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Summary SOME THEORBTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE STUDY OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE THIRD WORLD The object of this paper is to suggest a theoretical approach to the study of social development in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Social development is regarded here as a radical transformation of economy and society, and as something which must be assessed in primarily human terms. After a critical examination of some conventional theories of modernization and social change, the paper goes on to suggest that a fruitful line of research is to view development as fundamental structural change. This would involve examination of social structural features in a society which encourage or hinder social development. Finally, specific empirical research is to be directed to identify agents as well as obstacles to social development. Resume L'ETUDE DU DEVELOPPEMENT DANS LE TIERS-MONDE QUELQUES CONSIDeRATIONS THEORIQUES Cet article a pour objet de proposer une approche theorique du developpement en Asie, Afrique et Amerique Latine. Le developpement doit ere considere comme une transformation radicale du systeme economique de la societe, comme un processus dont l'evaluation doit se faire essentiellement en termes sociaux. Apres un examen critique de quelques theories classiques de la modernisation et du changement social, l'auteur suggere une piste de recherches, beaucoup plus fructueuse que les precedentes: le developpement devrait etre considere comme un changement fondamental de structures. Ceci implique une analyse des structures sociales de la societe en tant que moteurs ou freins du developpement. Enfin des recherches specifiques doivent etre menees pour identifier les agents ou les obstacles au changement social.

Summary THE EXTENSION OFFICER IN PERSONAL DISCUSSION The paper contains an exploratory effort to analy the factors which determine the effectiveness of personal discussion as an extension method. The basic data for the paper consist of an inquiry among a small number of farmers and extension workers, ad hoc observations during a workshop on methods of personal discussion at Wageningen, and experience. The point of departure for an analysis of the extension agent's behaviour in personal discussion is the client's expectations regarding his behaviour. A number of such expectations among Dutch farmers are presented. From these expectations, a number of variables (15) are developed which describe the conditions under which personal discussion occurs. These conditions allow the formulation of a number of sub-roles - appropriate for the conditions - which the extension worker can enact in personal discussion. The sub-roles presented are: 1. one who asks for information; 2. one supplying information; 3. one supplying cut and dried advice; 4. one who sustains the client's confidence in what he intended doing anyway; 5. one who helps the client to think rationally; 6. one who helps the client to overcome his emotions. Awareness of such sub-roles will allow the extension worker to play the appropriate one for the conditions which are present and to choose deliberately among the alternatives available. The paper ends with some practical suggestions on how best to conduct a personal dipssion. Resume LE CONSEILLER AGRICOLE ET L'ENTRETIEN DE CONSEIL Cet article constitue une premiere analyse des facteurs conditionnant l'eficacite de l'entretien en tant que methode de vulgarisation. Les donnees de base ont ete fournies par une enquete realisee sur un petit nombre d'agriculteurs et de conseillers, par des observations faites dans un groupe de travail a Wageningen sur les methodes de contact et d'entretiens, par l'experience. Cette analyse du comportement du conseiller au cours des entretiens a pour base l'ensemble des attentes des clients dont certaines sont evoquees dans cet article. L'analyse de ces attentes a mis en evidence un certain nombre de variables (15), caracteristiques des conditions dans lesquelles l'entretien intervient. La determination de ces situations permet la formulation de roles composants appropries, que le conseiller peut mettre en jeu au cours de l'entretien. Les roles composants presentes sont: 1) celui qui demande de l'information, 2) celui qui fournit de l'information, 3) celui qui fournit la solution detaillee, 4) celui qui aide le client a prendre confiance en lui-meme et a realiser ce que ce dernier avait l'intention de faire, 5) celui qui aide le client a penser rationnellement, 6) celui qui aide le client a surmonter ses emotions. La prise de conscience de ces roles composants permettra au conseiller de jouer celui qui convient a chaque situation et de choisir delibere-ment parmi les alternatives disponibles. L'artide se termine par quelques suggestions pratiques concernant la conduite de tels entretiens.

Summary Prolegomena to a Theoretical Model of Intercommunity Variation The object of this paper is to develop a theoretical model of intercommunity variation, and especially of that part of intercommunity variation that has usually been termed ‘rural-urban differences’. The paper links up with a recent discussion in this journal concerning the rural-urban continuum. The unit of analysis of the model is the human community. Each human community is characterized by a specific physical system, a specific social structure, and a specific pattern of culture. The concept used to indicate the complex of differences between human communities is intercommunity variation. A great deal of this intercommunity variation is not persistent. The differences concerned disappear in the course of time. A basic hypothesis of the model, however, is that an important part of the sociologically relevant intercommunity variation is persistent. In the model, this part of intercommunity variation is called variation in the degree of urbanity of communities. A second basic hypothesis of the model is the three-dimensionality of the phenomenon of urbanity. The three dimensions are the degrees of urbanity of the physical system, the social structure, and the pattern of culture of human communities. Accordingly, the process of urbanization is conceived to be a three-dimensional phenomenon. The physical, social, and cultural urbanization of a community need not keep pace with each other. The paper concludes with an outline of the research procedures which are necessary for the confirmation of the basic hypothesis of the model.

Summary MEASURING THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF SELF-EMPLOYED FARMERS SOME RESULTS FROM A DANISH STUDY. The paper analyses some differences in the material standard of living for groups of Danish self-employed farmers, and the factors influencing these differences. As most of the traditional measures of standard of living are difficult to use in a meaningful way, in this survey a new measure has been constructed, based on information about the actual possession of a number of consumer durables amongst a representative sample of 1.418 Danish farmers in 1969. The measure is used to test some hypotheses about the relationships between the size of holding, the age of the farmer, his education, his work outside his farm, and his investments in the farm. It is concluded that the constructed measure implies some limitations, but that some of the most serious problems of the traditional measures are avoided. Resume LE NIVEAU DE VIE DES PROPRIETAIRES EXPLOITANTS QUELQUES RESULTATS D'UNE ETUDE DANOISE Cet article analyse les Wiffeences de niveau de vie selon les cattgories de proprietaires exploitants et les facteurs responsables de cette diversitk. La plupart des methodes traditionnelles d'evaluation du niveau de vie etant d'utilisation aleatoire, les auteurs en ont elaborC une nouvelle, fondee sur la repartition d'un certain nombre de biens durables dans un echantillon de 1458 agriculteurs danois en 1969. Cette methode est utilisee pour tester quelques hypotheses con cernant la relation entre le niveau de vie et la dimension de l'exploitation, l'ege et le niveau d'instruction de l'agriculteur, une eventuelle profession exterieure et les investissements realises. Les auteurs concluent que la methode elaboree presente certaines ljmites mais qu'elle evite la plupart des problemes importants poses par les methodes traditionnelles.

Summary MAX WEBER AS RURAL SOCIOLOGIST Max Weber (1864–1920) enjoys a world reputation as a jurist, economist, historian and sociologist. As a sociologist he has become known in particular for his publications on methodology and for his studies on the sociology of religion, law and music and on political and industrial sociology. Little is known of Weber as a rural sociologist (sec. I), even among American and European rural sociologists (sec. III), in spite of the fact that Weber was intensively concerned with agrarian and rural problems over a period of years (sec. II). Although he did not at the time regard himself as a sociologist (sec. II), the sociological tendency of his ‘rural’ studies is unmistakable (sec. IV). In the final section (sec. V) it is put forward that Weber's lack of proper recognition among rural sociologists might be mainly due to the poor correlation between rural sociology on the one hand, and general sociology and the various other branches of sociology on the odier hand. Rural sociology is not innocent of a certain ‘professional blindness’. The paper is concluded with a plea for a serious confrontation between rural sociology and the work of Max Weber, as well as with that of other classical and modern authors in the field of the science of which rural sociology expressly claims to be a branch. Resume MAX WEBER SOCIOLOGUE RURAL Max Weber (1864–1920) jouit d'une reputation universelle comme juriste, economiste, historien et sociologue. En tant que sociologue, il a acquis une notoriete particuliere par ses ouvrages sur la methodologie et ses etudes sur la sociologie de la religion, du droit, de la musique, sur la sociologie politique et industrielle. Or Weber est peu connu comme sociologue rural (sec. I), meme par les sociologues americains et europeens (sec. III), en depit du fait que Weber se soit passionement interesse aux problemes agraires et ruraux durant de nombreuses annees (sec. II). Bien qu'en son temps il ne se soit pas considere lui-meme comme sociologue (sec. IV). Dans la derniere section (sec. V), l'auteur precise que le refus de considerer Weber comme un sociologue rural peut etre attribue surtout aux faibles liens existant d'une part entre la sociologie rurale et la sociologie generale, d'autre part entre la sociologie rurale et les autres branches de la sociologie. La sociologie rurale n'est pas a l'abri d'un certain «aveuglement professionnel«. l'article, en conclusion, plaide pour une confrontation serieuse entre la sociologie rurale et l'oeuvre de Max Weber, confrontation qui peut s'etendre aux travaux des auteurs classiques et modemes qui appartiennent a cette science dont la sociologie rurale reclame expressement etre une branche speciale. Zusammenfassung MAX WEBER ALS AGRARSOZIOLOGE Max Weber (1864–1920) geniest als Jurist, Nationalokonom, Historiker und Soziologe Weltruf. Als Soziologe wurde er vor allem wegen seiner Schriften zur Methodologie und wegen seiner Studien zur Soziologie der Religion, des Rechts und der Musik sowie zur politischen und Industriesoziologie beruhmt. Nur wenig bekannt ist Weber dagegen als Agrarsoziologe (Kap. I) - sogar bei amerikanischen und europaischen Agrarsoziologen (Kap. III) - trotz der Tatsache, das Weber sich viele Jahre intensiv mit landwirtschaftlichen und landlichen Problemen beschaftigt hat (Kap. II). Obwohl er sich selbst zu jener Zeit nicht als Soziologe verstand (Kap. II), ist der soziologische Tenor in seinen ‘landlichen’ Studien unverkennbar (Kap. IV). Im Schluskapitel dieses Beitrags (Kap. V) wird die These aufgestellt, das die fehlende Anerkennung Max Webers durch die Agrarsoziologen im wesentlichen auf den schwachen Zusammenhang zwischen der Agrarsoziologie einerseits und den verschiedenen Spezialdisziplinen der Soziologie andererseits zuruckzufuhren ist. Die Agrarsoziologie ist an dieser ‘Betriebsblindheit’ nicht schuldlos. Der Beitrag schliest in der Hoffhung, das sich die Agrarsoziologie sowohl mit dem Werk Max Webers als auch mit den Arbeiten anderer klassischer und moderner Autoren in jenem Bereich der Wissenschaft ernsthaft auseinandersetzt, von dem die Agrarsoziologie ausdrucklich betont, eine Spezialdisziplin zu sein.

Summary The Interaction of Social Change and Physical Planning In the introduction some remarks are made concerning the necessity of physical planning. Various definitions of physical planning are discussed leading to the conclusion that the execution of a policy invariably means a synthesis of physical elements, social aims and economic forces. Following the introduction a paragraph is devoted to the social changes which affect the physical lay-out of our countries. Demographic, economic and social changes are reviewed. It is concluded that far-reaching urbanization will be the result of these changes. This urbanization, in juxtaposition to all the changes already taking place, will lead to the fact that agriculture will be pressed even harder and be confronted with the necessity to adapt. It is noted that demands are made upon rural areas from the urban regions. The countryside will be, next to an area of agrarian production, a recreation area and spatially an open area. This necessitates a change of policy with regard to agriculture and rural areas. The various ways in which this can be done are demonstrated by the Dutch situation. The country is divided into primarily agriculture areas, agricultural-recreational areas, agricultural areas in the urban sphere, and buffer zones. Special attention is paid to the legislation on physical planning in general and on rural reconstruction in particular. The paper ends with the confirmation that there is a definite interaction between physical planning and social change. Finally, it is emphasized that co-ordination of the various policies carried out by ministries, provinces and municipalities is an absolute necessity for really satisfactory physical planning.

Summary THE ROLE AND FUNCTION OF RURAL SOCIOLOGY IN ASIA This paper attempts to identify avenues which may be explored to attain the twin aims of developing further the academic discipline and of enhancing the rural sociologist's role in planned change. Based on the observation that in rural Asia, agricultural development is primarily a problematic dependent variable, the perspective outlined is one which combines action, policy, research, and theory. Among the suggestions for developing the research-theory perspective are: a re-examination of old concepts about traditional societies; a consideration of the action-program contributions to research and theory; and the development of a scheme for analyzing planned change which includes the target system, the innovation, and the change agent. For the action-policy side of the perspective, the rural sociologist needs to know more about the practitioner role, to sharpen his research and analytical tools, and to communicate not only to other social scientists but to action workers and policy makers as well. To be equipped for the fourfold requirements of his job, the rural sociologist should possess theoretical sophistication, research mastery, comprehension of bureaucratic behavior, and intensive exposure to the world of policy and action. Furthermore, he should be a social scientist with expert preparation in rural sociology. Resume ROLE ET FONCTION DE LA SOCIOLOGIE RURALE EN ASIE Cet expose est un essai d'identification des voies a explorer pour atteindre le double but du developpement futur de la sociologie en tant que discipline universitaire et de l'accroissement du role du sociologue rural dans les changements envisagees. Base sur la con-station du fait que, dans l'Asie rurale, le developpement agricole est essentiellement une variable dependante, incertaine, la perspective esquissee combine l'action, la politique, la recherche et la theorie. Parmi les suggestions faites pour developper la perspective recherche-theorie figurent un re-examen des vieux concepts sur les societes traditionnelles, une reflexion sur la contribution du programme -action envers la recherche et la theorie, et le developpement d'un schema d'analyse des transformations envisageees - parmi lesquelles sont inclus l'objet du systeme, l'innovation et l'agent de changement. Pour l'aspect action-politique de cette perspective, le sociologue rural a besoin d'en savoir davantage sur le role du praticien, afin d'approfondir ses recherches, d'aiguiser ses outils d'analyse, de communiquer, non seulement avec les autres sociologues, mais aussi avec les hommes d'action et les responsables politiques. Afin d'etre prepare'a affronter la quadruple exigence de son travail, le sociologue rural doit posseder une education theorique, la maitrise de la recherche, la comprehension du comportement bureaucratique et etre en contact permanent avec le monde de la politique et de Paction. De plus, il doit ectre un expert en Sciences Sociales possedant une specialisation poussee en sociologie rurale. Zusammenfassung ROLLE UND FUNKTION DER LANDLICHEN SOZIOLOGIE IN ASIEN Dieser Beitrag versucht, Wege zur Erreichung des doppelten Zieles aufzuzeigen: Weiterentwicklung der Soziologie als akademische Disziplin und Anhebung der Rolle der Landsoziologen bei geplanten Veranderungen. Aufgrund der Beobachtung, dass in landlichen Asien landwirtschaftliche Entwicklung eine hochst fragliche abhangige Variable ist, verbindet die dargelegte Konzeption Praxis, Politik, Forschung und Theorie. Zu den Vorschlagen zur Entwicklung eines wissenschaftlich-theoretischen Leitbildes gehoren: eine erneute Uber-prufung der alten Konzepte traditionaler Gesellschaften; die Erwa-gung von Aktionsprogrammen als Beitrag zu Forschung und Theorie; und die Entwicklung eines Schemas fur die Analyse geplanter Veranderungen, das das Zielsystem, die Neuerungen und die Krafte des Wandels einschliesst. Von praktisch-politischen Aspekt muss der Landsoziologe mehr uber die Rolle des Praktikers wissen, er muss die Forschung voran-treiben und das Instrumentarium analytischer Untersuchungen ver-bessern und nicht nur mit anderen Sozialwissenschaftlern Kontakt halten sondern auch mit Praktikern und Politikern. Zur Bewaltigung der vierfachen Anforderungen dieses Berufes sollte der Landsoziologe theoretische Kenntnisse besitzen, Forschungsmethoden beherr-schen, Verstandnis fur verwaltungsmassige Belange haben und engen Kontakt mit Politik und Praxis halten. Ausserdem sollte Sozial-wissenschaftler mit spezieller Ausbildung in landlicher Soziologie sein.

Summary Conflict and Social Change: The Case of an Israeli Village Some aspects of a village of immigrants from the island of Djerba (Tunisia) in Israel are described. The village is of the moshav type where Israeli authorities endeavour to transform immigrant groups into cooperative farming communities, a situation of directed change. The particular village under discussion poses a sociological question: although efforts to introduce agriculture have largely failed, the villagers have congregated into a tightly-knit community reminiscent of the ideal moshav. Such a combination is not usual on the Israeli immigrant moshav scene. The empirical findings are discussed in terms of conflict between the agents of change and their objects, the villagers. The analysis points out that such conflict is latent in a situation of directed change because of the basic duality of agents and objects of change, which implies efforts of the former to change accepted custom of the latter. The eruption of actual conflict as well as its precise nature depends on the particular case. The paper demonstrates the relevance of an analys of the relations between agents and objects of change, to a fuller understanding of the effects of projects of directed change upon a community. It is suggested that these relations have ramified effects; their study is proposed as a fruitful approach in research on directed change.

ummary THE ROLE OF THE SOCIOLOGIST IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT This paper discusses the contribution of the sociologist to the planning of agricultural and rural development in Israel. The author first outlines the three levels of agricultural planning – national, regional and farm, and then provides some background to rural settlement activities in Israel. The confrontation of new immigrants from traditional societies with the technologically advanced agriculture of Israel resulted in severe social crises in the new villages, affecting also their economic achievements; and the subsequent assignment of rural sociologists to the villages to study the life-pattern of these traditional groups and provide them with counselling and instruction, whilst at the same time undertaking general research. The recommendations of the sociologists helped the development authorities to evolve suitable measures for integrating these immigrants into society as socially independent and economically successful members. Resume ROLE DU SOCIOLOGUE DANS LE DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL Cet article a pour theme la contribution du sociologue a la planification du developpement rural et agricole en Israel. L'auteur decrit, tout d'abord, les trois degres de la planification -niveaux national, regional et d'exploitation- et poursuit en mettant en evidence le fond des activites de colonisation en Israel. La confrontation des nouveaux immigrants avec Pagriculture, techniquement avancee, d'Israel provoquait une crise profonde dans les nouveaux villages, crise qui a une repercussion sur leurs resultats economiques. Les responsables de la colonisation ont, en consequence, decide de s'assurer les services de sociologues ruraux auxquels a ete assigne, comme premiere tâche, l'etude du contexte social et du mode de vie des groupes traditionnels installes dans les villages; ces sociologues doivent, ensuite, assumer d'autres responsabilites en matiere de vulgarisation, d'eucation et de recherche en general. Les recommandations des sociologues aident les responsables du developpement en ce qu'elles permettent d'elaborer des mesures propres a realiser l'objectif principal: l'integration, en tant que membres socialement et economiquement independants de la societe globale, des nouveaux immigrants. Zusammenfassung DIE ROLLE DES SOZIOLOGEN IN DER LANDENTWICKLUNG Die Arbeit behandelt den Beitrag des Soziologen zur Planung der landwirtschaftlichen und landlichen Entwicklung in Israel. Der Autor beschreibt zuerst die drei Ebenen der Agrarplanung – nationale, regionale und betriebliche – und stellt dann den Hintergrund fur die landliche Siedlungstatigkeit in Israel dar. Die Konfrontation der neuen Einwanderer aus traditionellen Gesellschaften mit der techno-logisch fortgeschrittenen Landwirtschaft im modernen Israel fuhrte zu ernsten sozialen Krisen in den neuen Dorfern, die auch ihre wirtschaftlichen Ergebnisse beeintrachtigten. Die Siedlungsbehorde entschloss sich daher, Dienste von Landsoziologen in Anspruch zu nehmen. Diese hatten die Lebensweise der traditionellen Gruppen zu studieren, ferner Behorden und Siedler zu beraten und allgemeine Forschung zu betreiben. Die Empfehlungen der Soziologen halfen den Entwicklungsbehorden sinnvolle Masnahmen zu entwerfen, um die Einwanderer in die Gesellschaft als sozial unabhangige und wirtschaftlich erfolgreiche Mitglieder zu integrieren.