values and outputs were unmeasurable, so that bureaucratic decision-making became a nonrational political process of appeal to outside publics for bargaining power. The institutionalization of activism has stabilized social integration, but new and ephemeral values arise in rapid succession, weakening what is left of the sense of moral direction formerly provided by rational values. Nonrational mass movements may emerge to fill the vacuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research is concerned with situational variables which may influence the relationship between attitudes and overt behavior. More specifically, the research tried to assess the effects of social participation, attitudinal congruence and disclosure on the relationship between a subject's attitude to- ward legalizing marijuana and an overt act toward that same attitude object. In this laboratory study, only attitudinal congruence seems to have any direct effect on the relationship between attitudes and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A distinction is made between a role structure and an interpersonal structure as two elements of any dyadic relationship. Data from young, white, recently married couples are examined for evidence of differential significance of the interpersonal relationship by social status level. Higher-status couples arc more sensitive to the interpersonal aspects of their relationship. They also have a clearer husband-wife differentiation within the interpersonal realm, These data are interpreted as suggesting a functional link between role structure and interpersonal structure such that a lack of differentiation at one level is associated with differentiation at the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attempts to radically alter the behavior of individuals have been notably unsuccessful and call for explanation. It is suggested that: (1) Radical change, as opposed to ordinary change, requires resocialization rather than ordinary socialization; (2) Resocialization requires an intervening process of desocialization, a process in which the efficacy of old values is erased; (3) Desocialization occurs when interpersonal relations disintegrate. Operant conditions of social disintegration, and hence desocialization, are described for prisons and other total institutions where staff-inmate conflict is an important system-maintenance device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories supporting the integrative role of religion have been questioned mainly on the ground that in complex and multi-religious societies, doctrinal differences between denominations result in differences in social behavior, thus contributing to a lack of integration. The present data indicate that, at least in reference to American businessmen and the American business creed, acceptance of the differences among denominations are not determined directly by differences in doctrines, but by social processes operating independent from these doctrines. Serving as a mechanism of boundary maintenance and integration, the particular doctrine helps the denominational social system become autonomous and responsive to other systems. Because denominational social systems have different status, size and rate of growth, inter- action among them is instrumental and leads to the development of secular rationalities such as the acceptance of the business creed, which operate independent from the doctrine and help them adjust themselves to each other and to the larger society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociologists usually assume that maximum socialization is optimal for a system without considering the effects of differential socialization. At a gross level, socialization can be conceived in terms of value commitment and behavioral conformity which may vary independently. Their combined variation produces four types with different systemic effects. Two are functional under normal conditions and two others in crisis. Thus, the integrative importance of values and behavior shifts with the state of the system, with social stability and change pressures. The functionality of maximum socialization is questioned on several grounds, including its social and economic costs, the effects of requiring the deepest social commitments to be pervasive or highly selective and the demands of social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theory is presented that cultural transmission through the family is greater in same-sex than cross-sex lineages due to the greater social cohesiveness of the former. The theory is further specified as to which normative areas will show the most intergenerational continuity in all-male or all-female lineages. The theory is examined in the light of data obtained from a sample of three-generation families composed of grandparents, parents and married children. The findings offer support for several aspects of the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theory of friendship is proposed which emphasizes the importance of the interaction process to the participants' choice of friends. It is suggested that persons will prefer for friends those with whom they have experienced encounters which are validating, successful and effective. Validation is defined as the correspondence between the actor's self-image and the impression of others; success is defined as the favorableness of the other's responses; and effectiveness is defined as the correspondence between the self actor intended to project and the other's impression. The major implication of the theory is tested in the small group setting and the results indicate the empirical validity of the theoretical propositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychologically, privacy is a self-related subjective experience which may include one or many persons. It is also recognized and defined, formally and informally, in the culture. Both individually and collectively, privacy is structured in relation to variations in the things which acquire privacy meanings, the persons who arouse privacy responses and the situational contexts within which behavior has privacy connotations. Empirical exploration of public and personal definitions of privacy is needed. Such research would help clarify the potential value of this concept for analysis of many problems in social psychology and sociology, a few of them being presented here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social Psychology is shown as having, in its rejection of grand theory, also abandoned many of its significant problems. The field of social psychology is defined in relation to sociology and psychology. The latter are each dealing with a complete logical system, which may or may not be in conflict or leave certain areas undefined. Social psychology is defined as an interstitial science covering the situations where actions of the individual and the forces of organized society interact. The need for full-range theory is shown and examples are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CM square analysis of quantitative data from four studies indicates a complex relationship between socioeconomic rank and choice of close associates. Under some conditions, "equals" are chosen; under others, "superiors." Hypotheses are suggested regarding the nature of the relationship(s) involved. The logical and statistical problems encountered are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on community power and a typology of social issues. It is the purpose of this article to point out the importance of concern with the type of issue under consideration by decision makers and to suggest the basis for a typology of issues. The primary focus of recent research on community decision making has been on the identification of decision makers and the description of their background characteristics and interpersonal relations within a given community context. Relatively little attention has been given to the systematic analysis of the conditions under which influencing behavior occurs. As A researcher, Peter Rossi has indicated, one set of such conditions involves issue content, and, in the thinking of the present authors, this condition has been greatly neglected. Failure to consider the impact of issue content on the selection of influential's has led to problems in building models adequate to describe structures of community influence. A second problem which is central to the understanding of the influencing process relates to observations that not all issues come to the attention of the most influential decision makers.

The article focuses on the approaches to the study of worker-manager relations. The two theories "Human Relations in Industry" and "Conflict of Interest theory" about industrial organization seem to conflict in all major points. Human Relations in Industry emphasizes the possibility of cooperation between workers and managers within the present industrial order. The Conflict of Interest approach, assumes conflict as the normal relationship between workers and managers. Human Relations in Industry is referred to as managerial sociology with the charge that sociologists are used to further the ends of management at the expense of workers. The article analyzes the theoretical differences between these two schools of thought in order to show that the approaches are, complementary rather than mutually exclusive and that they are parts of a common framework for the study of industry as a social system. The Conflict of Interest viewpoint is distinguished by the fact that certain problems are considered to the exclusion of all others. This unifying characteristic can be traced back to the influence of Marxian theory.

The hypothesis discussed herein is an example of the use of what is known as the natural history approach to the study of human behavior. This approach when applied to revolutionary movements has yielded the postulate that such movements pass through four stages in their development. Before undertaking to outline the revolutionary process, it is necessary to undergird such a description of revolutionary behavior with a brief statement of the way human behavior looks to contemporary students of the "science of human relationships." In answer to the question, "What is human behavior?" there is an increasing tendency to reply that human behavior is a function of the development of socially-acquired attitudes toward culturally-held values. From the point of view of the social forms within which collective behavior goes on, a revolutionary movement may be thought of as a development in the course of which a mass is transformed into a crowd, a crowd becomes a public, and a public evolves into a society.

The article presents information on a study which examines the linkage between martial choice and personality needs. In this article the author identifies two kings of linkage between the above said linkage: First, personality needs are a direct outgrowth of early childhood affectional relationships with one or both parents. Second, needs are not merely an outgrowth of early affectional relationships with parents. Research bearing upon both aspects of the general theory concerning effect of personality needs upon marital choice has been largely psychoanalytic and clinical. There have been no statistical studies testing the theory. This study is the outcome of an attempt to check, through both statistical and interview data, the general theory. Interview data were collected from 50 engaged or recently-married women. Statistical evidence supported the hypothesis that the person's major personality needs may influence one's choice of a marriage partner. The relationship between personality needs and parent-images, pointed to by analysis of interview data, is substantially one where the child experiences certain affectional relationships with its parents.

It is more important to know the extent of the reserves of human talent than the quantity of fuel still in the earth, for the former is the original of all culture and civilization. It is for this reason that author wishes to set down a few observations on the problem of the conservation of human energies from the point of view of the relationship of social origin to achievement or fame. There may be some objection to author's statement of the problem of the conservation of human energies in terms of the relationship of social origin to fame, on the ground that fame is not an adequate index of the amount of talent available in a population at any one time and the extent to which it is being employed. To this objection the reply may be made, that there exists no other way by which the problem may be approached. At the present moment the only data available for an inquiry of the sort here proposed, which at the same time are fairly complete and reliable, are found in biographical dictionaries and encyclopedias. Although fame or success depends in general upon other facts than those of inherited ability and knowledge, a study of famous men does produce a rough estimate of how many able men there are in a population who could perform great works if the occasion for doing so were present.

The article discusses about the way to improve the content of social case records. The purpose of this article is to find out a form of case-recording which would afford the most limpid medium through which to observe or manipulate most effectively the group-personal situations involved. It examines some social-psychological difficulties, which are involved. Quotation marks alone will not improve a record. The reader may get a greater sense of reality. A difficulty in the way of the so called verbatim case-report is, of course, its length, involving time, energy and money. It is claimed that the omission of irrelevant matter will leave the verbatim record no bulkier than the old. But this merely creates a dilemma. For, as pointed out, if the verbatim report is to be selective, and the material perhaps classified under the traditional headings, the element of personal equation or stereotyped bias is reintroduced in a new, more subtle though perhaps less obfuscating form. It would be nice for everybody except possibly the clients, to have elaborated records for all cases, if that were possible.

The subject of sociology is in process of development and is passing through somewhat the same stages as have the older sciences. These stages which are invariably more or less common in all may be designated, in a general way, as the philosophical, experimental and organizational. Sociology at present is emerging from the realm of the philosophical by putting more and more dependence in observation and classification. In the attempts of the past two or three decades the sociologists in trying to make sociology a science have made numerous excursions into various realms of learning, but especially into anthropology, psychology, and statistics. Another group of sociologists, not having been satisfied with anthropological explanations, have turned to psychology. The hypothesis upon which they worked was that it was impossible to explain the groups and organizations without knowing thoroughly the individual. While the teachers of sociology have been writing and teaching in the fields of anthropology and social psychology, the social workers, social reformers, and statisticians have been producing tables, columns of figures, and graphs.