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• Teucrium species have been among the most commonly used traditional medicinal plants. • Teucrium multicaule is renowned for being an important medicinal and aromatic plant. • The samples collected from two different locations were compared to each other. • The essential oils and the extracts were found to be highly rich in terms of particular phytochemicals. • The extracts exhibit significant antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and antimicrobial activity. Teucrium species have been among the most commonly used traditional medicinal plants and they are known to have extensive therapeutic applications. The main focus of this study, Teucrium multicaule is also renowned for being an important medicinal and aromatic plant in Turkiye. Volatile profiling of the essential oils was conducted by GC–MS, phytochemical profiling of the ethanol extracts was carried out by LC HRMS, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, antiurease, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities were revealed by different assays. Germacrene D was the most abundant compound in the essential oils from Diyarbakir (TmuD) with 45.4%, and Batman (TmuB) with 54.7%. All extracts were found to be quite rich in phytochemicals by LC HRMS, and herniarin, caffeic acid, naringenin, luteolin, scutellarein, hispidulin, rhamnocitrin, penduletin, eupatilin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, hederagenin, and verbascoside were found to be present in all extracts. T. multicaule roots extract from Diyarbakir (TmuRD) demonstrated the highest radical scavenging, α-amylase inhibitory (59.82±0.36%), and antibutyrylcholinesterase activity (61.96±1.72%), whereas T. multicaule aerial parts extract from Batman (TmuHB) exhibited the strongest antityrosinase (66.17±0.92%), antiurease (67.85±0.69%), and cytotoxic (54.76 ± 1.57 μg/mL) activities. TmuRD also showed significant antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis with 156.2 μg/mL MIC value. As revealed by this first detailed report on T. multicaule , the plant demonstrates various important biological activities attributed to its rich phytochemicals, which also justifies its use in ethnomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia L. genus, one of the medicinal and aromatic plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is represented by many endemic species in temperate regions worldwide. The Salvia species have plenty of usages in traditional medicine, important pharmacological effects and economic value. In this context, this study was conducted to evaluate the chemical profile and potential bioactivity of ethyl acetate extracts from 3 different Salvia species; Salvia absconditiflora (Salvia cryptantha - an endemic species), S. sclarea and S. palaestina collected from different localities in Anatolia. Total phenolic-flavonoid contents, antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibition experiments were investigated in tested Salvia species. The phenolic profiles were also determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds in ethyl acetate extracts such as cynaroside, rosmarinic acid, cosmosiin, luteolin, apigenin and acacetin. The highest level of phenolic components was detected in S. absconditiflora with 74.16 mg GAE/g. The best radical scavenging and reducing abilities were found in S. absconditiflora (DPPH: 251.39 mg TE/g; ABTS: 340.16 mg TE/g; CUPRAC: 496.20 mg TE/g; FRAP: 322.94 mg TE/g). Moreover, the inhibition of AChE, BChE, and α -amylase has also been studied. The most potent AChE inhibitory ability was recorded in S. sclarea (4.00 mg GALAE/g), followed by S. palaestina (3.38 mg GALAE/g) and S. absconditiflora (3.01 mg GALAE/g). The extracts exhibited similar amylase inhibitory effects. These results reveal that Salvia species [ S. absconditiflora (S. cryptantha), S. sclarea and S. palaestina ] confirming their potential can be rich sources of promising bioactive compounds as a starting point for further analysis. In addition, it is thought that this study may be the new report for the construction of helpful databases in terms of shedding light on future research and researchers with the valuable information obtained about these economically important Salvia species. [Display omitted] • The phytochemical composition of ethyl acetate extracts from 3 different Salvia species was investigated by LC-MS/MS. • The highest level of phenolics was detected in Salvia absconditiflora. • Cyranoside, rosmarinic acid, cosmosiin, luteolin, apigenin, and acacetin were the main components in ethyl acetate extracts. • The best radical scavenging and reducing abilities were found in Salvia absconditiflora. • The most potent AChE inhibitory ability was recorded in Salvia sclarea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Phytochemistry and biological activity of D. cemileae was studied. • Leaf and seed extracts were potent antioxidant agents. • Leaf and seed extracts exhibited enzyme inhibitory activity. Plant polyphenols have always attracted the attention of researchers with their excellent biological activity potentials. In this study, roots, leaves and seeds of Draba cemileae (Karaer) were evaluated for their chemical compositions and biological activities. Spectrophotometric analysis showed that phenolics and flavonoids were present in high quantities in leaf and seed extracts (22.84 mg GAEs/g and 23.32 mg REs/g, respectively). Chromatographic analysis showed that the p -hydroxybenzoic acid and chlorogenic acid contents of the extracts were significantly high. The seed extract also contained 550 mg/g of rosmarinic acid. While the leaf extract showed high activity in phosphomolybdenum, CUPRAC, FRAP and ferrous ion chelating activity tests (0.88, 2.23, 1.73 and 3.68 mg/ml, respectively), DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity tests resulted in the superiority of the seed extract (3.75 and 2.53 mg/ml, respectively). The leaf extract also showed the highest activity in α-amylase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity tests (1.78 and 4.99 mg/ml, respectively). On the other hand, the seed extract exhibited higher activity than the others in α-glucosidase, AChE and BChE inhibitory activity tests (7.14, 1.13 and 5.11 mg/ml, respectively). Correlation coefficients between the composition and the biological activities were over 0.9. It was concluded that D. cemileae could be a new and effective source of antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory phytochemicals in medicine, food and cosmetics industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chemical composition and biological activity of two Onosma species were studied. • Rosmarinic acid, hesperidin and hyperoside were found as the major compounds. • The samples exhibited remarkable antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity. • Hyperoside was a potent inhibitor on the ezymes. In this study, it was aimed to determine the in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of methanol (MeOH) extracts isolated from Onosma gracilis (Trautv.) and O. oreodoxa (Boiss. & Heldr.). O. oreodoxa was found to be richer in both phenolics and flavonoids than O. gracilis. The amounts of total phenolics and flavonoids in O. oreodoxa were 53.76 mg GAEs/g and 25.29 mg QEs/g, respectively. In addition to spectrophometric analysis, in chromatographic analyzes, twenty-four and twenty-six compounds were identified in O. gracilis and O. oreodoxa , respectively. High amounts of hesperidin (6647.2 and 5260.75 µg/g extract, respectively), hyperoside (7153.26 and 10216.74 µg/g extract, respectively) and rosmarinic acid (21824.33 and 87493.19 µg/g extract, respectively) were found in O. gracilis and O. oreodoxa. While O. oreodoxa showed higher activity in cupric reducing antioxidant power (CUPRAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), phosphomolybdenum, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, and ferrous ion chelating assays (324.22, 175.41, 719.50, 125.60 mg TEs/g extract and 25.11 mg EDTAEs/g extract, respectively), ABTS radical scavenging activity of O. gracilis (164.55 mg TEs/g extract) was higher than that of O. oreodoxa. O. gracilis also exhibited higher inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (2.57 mg GALAEs/g extract) and α-glucosidase (1674.24 mg ACEs/g extract). On the other hand, the sample showing the most effective inhibition on α-amylase and tyrosinase was O. oreodoxa (417.34 mg ACEs/g extract and 136.18 mg KAEs/g extract, respectively). As a result of the molecular docking analysis performed to determine the contribution of hesperidin, hyperoside and rosmarinic acid to the enzyme inhibitory activity, the binding affinity and inhibition constant of hyperoside to all enzymes were quite high and therefore it was concluded that it may be the compound that contribute to the activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First attempt to determine the phytochemical profile of extracts and fractions from P. norvegica. • LC-MS analysis indicated the presence of acacetin for the second time in genus Potentilla. • Analysed extracts and fractions exhibited potent antioxidant activities. • All extracts and fractions presented varied activity against tested enzymes. Potentilla L. species have a long history of use in folk medicine for the management of various human ailments. Despite the tremendous number of studies describing the phytochemical and pharmacological profile of a number of Potentilla species, there is a paucity of scientific data regarding the biological activity of Potentilla norvegica. Thus, the present study endeavored to assess the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and secondary metabolite composition of this plant using LC-ESI-MS-TOF analysis and determined the biological potential of P. norvegica extracts and fractions. Assessment of the antioxidant potential was performed in vitro by using five standard assays (FRAP, CUPRAC, ABTS, DPPH, and metal chelation assays). Moreover, the inhibition of selected enzymes (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase) was examined. During the study, the following extracts and fractions of aerial parts of P. norvegica were analyzed: water (PN1), 50% MeOH (PN2), MeOH (PN3), Et 2 O (PN4), EtOAc (PN5), and n -BuOH (PN6). The highest TPC and TFC were found in the PN4 fraction (486.21 ± 14.58 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g extract and 24.22 ± 0.93 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/g extract, respectively), which may be attributed to the highest ABTS, CUPRAC and metal chelation activities of this fraction (with values of 3.01 ± 0.01, 5.90 ± 0.73 mmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g extract and 20.15 ± 0.11 mg EDTA equivalents (EDTAE)/g extract, respectively). Furthermore, the PN5 fraction was found to be the most effective in the phosphomolybdenum, DPPH and FRAP assays (5.06 ± 0.02, 1.55 ± 0.01 and 5.19 ± 0.12 mmol TE/g extract, respectively). PN2 exhibited the highest inhibitory potential against AChE and BChE (2.58 ± 0.01 and 2.31 ± 0.13 mg galantamine equivalents (GALAE)/g extract, respectively), which is probably related to the more complete fingerprint of the analyzed extract. Tyrosinase was inhibited most potently by the PN1 extract (50.33 ± 1.63 mg kojic acid equivalents (KAE)/g extract). However, all the extracts and fractions exerted mild activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase (the highest values were 2.03 ± 0.02 and 0.30 ± 0.03 mmol acarbose equivalents (ACE)/g extract for PN4 and PN3, respectively). Furthermore, LC-ESI-MS analysis revealed the predominant presence of polyphenolics, with the presence of acacetin indicated in the Potentilla genus for the second time. These observations highlighted the potential applications of P. norvegica as a valuable source of antioxidants, with interesting activities for the development of new treatment strategies against several human diseases in the pharmaceutical sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study was designed to document the phenolic profile, antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory potential of methanolic extracts of different parts of Astragalus ponticus. The leaves and roots possessed highest total phenolic (26.34 ± 0.50 mg GAEs/g extract) and total flavonoid (49.13 ± 0.51 mg REs/g extract) contents respectively. In vitro antioxidant assay, leaves extract showed highest activity in terms of DPPH radical scavenging (43.64 ± 0.94 mg TEs/g extract), phosphomolybdenum test (1.33 ± 0.14 mmol TEs/g extract); CUPRAC reducing power (64.28 ± 0.90 mg TEs/g extract) and FRAP reducing power (56.79 ± 4.34), while roots extract recorded maximum in ABTS radical cation (98.79 ± 1.95 mg TEs/g extract) assay. All the extracts showed weak enzyme inhibitory on AChE (1.77 ± 0.07–2.29 ± 0.04 mg GALAEs/g extract); BChE (stems and roots only possessed activity); α-amylase (0.56 ± 0.01–0.60 ± 0.01 mmol ACEs/g extract). On the other hand, the extract showed moderate to strong inhibition towards α-glucosidase (3.66 ± 0.02–22.81 ± 0.01 mmol ACEs/g extract) and tyrosinase (2.97 ± 0.84–15.63 ± 1.83 mg KAEs/g extract). The correlation analysis revealed a strong significant positive correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content and luteolin concentration. Further the phytochemicals such as Hesperidin, p -coumaric acid and benzoic acid exert strong correlation with α-glucosidase inhibition. The findings indicate that the extracts from different parts of Astragalus ponticus might be considered as a novel source of antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory compounds in food and pharmaceutical industries. Highlights • Phenolic profile, antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory potential of Astragalus ponticus was evaluated. • Totally 23 phytochemicals were analyzed. • Syringic acid, benzoic acid and luteolin are the major phenolic compounds in A. ponticus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]