Search

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. It is a chronic condition which affects the respiratory system and worsens over time. Cigarette smoking and advancing age are the two major risks associated with this disease. It is concerning that the global incidence of this chronic illness is on the rise. Current projections indicate that it will become the third leading cause of death by the year 2020. Inflammatory changes underlie the pathophysiology of COPD. Irreversible damage and progressive narrowing of the air passages follow. COPD is characterised by the progressive loss of lung function. In addition, the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease released the latest update on its global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of COPD in 2015. This article provides an overview of the causative risk factors, underlying disease process, pathophysiological changes, and the classification and management of COPD, including the latest perspectives on this highly prevalent condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco smoking is a global public health problem, estimated to cause over 6 million deaths per year, including more than half a million non-smokers, dying of second-hand tobacco smoke. Smoking rates in South Africa have been declining over the last 20 years since the implementation of tobacco control measures, although the current prevalence of smoking is high (18.9%) with rates amongst males being five times higher than females. Similar to the rest of the world, smoking is also a leading cause of death in South Africa, with its risk factors exacerbated by tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus infection and non-communicable diseases. Tobacco control has major economic benefits for the health system, hence the importance of key policies combatting tobacco use as well as smoking cessation interventions. An overview of the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment interventions is provided, with a focus on the application of smoking cessation interventions in routine practice to ensure successful quitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. It is a chronic condition that affects the respiratory system and worsens over time. The two major risks that are associated with this disease are cigarette smoking and an advancing age. It is concerning that the global incidence of this chronic illness is on the rise, with current projections indicating that it will become the third-leading cause of death by the year 2020. Inflammatory changes underlie the pathophysiology of COPD, with irreversible damage and a progressive narrowing of the air passages that follow. COPD is characterised by a progressive loss of lung function. In addition, the Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Disease Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or GOLD, released the latest update of their Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in 2015. This article provides an overview of the causative risk factors, the underlying disease process and pathophysiological changes, the classification and the management of COPD, including the latest perspectives on this highly-prevalent condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]