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This section presents a bibliography of books on sociology.

This article presents a list of books related to sociology, political and economics. Some of the books are "An Introduction to Anthropology," 3rd ed., by Ralph L. Beals and Harry Hoijer; "Social Foundations of Human Behavior: Introduction to the Study of Sociology," by Earl H. Bell and John Sirjamaki; "The Role of Trade Associations and Professional Business Societies in America," by Joseph F. Bradley; "Public Opinion: Nature, Formation, and Role," by Harwood L. Childs; "The Prehistory of East Africa," by Sonia Cole; "Men of Ideas: A Sociologist's View," by Lewis A. Coser; "Problems in Social and Political Thought: A Philosophical Introduction," by Whitaker T. Deininger; "The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956," by Dwight D. Eisenhower; "Hostages of Fortune: Child Labor Problems in New York State," by Jeremy P. Felt; "Psychology in Scientific Thinking," by Ernst Friedlander; "A Comparative Study of the White and the Negro High School Students' Use of Alcohol in Two Mississippi Communities," by Gerald Globetti and Margaret McReynolds; "Magna Carta: Text and Commentary," by A. E. Dick Howard; "Farewell to Eden," by Matthew Huxley and Cornell Capa and "Steaming: An Education System in Miniature," by Brian Jackson.

The article presents a list of various books related to sociology received by the editorial department of the journal. Various books included in this list are "The Mind of Africa," by W.E. Abraham, "Piritim A. Sorokin in Review," edited by Philip J. Allen, "Economic Development: Objectives and Methods," by Paul Alpert, "Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section, 1962," "Eichmann in Jerusalem," by Hannah Arendt, "On Revolution," by Hannah Arendt, "I Giovani Nella Societa Industriale," Guido Baglioni, "Expanding Population in a Shrinking World," by Marston Bates, "Leadership and Dynamic Group Action," by George M. Beal, Joe M. Bohlen and J. Neil Raudabaugh, "The Structure and Dynamics of Organizations and Groups," by Eric Berne, "Learning Your Way Through College," by Elton S. Carter and Iline Fife, "Homes, School and Work: A Study of the Education and Employment of Young People in Britain," by M.P. Carter, "Conflict and Conformity: A Probability Model and Its Application," by Bernard P. Cohen, "The Cutteslowe Walls: A Study in Social Class," by Peter Collison, etc.

The article presents a list of new books on sociology. Some of the books are: "A New Sex Ethics and Marriage Structure," by Marion Bassett; " Population, Manpower, and Economic Development of Eastern Europe," by Samuel Baum; "The Sociology of Education: A Sourcebook," by Robert R. Bell; "The Planning of Change: Readings in the Applied Behavioral Sciences," edited by Warren G. Bennis and Kenneth D. Benne and Robert Chin and "Clinical Process: The Assessment of Data in Childhood Personality Disorders," by E. Kono Beller.

The article presents a list of books on sociology. Some of the books included in the list are: "The Genetic Code," by Isaac Asimov; "The Super-Americans," by John Bainbridge; "Social Deviancy and Adolescent Personality," by John C. Ball; "Leadership and Dynamic Group Action," by George M. Beal, Joe M. Bohlen, and J. Neil Raudabaugh; "Almost White: A Study of Certain Racial Hybrids in the Eastern United States," by Brewton Berry; "Explorations in Cognitive Dissonance," by Jack W. Brehm and Arthur R. Cohen.

The expansion of precarious work in recent decades has motivated a large body of research on its implications for health. While considerable work has focused on whether precarious work undermines health, much less is known about why it matters. To fill this gap, this paper offers and tests a conceptual model whereby the effects of precarious work on health are mediated by social marginality, specifically reduced self-efficacy, weaker social integration, and lower social capital. All three mechanisms are understood as both social consequences of precarious work and important determinants of health. Empirically, we use data from the European Social Survey and investigate (1) conditional direct effects of precarious work on self-rated health and (2) extent of mediation via the three mechanisms. Furthermore, we assess the generalizability of the model across five welfare state regimes that prior work has deemed to be important moderators of the health–precarious work relationship. Results indicate precarious work has significant conditional direct effects and indirect effects through all three mediators that significantly reduce effect of precarious work on health. This is robust in the general sample and for four of five welfare state regimes. These findings highlight a previously unexplored vector connecting precarious work to health and indicate that the effects of precarious work on perceptions of self and social relations is a key link to poorer health. The study also expands conceptualization of the broad role of socioeconomic status for health inequalities and furthers understanding of the mechanisms at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how social capital is divided across classes in Chile, one of the most unequal countries in the world. We analyse the extent to which upper-, middle-, and lower class individuals congregate in social networks with similar others, while following Bourdieu and expecting that in particular the networks of the higher social strata are segregated in terms of social capital. We test our argument with large-scale, representative survey data for the Chilean urban population aged 18–75 years (n  = 2,517) and build an integrated indicator of people's social class that combines measures of education, occupational class, and household income. Our regression analyses show that upper-class individuals have larger networks and access to more varied and prestigious social resources than their middle- and lower class counterparts. Interestingly, however, we found a U-shaped relationship between social class and class homogeneity, indicating that network segregation is high at the top as well as at the bottom of the class-based social strata. In contrast, the classes in the middle have more heterogeneous class networks, possibly forming an important bridge between the "edges" of the class structure. These findings demonstrate that whereas social and economic capital cumulates in higher classes, the lower classes are socially deprived next to their economic disadvantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of a request from the City Club of Denver in September, 1924, a study of the newsboys of the city was made by the department of sociology of the University of Denver. The object of the survey was to find the facts, without any preconceived notions, in regard to the newsboys, their ages, nationalities, schools records, incomes, their hours of work, home conditions, delinquencies; the occupations of their parents, their parents attitudes toward their work. The results, while by no means startling, were of sufficient value to warrant their preservation and passing on to other cities. In order to have some basis for study, a schedule was prepared which covered the items mentioned above and several others besides. The work was done by seven students from the department of sociology. Four sources of information were available and the workers were distributed according to the size of the tasks. First, there was the street survey. This included all newsboys under eighteen who sold papers on the streets of Denver. Of course, a few newsboys were missed, but this survey includes all of the regular downtown newsboys who sell in daytime and most of those who sell at night. The next source of information was the homes of the boys. The home visit was prepared for by telling the boy in advance of the workers visit.

Although overtly concerned with overseas cultural groups, this paper considers social systems in terms of ethnic boundaries, structures, variables and policies. Systems of ethnic status structuralization are outlined; a classification of historic ethnic status systems is proposed; correlates of ethnic identity are formulated; types of boundary patterns are associated with types of ethnic orientation; and the pressures toward ethnic solidarity are associated with degrees of societal specialization and division of labor. The orientation of the paper is historical, cross-cultural and structural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For some years, there has been a growing realization among social scientists that the culture concept needs a careful reexamination. Any doubt about this need should have been removed by the recent analytical survey "Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions." The present paper is such a reexamination and is a sequel and clarification of an earlier analysis by the writer. The central analytical concept of this paper is indicated by the term symbolic ideas. The advantage of this concept is that it permits the solution of problems regarding the nature of culture which cannot be discovered, stated, or solved by means of any other concept. One of the principal reasons why many basic problems about the nature of culture have not been solved long ago is that analyzers have not been using the proper conceptual tools with which to state clearly the issues. This paper shows that the concept of symbolic ideas should be welcomed as a long-needed tool with which to do this important job.

The article presents information on several books. Some of the books are "The Sociology of the Family," by Dwight Sanderson and Robert G. Foster; "Problems for Parent Educators," edited by Eduard C. Lindeman and Flora M. Thurston; "Studies in Child Welfare"; "Medical Facilities in the United States," by Allon Peebles; "Marriage," by Oliver M. Butterfield; "A Sociological Case Study of a Foster Child," by Walter C. Reckless; "Suggestions for the Sociological Study of Problem Children," by Walter C. Reckless; "The Extent of Illness and of Physical and Mental Defects Prevailing in the United States," by Alden B. Mills; "Conditions of Work in Spin Rooms," by Ethel L. Best; "The Standard of Living at the Professional Level, 1816-17 and 1926-27," by Chase Going Woodhouse; "Habit Training for Children"; "Studies in Child Welfare."

This article presents list of new books received by the journal "Social Forces." Some of the books are "Return From Enlightenment," by Forest K. Davis, "Demographic Technique of Fertility Analysis," by Donald J. Bogue, "The Fertility Complaints and Contraceptive History. Techniques for Measuring Contraceptive Use-Effectiveness," by Donald J. Bogue and James Nelson, "Sociology of Social Research," by Jack F. Kinton, "Politics and Punishment: A History of the Louisiana State Penal System," by Mark T. Carleton, "The Biological Imperatives: Health, Politics and Human Survival," by Allan Chase, "American Labor Since the New Deal," edited by Melvyn Dubofsky, "A Mosaic of America's Ethnic Minorities," by Donald Keith Fellows, "The State of the Cities: Report of the Commission on the Cities in the '70s," by Fred R. Harris and John V. Lindsay, "Soviet Communism and the Socialist Vision," by edited by Julius Jacoson, and "The Political Economy of the New Left: An Outsider's View," by Assas Lindbeck.

Stratification and inequality are among the most central concepts in sociology, and although related, they are fundamentally distinct: inequality refers to the extent to which resources are distributed unevenly across individuals or between population subgroups, whereas stratification refers to the extent to which population subgroups occupy distinct hierarchical layers within an overall resource distribution. Despite the centrality of stratification in theories of class structure, prior empirical studies have focused exclusively on measures of inequality, which do not accurately capture the degree of class stratification and suffer from a variety of methodological limitations. In this paper, we employ a novel rank-based index of stratification to measure the degree to which occupational classes inhabit distinct, non-overlapping, and hierarchically arranged layers in the distribution of personal market income. The stratification index is nonparametric, both scale and translation invariant, and independent of the level of inequality. Based on this index, our results show that the US income distribution is highly stratified by occupational class and that the degree of class stratification increased substantially from 1980 to 2016. Moreover, we find that this trend is almost entirely due to growing stratification among aggregate occupational classes rather than among the disaggregate occupations nested within them. Finally, a set of counterfactual analyses indicate that the rise of occupational class stratification is driven by increases in the income returns to education, deunionization, and deindustrialization, although the relative importance of these factors varies by gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the direct influence of newspapers on public opinion on certain specific public issues. The aim is to discover to what extent a person's attitude on public questions, on which the press is assumed to be so influential, correlates with the attitude on these questions of the newspaper to which he is most frequently exposed. For this purpose 940 of the residents of the city of Seattle were selected at random. 590 men and 350 women were interviewed and schedules filled out with their answers. For the purpose of this inquiry, four public questions which had been prominently before the electorate within the last eight months preceding the investigation were selected and each person asked his position on these questions. In a different connection the person was asked what newspaper he read most frequently. The results of this part of the inquiry indicates the degree of relationship, or lack of relationship, between the readers' attitude on a public question and the attitude of the newspaper which each group read most frequently.

This paper considers some sociological aspects of aging within contemporary society and is concerned most specifically with the process by which the aging male assumes and maintains appropriate statuses and roles in his social world. This study is based on two assumptions. First, a person, as a member of society, must progress during his life through a series of more or less sequentially compatible and harmonious social statuses. The second assumption which must be stated is that in a rapidly changing society, the role requirements of the status series are not static. This has been an attempt to approach the phenomenon of aging in contemporary society through theories of socialization, decision making, prestige age groups, and social roles. This research paper applies the concept of socialization to later life stages, and the exploration of the significance of self-other role-reversal of socializing agent and object (parent and child) in terms of necessary revisions in the oldster's self-definitions, concepts, and evaluations of his status.

The object of the present paper is to explore the implications of the two statements cited above by means of an analysis of selected aspects of both the infant discipline and the post-infant experience of a sample of third grade children in the village of Pelpola, Raiygam Koralle. The selection has been made so as to focus on four subjects which, on the basis of current theories, should be of crucial importance for an understanding of Sinhalese personality. The vast majority of the population of Ceylon are villagers and the village chosen is reasonably representative of a large block of this population. It has been under continuous study, both formal and informal, for a period of over three years. The data reported in this paper are based on interviews with the mothers of all children who were or should have been attending the third standard in the village school. There were 48 children in this universe. There were no refusals in interviewing the mothers, but complete child training data could not be obtained for three children due to a case each of desertion, mental illness, and death.

This paper describes an exploratory field study carried out to ascertain the pattern of assimilation among East Indian immigrants in California. It was found that the Hindustani immigrants, because of their small numbers and their pattern of living in individual isolation, are prevented from forming their own ethnic communities. In this paper, the term Hindustani refers to immigrants from India and includes Hindu, Sikh, and Moslem immigrants. They constitute one of the smallest Oriental groups in the U.S.— 2,405 in 1940— and are the least known of all ethnic groups in this country. Of the total Hindustani population in the U.S. in 1940, 61.4 percent resided in California. Many have lived there for over thirty years. The majority of California Hindustanis are emigrants from rural villages in the Punjab, with a handful from Gujarat, Bengal, Oudh, and Madras. This study focused on four aspects of Hindustani life— residential pattern, occupational interactions, community life, family and home life.

This article presents a list of books related to sociology. Various books that are included in the list are, "The Active Society: A Theory of Societal and Political Processes," by Amitai Etzioni, "Philosophy Today," by Jerry H. Gill, "Models of Economic Growth," by Daniel Hamberg, "The Legacy of Max Weber," by L.M. Lachman, "Sociology in Its Place and Other Essays," by W.G. Runciman, "Looking for America: Essays on Youth, Suburbia, and Other American Obsessions," by Bennett M. Berger, "Student Violence," by Edward Bloomberg, "Dimensions of Urban Social Structure: The Social Areas of Melbourne, Australia," by F. Lancaster Jones, "The Lutheran Ethic: The Impact of Religion on Laymen and Clergy," by Lawrence L. Kersten, "Student Activism," by Paul D. Knott, "The Contexts of Social Mobility: Ideology and Theory," by Anselm L. Strauss, "The Democratic Citizen: Social Science and Democratic Theory in the Twentieth Century," by Dennis F. Thompson and "Functionaries: Problems of American Society," by F. William Howton.

This article presents a photograph of sociologist Howard W. Odum. The photograph is published in the December 1954 issue of the periodical "Social Forces."

A number of major considerations emerged fairly clearly from meetings held in 1928 of the section on Sociology and Social Work. The more important of them may perhaps be indicated in terms of the following questions, are the social research and social work attitudes compatible?, and more specifically, should social workers be expected to subject their own processes of work, such as come into play in the interview, for instance, to objective analysis and investigation?, can social workers so write their case records as to make them more available for sociological research without jeopardizing their value as social work documents? and what definite suggestions and contributions has sociology to make to the treatment of specific social work problems such as family discord. These are complex considerations which cannot be dismissed dogmatically with the formulation of a single point of view and this year's meetings seem to have been definitely planned with a view to throwing additional light op them. There were four meetings of the section this year, devoted respectively to the discussion of the following topics, "Some Contributions of Sociological Theory to Social Work," "A Sociological Analysis of the Contents of 2,000 Social Case Records With Special Reference to the Treatment of Family Discord," "A Study of Social Case Work Interviews," and "Is Prediction Feasible in Social Work? An Inquiry Based Upon a Sociological Study of Parole Records."

The article presents information about several books related to sociology. "Diverging Parallels: A Comparison of American and European Thought and Action," edited by A.N.J. den Hollander, is a collection of papers presented at two meetings of the European Association for American Studies, ferreting out likenesses and differences in European and American cultures. Comparisons touch war and diplomacy, education, conceptions of the tragic, romantic and heroic, the idea of evil and thought processes. "Religion's Influence in Contemporary Society: Readings in the Sociology of Religion," edited by Joseph E. Faulkner, is a judicious selection of theoretical and empirical studies arranged under four headings: efforts to delimit the field of study, religion in the church: members, leadership, and organizational structure, the church in society, and religion and social change: urbanization, secularization, and the future. "Black Psyche: the Modal Personality Patterns of Black Americans," edited by Stanley S. Guterman, is a useful collection of materials that suggest the social construction of a modal personality among the U.S. blacks. Contributions, chiefly by sociologists, arc grouped under three headings: the social and historical backdrop, characteristics of the modal personality, and personality influences on behavior.

This paper is a condensation of an empirical study of Fort Hall, Idaho, an Indian Reservation of the Shashone-Bannock Tribes. The focus of the paper is upon those areas of the social structure of the community which are reflected in, or seen as contributory aspects to, the psycho-social problems of juvenile and adult delinquency. The categories and incidence of juvenile and adult law violations are selectively presented statistically and evaluated in relation to the above conditions and characteristics within the community and in the interrelationship with the surrounding communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to the belief of many who have read George Homans' recent works, he is not the first sociologist to make explicit use of the concept of exchange. From 1883 to 1885 Albert Chavannes published in The Sociologist a series of papers titled "Studies in Sociology" which treated "The Law of Exchange" and three other social laws. Chavannes' use of the exchange concept was very similar to Homans'. Also, Chavannes emphasized the importance of a systematic empirical sociology but did not contribute to it as Homans has done. This comparison of the two men fills a gap in the history of American sociology and puts Homans' recent contributions in historical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociologists and anthropologists often say that personality or individual behavior is the result of learning the culture. Another way to express this idea is to say that personality is a product of social conditioning. The typical sociological bias about personality is a heavy emphasis on social pressures on the individual. This common view in sociology, that personality is essentially a mold filled by social experience, is often conveyed to students by the sociological climate of opinion, an unspoken but communicated assumption. The purpose of this article is to point out some of the implications of the view of individual behavior in terms of a teachable organism moving in an environment in which the right moves are learned through reward and punishment. Briefly, this paper tries to point out that certain other assumptions about personality and culture are to be found associated with or are implicit in the idea that personality results from learning the culture. These assumptions, and the learning theory most commonly used, are in general mechanistic and reductionist. If sociologists are going to analyze personality as learning the culture, they will either have to accept the related assumptions or eliminate them on valid grounds.

The article presents information on "International Congress of Sociology," D. Gusti, President of the 14th International Congress of Sociology, urged American sociologists to participate as actively as possible in the Congress. If they can not attend it personally, he asked them to send their papers to be read at the Congress and to be published in the volume of the Proceedings of the Congress. He indicates that so far the number of American papers is much smaller than that from European countries.

In recently developed hierarchical age-period-cohort (HAPC) models, inferential questions arise: How can one assess or judge the significance of estimates of individual cohort and period effects in such models? And how does one assess the overall statistical significance of the cohort and/or the period effects? Beyond statistical significance is the question of substantive significance. This paper addresses these questions. In the context of empirical applications of linear and generalized linear mixed-model specifications of HAPC models using data on verbal test scores and voter turnout in U.S. presidential elections, respectively, we describe a two-step approach and a set of guidelines for assessing statistical significance. The guidelines include assessments of patterns of effects and statistical tests both for the effects of individual cohorts and time periods as well as for entire sets of cohorts and periods. The empirical applications show strong evidence that trends in verbal test scores are primarily cohort driven, while voter turnout is primarily a period phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Scholar Earle E. Eubank's discussion of contributions of sociological theory to social work is a more ambitious undertaking than the usual efforts in this field for it presents several case analyses in terms of sociological concepts supplemented by a list of principles that he believes are derived from social theory. However much one may commend Eubank for his courage in dealing boldly and frankly with this much debated issue, his statement of the case for sociology is not at all likely to be convincing to the social worker. A defense of sociology on the conceptual plane has serious limitations because concepts have real meaning only for those who have been trained to use them as tools in their thinking. A social worker whose professional education has included a thorough study of sociology might read Eubank's paper with approval, since he has become accustomed to think about social problems in terms of such concepts. The typical social worker, however, is likely to be more familiar with psychological and psychiatric terms and therefore could easily make the claim that his vocabulary is equally, if not more illuminating than that of the sociologist. Moreover, when he studies Eubank's analysis of the case stories, he can not help but be perplexed to find that concepts which he had taken over from the fields of psychology and psychiatry are here set forth as contributions of sociological theory to social work.

The article presents a list of new books on sociology received for the journal "Social Forces." Some of the books included in this list are: "The Age of Anxiety. A Baroque Eclogue," by W.H. Auden; "Rubber Policies of the National Defence Advisory Commission and the Office of Production Management, May 1940 to December 1941," by George W. Auxier; "Soviet Foreign Trade," by Alexander Baykov; "Wartime Apparel Price Control," by Wilfred Carsel; "The United States. Experiment in Democracy," by Avery Craven and Walter Johnson; "As You Sow," by Walter Goldschmidt; "Field Songs of Chhattisgarh," by S.C. Dube.

This section introduces the articles featured in the June 2004 issue of Social Forces. In the June issue, the editor Richard L. Simpson retires from his position as co-editor. Judith Blau will become editor on July 1, 2004. 2004 was a year of many changes at Social Forces. The editors are extremely sad to lose Paul Mihas as the Managing Editor at the end of June 2004, when the Journal moves completely to the Department of Sociology. The journal is well on its way to implementing electronic management of manuscripts and reviews, anticipating the full transition to online-submission capability sometime in Summer 2004. The first article in the issue is Patricia Yancey Martin's presidential address that she delivered at the 2003 meetings of the Southern Sociological Society: Gender as Social Institution. Following the peer-reviewed articles is a section that includes a paper by Michael Burawoy, Public Sociologies: Contradictions, Dilemmas and Possibilities, along with rejoinders by Francois Nielsen, David Brady, and Charles Tittle. Catherine Zimmer, President of the North Carolina Sociological Association (NCSA), introduces these four papers that are based on a session at the NCSA. Judith will continue to devote a short, bracketed section of each issue of Social Forces devoted to Commentary and Debate.

In this paper, I trace the development of statistical significance testing standards in sociology by analyzing data from articles published in two prestigious sociology journals between 1935 and 2000. I focus on the role of two key elements in the diffusion literature, contagion and rationality, as well as the role of institutional factors. I find that statistical significance testing flourished in the 20th century. Contagion processes and the suitability of significance testing given a study's data characteristics encourage the diffusion of significance testing, whereas institutional factors such as department prestige and particular editorships help explain growing popularity of the .05 alpha level and use of the "three-star system" of symbolic codes (i.e., *p < = .05, **p < = .01, ***p < = .001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considerable sociological work shows that the human rights regime is rapidly expanding through isomorphic processes. We provide new insight into human rights diffusion through an analysis of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), a global forum in which all states receive human rights recommendations from their peers. We convert the roughly 50,000 recommendations from the first two cycles of the UPR into a relational dataset of states making and receiving recommendations, inductively modeling this process of human rights diffusion through latent class regression. Building on research in the new institutionalism, we find that asymmetric relationships between states make it less likely for human rights recommendations to be accepted, with accepted recommendations tending to be more general and easier to implement. We argue that these partnership patterns provide evidence for normative corridors that give world society its shape. By drawing together world society approaches with relational sociology, we develop new insights into the structuration of human rights and normative change more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper criticizes the deskilling hypothesis for temporal change in occupations. Case studies of occupations alleged to support the deskilling hypothesis have typically been insensitive to the internal heterogeneity found within occupations, and to the fact that the boundary between adjacent occupations located on the same functional hierarchy can shift over time. When these factors are explicitly taken into account, it is found that apparently compelling evidence for the thesis of clerical downgrading better supports an alternative explanation, which might be called the process of status redefinition, an aspect of the process of professionalization. The case of clerical workers in the federal government is examined in some detail, Available evidence supports the argument that status redefinition occurred. Status redefinition and des killing are not mutually exclusive explanations for change, though they do conflict in important respects. This paper suggests that case studies of occupations should focus on functional hierarchies, rather than specific occupations, in order to avoid the comparability problems which arise when occupational boundaries change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suburban exploitation of the central city was once a hotly contested issue, but the exodus of people and jobs from the city and the involvement of the federal government in urban service provision have moved it from the forefront of scholarly attention. Those same developments, however argue for more rather than less attention to exploitation, and the purpose of this paper is to offer some of that. Using data collected for 188 relatively comparable American SMS As for 1960, 1970, and 1980, the paper begins with a replication of an earlier study by Kasarda of suburban demands for city service spending. It then extends that research to 1980 and expands it to asses suburban participation in city retail sales generation as well. The results indicate a substantive narrowing over time of suburban demands for city services, but a sizeable and growing gap nonetheless between expenditures demanded and retail revenues provided. The paper than turns to an analysis that attempts to test empirically th relative merits of ecological and politicoeconomic explanation for these changes. The results of that test are more supportive of the former then the latter; hence, the paper concludes with an interpretation of them that links to underlying ecological processes the changing social psychological perspective on the city and its role in social life held by surrounding suburban dwellers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comment on the article "Definitional Dependency Is Dead. Does Chaos Still Reign? A Possible Resolution of the Ratio-Correlation Dilemma," by Alexandar MacMillan and Richard L. Daft that appeared in the June 1984 issue of the journal "Social Forces." Authors welcome MacMillan and Daft's effort to reconcile and integrate authors' results with theirs. Their three recommendations, taken by themselves, seem quite appropriate, but not necessarily sufficient, for dealing with the ratio-correlation problem. Authors still disagree with some important points in their discussion of these recommendations, and so they are happy to have this additional chance to address the issues involved and to provide some clarification and possible resolution of the dilemma. MacMillan and Daft are correct about definitional dependency; it does not seem to be a problem because no inherent bias or systematic distortion exists in the relationship between organization size and measures of the administrative component. That seems clear from MacMillan and Daft's first paper and from authors. Definitional dependency, once thought to be problematic, now seems to be a dead issue. Despite the demise of definitional dependency, authors' paper highlighted a related issue that remains serious. It concerns the potential lack of consistency among the inferences about scale relationships that one using different analytic techniques on the same samples.

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a paradigm for the sociology of time. After exploring some defining characteristics of social time, it presents a preliminary typology of social times corresponding to different levels of social structure. The linkages among levels of social structure and the temporal variables of embeddedness, synchronicity, and stratification raise important questions about the ways in which the forms of social time may be related. From the typology concrete propositions are extracted which address these questions as well as the question of how these relationships may affect organizations and individuals. Finally, the paper suggests possible ways to ground parts of the theoretical presentation in operationalized hypotheses ready for empirical testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Beginning with Durkheim and surveying representative works in social anthropology that reflect the Durkheimian perspective, this paper traces the movement from a sociologistic to a culturalistic emphasis. A classical period of structuralist-functionalist initiated by Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown was followed by two developments: a dynamicist school, which elaborated the processual aspect of the social order in relation to culture, and a social structuralist school, which elaborated the structural aspect. From the second derived the cultural structuralist approach, which treats cultural structure rather independently of society; Claude Levi-Strauss and his Anglo-American counterparts represent this development. A concluding section considers possibilities for new paradigms that both synthesize and transcend previous trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comment on the paper "Technology in Evolutionary and Comparative Perspective: Theory and Measurement at the Societal Level" by sociologists W. Parker Frisbie and Clifford J. Clarke. It comments that the paper by Frisbie and Clarke reviews human ecological and neo-evolutionary definitions of technology and presents and validates a composite index of technology for 66 nations in 1970. The index includes diverse facets of nations' energy-processing ability, transportation, science, manufacturing, agriculture, and communications. This work is valuable for its attempt to make variables operational in light of sociological theory, but it neglects some subtleties in the idea of technology. In particular, different definitions do not converge as fully as Frisbie and Clarke claim; and the index they present probably does not represent technology equally over its full range, at least by one definition of technology. Their index also raises the issues of whether technology is best understood as an analytical or as a global property , and whether it should be understood at the national or the world-system level.

ABSTRACT This paper tests two divergent explanations of income: one model based on human capital variables, the other based on neo-Marxian, structural variables. In particular, our paper extends the work of political economists and the very recent work of sociologists (especially, Bibb and Form, Beck et al., and Wright and Perrone). Our sample was a national one drawn from a larger study conducted by the National Opinion Research Center; the final sample consisted of 763 members of the labor force (415 males and 348 females). While the human capital variables produced greater explained variance than the structural variables, in a combined model the structural variables increased the explanatory power by 27 percent. The structural model worked better for men; the human capital model worked better for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which examined the relationship between the area, expanse of societies, the development of communication and transportation technologies and the size of their governments. Sociologists and ecologists have long discussed the important effects social density is presumed to have on major dimensions of social organization and recently a theoretical paper, implied that a social system's conduciveness to interaction might be estimated on the basis of three structural parameters, population size, the average distance between people and the technology available for overcoming distance. This paper will extend evaluation of the "structural conduciveness" approach, and its utility in explicating this aspect of organizational structure, by examining the effects of area-distance and contact technology on the relative size of governments. These two system parameters are presumed to have effects on social density which will be reflected in the relative size of the subsystems charged with monitoring and regulating system activity. The measure of administrative intensity to be used in this study is the percent of total population employed in government. This figure is analogous to the administrative intensity has been used as an index of administrative intensity in organization research.

The article discusses the letters written by sociologists Franklin H. Giddings, Lester F. Ward, and Albion Small. These letters illustrates the relations existing between Giddings and Ward and Small. The correspondence of Giddings with Ward started after their initial meeting at a session of the American Economic Association where Giddings presented a paper on the "Sociological Character of Political Economy." Ward defended Giddings' paper in what was the first public endorsement of Giddings' sociological views. The excerpts from the letters of Small complete the illustration of the relationship between Giddings and Ward.

In the field of sociology, perhaps one of the most useful devices for the graphic presentation of facts is the cartogram or statistical map. Recently there has been an increasing emphasis on the ecological and statistical phases of social analysis. This development has given the map much greater significance and utility in the methodology of sociology. The cartogram, like many other forms of diagrams, is essentially an illustrative' method by which several sets of facts,-geographical, ecological, magnitudinal, or typical,-are shown simultaneously in such a visually and statistically logical way that the mind can comprehend these facts and their relationships with a minimum amount of time and effort. Although by no means clearly distinct from one another, there are, from a sociological point of view, five types of cartograms, the social base map, the cross-hatched map, the colored map, the spot-map and a composite of two or more of the preceding types. This discussion will be devoted entirely to the spot-map. Notwithstanding that the spot-map is characteristically quite elementary, if not, as some critics say, superficial, yet it can be delineated so that it shows several variables at once with specificity, accuracy and clarity. The purpose of this paper is to discuss two multiple variable spot-maps as typical examples of this method of presenting statistical and ecological data graphically.

The author says that, in the fall of 1915, a committee of students in one of his quiz sections was given as a project the study of the reactions of students to the course. An anonymous questionnaire was prepared with the assistance of the teacher. Replies were received from 119 of the 300 taking the course. This article is based upon the report of the committee. The student usually confers with his quiz master before selecting his topic, and in many cases during its preparation. He is encouraged to choose a group which he can study at first hand in an objective, quantitative, impersonal manner. Needless to say, most of the students taking the first course are not sociology majors. Many of them have chosen no major at all, since they are mostly under-classmen. The effect of the discussion group class in socializing the student is shown by the number of acquaintances made in the class. The investigation given in the study was made about six weeks after the beginning of the quarter. Students were asked if they knew the people sitting on each side of them.