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• Liming has been recognized to be beneficial for soil physical properties. • The physical resilience of a soil is related to its structural stability. • It may take several years to develop a sustainable structure system. Liming is a well-established practice to ameliorate acidic soils worldwide. However, the role of liming in soil structure formation and its relation to the nitrogen cycling is only little explored. We hypothesized that improved physical and mechanical soil properties, which are directly linked to soil structure, lead to lower nitrogen losses in an agricultural system. Water holding capacity, total pore volume, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, shear stress and pre-compression stress were quantified in the topsoil of three surveys located in Germany on different soil types: Eutric Gleyic Cambisol (Loamic) (Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt), Haplic Luvisol (Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania) and Eutric Cambisol (Loamic) (Puch, Bavaria). The field experiments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design and treated with two different rates of lime (calcium carbonate). Furthermore, three rates of nitrogen in form of urea or calcium ammonium nitrate were applied every year. Liming significantly increased the pH, plant available water capacity, total pore volume and decreased bulk density in the soils six months after application, but twelve months after lime application the soil structure collapsed again causes by ploughing and chiseling. We, therefore, assume a positive influence of lime application on soil physical parameters, if tillage is excluded at least initially. On the other hand, our results from the shear stress parameters and the pre-compression stress values indicate that their changes need time and we assume that it may take several years to develop a sustainable structure system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]