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This article presents a list of papers related to rural sociology. The list includes "A Typology of Singhalese Villages," by G.H.F. Welikala, "Social Structure and Local Initiative in Rural Thailand," by G. Kalshoven, "Legitimization of Directed Change in Pre-industrial Societies," by Ashghar Fathi, "Rural-Urban Migration and Town-Country Relationship in Israel," by A. Berler and Y. Ginsburg, "A Theoretical Model of Cumulative Disagiarization," by Vogislav Duric, "The Changing Patterns of Settlement and Population Distribution in Latin America," by Olen E. Leonard, "Mexican-American Migrant Farm Laborers and Their Employers in Ohio," by B. Perry Joseph and Eldon E. Snyder, "The Rural-Urban Transition in Brazil," by John V.D. Saunders, "The Impact of Industrialization on Geographic Mobility and Economic Decision-Making of a Rural Society in South Asia: A Case Study From Rourkela/Orissa, India," by K.H. Junghans and "A Research Design for the Understanding of Social Change From a Human Ecosystem Perspective."

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the governmental farm policies as a zero-sum game in which one segment, commercial farmers, gains while another segment, farm labor and rural people, lose. Evaluation research is a neglected area of sociology. Methodology and skills in conducting evaluative research need improvement. Sociologists can make contributions to measuring goal accomplishments and explaining the process by which the program objectives are established and the program is implemented. Sociological knowledge should have utility in goal formation. Sociologists have envied the money measure used by economists. They are only now seriously searching for indicators or standards by which to compare returns or payoffs to various segments of society. They usually arrive at "quality of social relationships" or "improved life's chances" but these are multi-dimensional and not easy to quantify. Rural sociologists have been oriented primarily to build a body of knowledge and to discipline problems, rather than to undertake research on the problems of the rural society. Analysis of farm policies would require a focus on current rural societal problems.

This article presents information on the papers related to sociology published in the journal "Community development." The first thing which comes to the mind when one reads these papers, is that the vagueness of the concept of community development, notwithstanding the numerous attempts to define it clearly, is not taken away but is continuously restored by the wide variety of topics and approaches which appears in the material. It is perfectly clear at what promoters of community development are aiming in the main and this should interest scientists of many disciplines as well as policy makers of a great many specializations and levels. As community development is particularly applicable in rural areas it is not surprising that a considerable part of the papers in this set is within the immediate range of interest of the rural sociologist; some papers are, in fact, written by rural sociologists. Of great value is the fact that the material presented is really international, that is, in such a sense that cross-national comparisons are made, that situations and practices peculiar for nations are viewed from abroad.

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents comments of the author on a paper related to the applicability of the Guttman scale in rural sociological research merits the attention for two reasons. First it directs the attention of rural sociologists to a relatively little known research technique, which has proved to be of great value in other research areas. Secondly, it explores the possibilities of this technique for action research; in the words of their summary: how to apply research in the service of policy makers. However, it seems that the authors have stated their case a bit overoptimistically, where they describe the possibilities of the Guttman scale as an "instrument d'action et de pedagogie." The authors speak of elaborating standards for the measurement of attitudes, capable of showing the characteristic stages in the process of evolution of farmers, to indicate the exact place of each category in the process, to make possible comparisons--on the psychological level--between the different categories and to control the effectiveness of the actions undertaken.

The article presents information on a workshop related to university and non-university research. The tendency to conceptualize social phenomena in dichotomous categories is deeply embedded in Western social thought. The theme of the workshop is "University and Non-University Research" or "Pure versus Applied Research in Sociology" and it reflects such a tendency. As one traces the evolution of sociology from its very beginning, the relations of pure and applied sociology appear as a recurring theme. In fact, sociology was conceived by many 19th century thinkers as providing the theoretical foundations for a comprehensive applied science. Such views were especially prevalent in France where the idea of a natural science of society was transmitted from the encyclopedistes through Saint-Simon and others to Comte, who believed that sociology-as the summation of positive science-could establish universal laws of social behavior by reference to which all disputes about social policy might be settled. The anarchy of opinions would then come to an end in social matters, as it had done in the case of natural phenomena.

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents information on the social policy and rural social systems. The article is concerned with the contribution of sociology to social policy and to the development of social systems in rural areas. It discusses the social organization of agriculture and the relationship between social policy and agrarian policy. The starting point is the observation that in all European countries the problem of integrating agriculture into modern industrial society must be solved. For everywhere the number of farms is decreasing while at the same time the avenge acreage of arable land per farm is increasing. The agricultural population is diminishing, while mechanization and specialization are further advanced. New patterns of organization are established in the productive as well as in the marketing phases, and the productivity of agriculture is growing. But nevertheless, everywhere severe disparities are becoming apparent between agricultural and non-agricultural incomes as well as within agriculture itself. There is an especially marked discrepancy between the incomes of mountain farmers and farmers of the plains. Governments in all European countries are therefore forced to take socio-political measures in favor of the people active in agriculture. Governments, however, are increasingly also using instruments of social policy in order to improve structures and to increase productivity.

The article presents information on the relations between sociology and policy. A sociologist who is interested in the welfare of people -- and anyone who is not should not be a sociologist -- simply cannot be indifferent to the activities of governments which, to such a high degree, are decisive for the well-being of everyone. But if one is convinced that sociology really has an essential task in this respect, the question of the right relations between government and their agencies on the one hand and sociologists on the other hand, become so much the more urgent. One simply has to find a way for satisfactory collaboration. The problem of the unsatisfactory relations between the administration and the sociologists is, like most problems, a complicated one. Partly it is a question of maladjustment and insufficient understanding of each others functions and duties due to a lack of experience, which is natural after a short time of collaboration. Often government officials do not understand, that their practical questions as such do not constitute a research problem, and that these questions have first to be transposed into scientific terms before a sociologist can do something about it.

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Presents an introduction to the October 1970 issue of "Odd Grande."

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses agricultural policy in Western Europe and some of its sociological aspects. This article consists of two parts. The first states the objectives or goals for the common agricultural policy. The second part consists of a few points about items which due account shall be taken of during the work towards the realization of the objectives. A short analysis of Article 39 of the Rome Treaty may therefore be useful to understand some of the characteristics of the programs undertaken. Part one of Article 39 can be divided into three different types of objectives. The first objective is of ensuring the agricultural population a fair standard of living, and that the means by which this objective shall be realized is increased productivity, particularly of labor, and that the increased productivity shall be a result of technical progress. The second type of objective in Article 39 concerns the stabilisation of the markets. An interesting and important field for sociological, economic and political research with a basis in agricultural policy considerations would certainly be investigations of what is the true cost to the society of a radical structural rationalization in agriculture.

This article focuses on the value and the heuristic utility of traditional-modern conceptualizations. Few sociological ideas have had such a powerful appeal for, and such a strong hold over comparative social analysis as the concepts of Traditional and Moderns. Recently, increasing doubts have been voiced concerning the continued validity and empirical utility of traditional-modern conceptualizations. This is so in several aspects. A fundamental controversy has long-raged concerning the utility of all ideal-type constructs as such--a problem thus inevitably involving most of the conceptual schemes mentioned. More directly, and irrespective of the problems of the Weberian type of analysis in general, strictures have been made at various traditional-modern antitheses specifically, suggesting that they are culture bound and that they imply an idea of an ordered progress from one type of social structure to another. The commonly employed concepts of traditional and modem were adopted as such an analytical tool--a tool ready at hand and at the same time sufficiently generalized and operational to fit the case and one set out to analyze the predispositions of the different groups of origin as regards traditional and modem elements, precisely in terms of basic patterns of institutional spheres and their major socio-demographic indices.

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the changing cultural and societal values. In last few decades, the changes in our world were of such a nature that the differences between rural and urban life were constantly diminishing. Even at the beginning of this century, before there was any talk of rural sociology, literature existed in which an awareness was shown that there was no single definition of the countryside which held true in all circumstances. This meant that city and countryside never fitted the two ends of a unidimensional continuum. One phenomenon was very significant in relation to this, namely the fact that rural-urban and urban-rural migration could be regarded as distinct from each other. This indicated that there was something in urban society which, for certain reasons, attracted a certain category of the rural population, while on the other hand, as became dear everywhere in the Western world, certain categories of city people felt attracted to the countryside. The city and the countryside were once the same; they had become different because of different social conditions.

Presents a table of contents of the periodical Sociologia Ruralis.