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Pakistan has oscillated between weak civilian rules and military regimes throughout its history. Military co-option with the judiciary, alongside few exceptions commenced an era of dissolutions in 1988. This led to develop an institutional imbalance which undermined the representative institutions by upholding the presidential orders to dismiss federal and provincial assemblies in Pakistan. The judiciary in Pakistan largely remained a reactionary institution as it endeavored for the self-preservation rather than upholding the constitutionalism and enforcing the rule of law. Judiciary's political assertiveness during the decade of 1990s by addressing the political questions led to decline of its impartial character. This research expounds that judiciary's informal support for military increased the federal challenges of Pakistan and enhanced the authoritarian features of the state. This paper also explicates that by validating the dismissals of the representative institutions and authorizing the military regimes to amend the constitution, Judiciary compromised its judicial independence, which is one of the salient features of Constitution of 1973. Keeping in view the nature of case study and employing qualitative approach of research, this paper largely addresses the key question that how judicial Independence is relevant to the issues of federalism and democracy in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On September 11, 2001, the World Trade Center collapsed and the Pentagon was attacked, triggering a sustained anti-terrorism campaign around the world. A number of cases have been reported where the war on terror has adversely affected the sovereignty of the state. The war on terror has been particularly devastating to Pakistan, one of the frontline states in this conflict. This war has compromised Pakistan's sovereignty a number of times. Specifically, this paper focuses on drone strikes by US forces in Pakistan's tribal areas, including attacks on Salallah checkpoints and the killing of Osama in Abbottabad without obtaining permission or sharing information from Pakistan. There is still a lack of trust between the United States and Pakistan, so it was the Pakistani government's responsibility to protect its regional interests before entering this war and deciding the scope of Allied Forces authority. The paper concludes that the US-led forces have undermined Pakistan's sovereignty. The document notes that intelligence cooperation, allies' trust, and the respect for national sovereignty of states are very important factors for the advancement of the antiterrorism effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While broadly speaking the framework of separation of power is not fully executed which has caused institutional tangle in the history of Pakistan, however, the main objective of this research paper is to re-investigate the relationship between the civil and military leadership in the period 2013-2018. The elemental premise of this article is that the civilian and military leadership has generally squabbled during the civilian rule. This paper contends that this wrangle has left a majority of people of Pakistan with undelivered promises and their woes have generally multiplied. Generally speaking, perception abounds that form over substance approach proliferates in the present democratic set-up. There is an impression that the military schemes surreptitiously to destabilize the civil governments if the latter does not play to the whims of the former. The relations between the two power-centres embittered during the period 2013-2018 and it is generally believed that such tensions led to events like the dharna (sit - in) by the PTI/PAT, Tehreek-i-Labbayak protests/sit-ins and the disputed election results of 2018. Right or wrong, but there is an impression that military has generally tried to transgress its limits and meddled in the affairs of the civil administration in order to punish the 'corrupt civilians' for their corrupt practices. The relationship of civilian and military leadership in this article discusses specifically the instances which created tussles between both the leadership during the 2013-2018 periods. Again, the civilian leadership is facing the charges of corruption and since the matter is subjudice, this paper constraints from considering these politicians corrupt or innocent but the main argument of the paper is that whether it is direct or indirect military interference the main allegation against the politicians is corruption. Therefore, this paper will try to find the answer to the following queries: what is the conduct of the civil governments how the civilians irritate the military and other institutions why the military takes interest into the civilian matters and why military needs to policing the civil governments and what factors caused the downfall of Mian Nawaz Sharif government. The underlying hypothesis of the study is that the theory of separation of power is not fully implemented in Pakistan which has been causing institutional clash and powerful institutions overpower the weaker and in case of Pakistan's parliament is the weakest institution. However, this paper will like to recommend to go for the basics of democracy 'Separation of power' to ensure continuation and consolidation of democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xi Jinping is one of the strongest presidents Socialist China ever has seen. He revolutionized the country's foreign policy soon after he ascended to the President's Office. He revised China's foreign policy towards South Asia including Pakistan. During the 20th century, China adopted a principled policy of non-intervention in the internal affairs of Pakistan. However, Jinping's rise brought an end to the said policy. This research paper focuses on exploring and analyzing the changes brought by Xi Jinping in the Foreign Policy of China towards Pakistan along with the pros and cons related to the changed foreign policy approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan's defence diplomacy has undergone significant changes in the past decade. With the evolving global and regional security environment, Pakistan has adapted its strategies to protect its national interests and ensure regional stability. This research article aims to provide an analysis of Pakistan's defence diplomacy from 2013 to 2022. The study examines the key factors that have influenced Pakistan's defence diplomacy and how it has evolved over the years. The research article employs a qualitative research approach, utilizing secondary data sources such as academic articles, policy papers, and government reports. The data is analyzed through a thematic approach to identify the key trends and developments in Pakistan's defence diplomacy. The analysis reveals that Pakistan's defence diplomacy has been shaped by a range of factors, including its relationship with key allies like China and the United States as well as its ongoing conflict with India. The study identifies the major shifts in Pakistan's defence diplomacy strategies, including its efforts to diversify its defence partnerships, increase defence diplomacy, and pursue a more proactive role in regional security initiatives. The research article also highlights the key challenges faced by Pakistan's defence diplomacy, including the impact of domestic politics on foreign policy, resource constraints, and the need to balance its relationship with competing powers in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Madrassa is a controversial educational institution of Pakistani society. International scholarship is polarized on madrassa issue and presents two divergent pictures of this institution: one, it is a source of radical ideology, and thus, a security threat to the modern world; and two, it is a net of social security for underprivileged who are ignored by the state's social services. This paper, rather than taking position on either side, documents the perceptions of religious teachers, and thus, tries to discover the answers of certain questions; like, why is madrassa a controversial issue; why does it exist in society; why do certain students join madrassa; what is funding sources of madrassa; and what is educational ideology of this institution? The paper is based on views of sixteen religious teachers; and the data were gained through two detailed sessions of focus group discussions, in Lahore, Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is an attempt to offer textual readings of two works by Pakistani writers: Mohsin Hamid's The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Musharaf Ali Farooqi's Between Clay and Dust. It offers readings of these texts from the perspective of neoliberalism, especially with an accent on epistemological factors. It explains how as a zeitgeist of our times, neoliberalism controls, dominates and trespasses personal domains, favours the moneyed class and necessitates an epistemology that governs relationships within a human society, whether it is the first world i.e. the US or a South Asian city. Educational and cultural institutions, whether in the US or in Pakistan, the paper argues, are meaningful, according to the neoliberal epistemology, as long as they have their monetary or exchange value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The danger of nuclear terrorism has heightened significantly in the recent years largely because of the transnational terrorist networks and their unrelenting efforts to acquire nuclear technology. The menace of nuclear terrorism is alarming and should be calculated as credible source of emerging trends in terrorism. No incident of nuclear terrorism happened yet but terrorist groups are struggling to steal fissile materials, nuclear technology or insiders' support to either procure a crude weapon or steal one. International community is concerned with such foreseeable scenario. This research attempts to make a realistic calculation of the hazards of nuclear terrorism. First part of the paper underlines hype of nuclear terrorism and the risks it poses. It also signifies magnitude of reality involving nuclear terrorism. Second part of the paper underscores the response to international media that is frenzy about risk of nuclear terrorism in Pakistan. It also highlights the safety and security measures that Pakistan has adopted under the guidelines of IAEA and Nuclear Security Summits. This paper concludes with the argument that over the years Pakistan has remained relatively open about sharing information regarding how it is making advancements in its command and control system to ward off any risks of nuclear terrorism and has been successful in achieving better levels of security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Events following the 9/11 attack have fundamentally changed the political landscape, especially for the Muslim World. A new wave of violent extremism emerged, altering the structure of global world order. Pakistan has suffered impeding consequences following the „global war on terror". Currently, Pakistan has been ranked at number five in the Global Terrorism Index of 2017. The magnitude of Pakistan's loss is not limited to its economic or political instability, but it has crept into the very fabric of the Pakistani society. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the impact of violent extremism on Pakistani youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan's vital geopolitical position is an advantage for this South Asian nation. It is located at the apex of the Arabian Peninsula. Thus, the People's Republic of China has setup the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) with a futuristic strategy to gain long-term benefits. This planning is not random at all. It is a cohesive plan to revitalize the financial system of its long-standing collaborator and ally through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) which is currently the talk of the town. The present study analyzes how Pakistan's conventional economic outlook can be transformed through the CPEC. While harnessing the power of Pakistan as a 'trade route', the CPEC has the potential to reshape transport & security options, increase the cost-effectiveness of goods, and widen the scope for new and existing businesses. it will develop a networking coherence among agricultural & industrial hubs and connect special economic zones (SEZs) with the rest of the country and beyond. This paper evaluates the CPEC's fiscal footprint on Pakistan's economy and examines the correlation between overcoming economic shortcomings and increasing future gains through a cause-and-effect relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political system of Pakistan rests on the principle of federation: powers of decisionmaking are constitutionally divided between parliament and the provincial governments. The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973 emphasizes party-based democracy. It demands the practice of democracy within the political parties to promote democratic norms in political culture and to create a conducive political environment to strengthen the federal system in Pakistan. The second important principle of federation is unity in diversity. A political party in a federation is considered as a bridge between the federal government and its federating units having its roots in the general masses across the federating units. It helps the federating units to have a forum to identify, express, and articulate their interests. But the element of hereditary succession and the presence of affinity networks within political parties is weakening the democratic spirit of the federal Constitution of Pakistan. In major political parties, the only merit to elevate to the highest rank in the party is to be the next heir or to be the close relative of the party leader. The culture of hereditary leadership promotes the norms of kinship politics and nepotism where political decisions are made to protect the vested interests of kinship groups at the cost of the more extensive interests of the federation. This paper is based on three sections; the first section deals with the phenomena of hereditary politics in general; the second section deals with the importance of political parties in a federal system and; the third section of the study deals with hereditary succession and affinity networks in political parties in Pakistan and their impact on the federal system. The study used the desk research method to analyze the data under the qualitative approach. Primary and secondary sources are used to collect the data, however, primary data is collected from various internet sources like official websites of FAFEN, ECP, and Dunya news, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Muslim Leaders of the Subcontinent of India were trying to create a different independent state for Muslims, the Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah repeatedly used the phrase "Separate state for the Minorities of India". He demanded a state where all types of minorities could live freely according to their religious teachings and norms. These demands were very pleasing for all types of religious minorities of the Subcontinent, so few of them supported the idea of Pakistan where anyone could live freely. The Christian community supported the idea of Pakistan and made efforts to become part of it. There are different speeches of Quaid-e-Azam that consist of praises of Christian leaders who were helping the Muslim leadership. Despite the fact that Pakistan's Objective Resolution and Constitution of 1956 and 1962 gave equal rights to every citizen and religious liberty to minorities, the Objective Resolution and Constitution of 1956 and 1962 are the most condemned document which made Pakistan a theocracy. After liberty and freedom, political rights are the most important rights for any person. This paper will try to find out the answer to the question of how objective resolution, Constitution of 1956 and 1962 dealt with the minority rights and their political rights. For this purpose in-depth study of all three documents occurred along with different articles, news, research reports and books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geopolitical environmentof South Asia has significantlychanged in last two decades. This change essentially poses various challenges and brings opportunities for Pakistan in the region. The prime focus of this paper is to give an insight into challenges faced by Pakistan in a historical narrationand to critically evaluate the implications of emerging geopolitical environment for Pakistan's foreign policy. Therefore, this study, by adopting realist perspective, develops "stress and strain" frameworkto analyses the impacts of regional geopoliticson foreign policy of Pakistan. Thishistorical analysisreveals that the interest of great powers in the region changes with passage of timeand thus changes their allianceswith regional states. This shifting of alliances modifies the way of interaction among regional states. The study concludes with suggestions that the articulation of national interest and foreign policy of Pakistanneeds to be reviewed continuouslyin order to overcome the emerging challenges and to find the best possible way of engagement at regional and international level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deliberates on the issue of public policy making process and strategies in the specific context of Pakistan in view of the universal call for good governance, efficient service delivery, accountability, participation and sound public policy making through empowering people and leveraging their potential in the process of governance. It emphasizes on the need for revisiting the public policy making process and strategies with a renewed interest at a time when strategy and policy instruments are being intensively debated in the wake of a plethora of economic, social, political and governance problems triggered by the tragic wave of terrorism, militancy and corruption in the country. The paper argues that existing process and strategies of policy making are quite generic, linear and mainstream which provide an overly simplistic and general understanding of the approach in which public policies are formulated. These define policy formulation merely a solution generating process which in turn solves some problems. This procedure consists of sequential steps which begins with identification of a problem, and completes with a set of actions to resolve the problem. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that real world of policy making is much more complex and intricate. Some notable competing approaches in this regard include the "advocacy framework" (Sabatiaer and Jenkins-Smith, 1999), "multiple stream framework" (Kingdons, 1984; Zahariadis, 2003), "rational-choice analysis" (Sharpf, 1997), "policy network approach" (Borzel, 1998; Thatcher, 1998; Howlett, 2002), "policy transfer perspective" (Dolowitz and Marsh, 1996), and "network governance" (Cross, Hesterly, and Borgatti, 1997). While all of the above competing frameworks offer competing explanations they are largely concentrated on pluralist cultures and the way policy choices are made. Therefore, it is challenging to elucidate by what means such frameworks explain policy making where the decision making is done in dictatorial settings i.e. in those countries which are politically independent but economically dependent on international financial institutions, who have elected governments but without people centric democracy, who gained independence from colonial rule but are still well-entrenched in colonial traditions, and whose intellectuals are highly educated and well- read but have captive mindset. To address the issue the paper suggests utilizing a network governance perspective with decentralized/bottom up approach for effective policy making in Pakistan and recommends ways towards effective public policy based on a realistic, context specific, collaborative and participative approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like in the other developing countries, women labour force participation rate is rising gradually in Pakistan. Their employment is mostly concentrated in the informal sector, agriculture sector and in the home-based industries. Pakistan is signatory to ILO Conventions 100 and 111. As a result, various efforts were made in the country to make labour laws and policies in line with these conventions. The paper examines country labour laws with an objective to explore whether these are in accordance with the Pakistan's international commitments. The paper analysis how far various provisions of the labour laws regarding women workers have been able to address the concerns of these two conventions. It also highlights weaknesses of labour laws and suggests means and ways as a way forward for overhauling of these laws, especially, in the context of the scenario after the 18th Constitutional Amendment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postcolonial polities are marred with governance dilemma due to plethora of factors from lack of resources to flawed administrative structures; diffused roles and structures with a bend to authoritarianism; corruption to ineffectiveness for provision of welfare services for population; curbing freedoms to military interventions leading to crisis of governance. Michel Foucault theoretical approach of governmentality with its three pillars i.e. who will govern, how will govern and what is meant by governance is an effective tool to provide an insight in structural functional revisionist analysis of working of such polities. The methodological approach of paper is to cluster three important concepts, i.e. governmentality-structural-functional analysis and the concept of good governance encompassing hexagonal study of six important indicators, i.e. voice and accountability, political stability, effective governance, regulatory capability, Rule of Law and Control of Corruption. As different IGO's evaluate countries performance on basis of these indicators, the study will take account of Pakistan performance on good governance indicators and try to find the answer of why questions by a structural functional analysis of governmentality at play in Pakistan. The performance flaws of Pakistani state are direct result of diffused and overlapping governance roles and structures; collaborative rule of non-representative institutions like military and judiciary and their intervention in governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Asia has been a unique geographical region where all member states share commonality of interests in history, politics, economics and socio-cultural aspects due to close geographical proximity. Because of this uniqueness, South Asia is considered a single geographical unit where security issue has a cross border dimension. For Sikh community, Pakistan has opened the Kartar Pur border between India and Pakistan. It is a step forward to bring peace across the region. Though it has also raised many questions on the security of South Asia; would tension between Pakistan and India be diluted or escalated? Would it trigger peace or security threat across the region? What would be behavior of India and Sikh community in the new scenario? How a sovereign state can establish relations with a community group (religious community) of neighboring sovereign state by passing later? How it would affect the pattern of state relations at regional level as well as at international level? The research paper is mainly based on an attempt to answer these queries. The descriptive and analytical method is used along with the primary sources in the form of in-depth interviews and focus group activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two main sectarian divisions among Muslims living in Pakistan; these are Sunni and Shia schools of thought. It is socially abhorred within these sects that a person belonging to them converts to another. This seems to be the reason that conversions from one sect to another are not found often in Pakistani society. If this social phenomenon of non-conversion is compared with the cases of inheritance contested in and decided by the apex judiciary of Pakistan we would be surprised by the fact that there are numerous stories of alleged conversions from Sunnism to Shiaism and vice versa. Analyzing the cases of inheritance decided by the apex judiciary of Pakistan, the paper explores the reasons of such conversions or assertions thereof. The analysis suggests that these conversions are mostly alleged and contested by the parties to such cases to enrich themselves financially or deprive the other party from any financial benefits which would have accrued had the propositus proved to be belonged to the other sect. The paper also brings to light how this space of maneuvering has been facilitated by different interpretations of law of inheritance by Sunni and Shia schools of thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International relations are determined by systemic and structural factors at the global, regional and state/domestic levels. Inter-state relations require common interests, shared goals, inter-related threat perception and eminent security challenges. Indo-Iranian relations have been on a progressive trajectory since the beginning of current century; their relations are focussed on political, economic, security and strategic spheres. As an emerging major power, India intends to enhance its influence across regions. This paper attempts to examine how Indo-Iranian relations have shaped up over the years. How convergence of interests by these two far-off neighbors have developed to join and cooperate in economic, political and social domains. For Pakistan, any development on its eastern and western borders holds important bearing on its national security; therefore, what new challenges are posed by Indo-Iranian relations in the changing regional environment of South Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moscow and Islamabad have experienced many ups and downs throughout the past, but recent Russia Pakistan military and economic cooperation can be comprehended as significant progress in their relationship. As CPEC is a signatory sign of the Sino-Pak relationship, this paper seeks to analyze the need for Russia to be a part of CPEC as its inclusion in the project will also be significant for the regional integration and it will, even more, strengthen the relations of Beijing, Islamabad, and Moscow that will eventually build a new bloc. In addition, by giving the theoretical framework of complex interdependence theory, how Russia and Pakistan can work together in this project. Also, if Russia becomes a part of CPEC, how it can be helpful to eradicate all the apprehension which have been imposed by different entities to defame this project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern world, attitudes of people are considered more important than their experiences and academic preparation. A positive attitude towards research is a key to success and progress in the knowledge based societies. This study explored the student teacher attitudes towards research. The sample consisted of 194 participants from two public universities of Pakistan and it was taken by using census sampling technique. The participants were Master in Education students in their second semester. The Attitude towards Research scale was used for data collection. The scale was consisted of 30 items which were divided into five factors: research usefulness, research anxiety, positive attitudes, relevance to life, and research difficulties. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. The results showed that student teachers have a negative attitude towards research. A significant difference was found in the attitudes with respect to the type of program and prior areas of specialization. The paper demonstrates a clear need for focus on research into student teacher attitudes towards research. Low student teacher attitudes have negative impact on the pupils. The ability of teacher education programs to alleviate the problem has wide-spread implications. The paper produces empirical evidence about the low student teacher attitudes towards research and raises questions relevant to teacher preparation role of the teacher education programs in developing higher attitudes towards research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peshawar is increasingly transforming into a city of congestion and traffic related problems due to growing number of vehicles coupled with lack of expansion in the existing road network and effective traffic management. This paper is aimed to study the status of growing traffic, its main causes and effects, road network analysis vis-à-vis the prevalent traffic management in the city. For this purpose relevant secondary data was collected from Excise and Registration Department, Peshawar; Communication and Works Department, Peshawar; National Highway Authority, Peshawar; Bureau of Statistics, Peshawar; Highways Department Peshawar; Peshawar Development Authority and Headquarter Traffic Police, Peshawar. Information was also collected through questionnaires survey and interviews with drivers, general commuters and personal observation. The findings reveal that during 1998-2009, the proportion of increase in number of vehicles is 126.4 % while that of road network expansion is only 0.85 %. The data shows that major contribution to increasing number of vehicles is private cars, which constitute 75.35 % of the total registered vehicles and has shown 228.98 % increase during 1998-2009. Besides, the greater number of road-blockages and check posts created by the security personnel in the wake of terrorism threats is another cause of traffic jams in the city. Furthermore, the situation has caused extra fuel consumptions and delays. The paper suggests effective traffic management and awareness; planning and development control with measures to discourage the use of private cars in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the impact of foreign exchange inflows on equilibrium real exchange rate of Pakistan for the period 1993 M7 to 2009 M3 through behavioral equilibrium real exchange rate (BEER) approach. The BEER approach uses econometric technique of cointegration to establish a behavioral link between the real exchange rate and relevant macroeconomic fundamentals. The study shall conclude that massive foreign direct investment inflows and workers 'remittances have significantly appreciated equilibrium real exchange rate of Pakistan. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of foreign exchange inflows in Pakistan in the form of FDI and workers' remittances on equilibrium real exchange rate of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China, a rising power and Russia, a great power of the past is currently pursuing the aspiration to regain its lost glory, are at the center stage of Asian geopolitics. Starting from the first decade of twenty first century, the extra tilt of Russia's moderate ally India towards the US is ringing alarm bells for China, Russia and Pakistan more or less with an equal spell. Indian tilt towards the US culminating in a nuclear deal between the two in 2008 (Baker, 2008), specifically, post nuclear deal strategic partnership provides the former with a punch to pose a challenge to its two sheer competitors Pakistan and China. In fact, this emerging engagement between Indo-US is based on their shared interest of complicating the security calculations of Pakistan and China. Thus, the strategic partnership between India and the US provides a significant variable to Pakistan to dramatically change the dimensions of its security and strategic relationship with Asian powers such as China and Russia. For Pakistan this partnership will provide it not only an option to maintain balance in the region vis a vis India but it will also provide it with an alternate to the US in the form of realigning its relationship with Russia and China. While shunning off increasing US sway in near abroad is in the interests of both China and Russia, so, this emerging strategic triangle will mutually reciprocate their respective interests. Although, India is obsessed with a desire to become regional hegemon independently pose a significant threat to regional balance and stability in South Asia, its strategic partnership with the US acts moderately as a force multiplier. So, for Pakistan being a major stakeholder in the regional affairs, prudence dictates to cultivate and enhance its strategic relationship with its time tested friend China as well with Russia. The current paper will attempt to access the imperative factors bringing China, Russia and Pakistan closer to form a strategic triangle. It will explore the political, geo-economic and geo-strategic areas of convergence for greater cooperation between this emerging triangle. What are prospects and challenges in the way of development of a strategic triangle between China-Russia and Pakistan that is emerging as a response to a direct threat from Indo-US strategic partnership to gain a hold over regional affairs'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sri Kartarpur Sahib is one of the most sacred religious sites for over twenty-seven million followers of Sikh religion around the world. This religious site known as gurdwara became a part of the premises of the state of Pakistan according to the partition plan in 1947. Sikh pilgrims desiring to visit this sacred place have always found it difficult due to the tensions between the two states of India and Pakistan. Finally, in August 2018, the newly elected Pakistani government under premiership of Mr. Imran Khan announced its intention to build a connecting corridor from Dera Baba Nanak in India to Kartarpur Sahib for the Sikh pilgrims. While it was generally considered a highly positive gesture towards building peace in the region, there was some negative response from the Indian side in particular. This paper discusses brief history of Kartarpur Sahib, the implications of the decision of constructing corridor by the Pakistan government and its importance in building peace between the two states and creating inter-faith harmony within Pakistan. An exploratory, historical and descriptive method has been applied. Besides consulting books and newspaper reports on this issue, two interviews were conducted to analyze contemporary situation. The results show that the move by the Pakistani government can very well be considered a way forward in peace building process and hurdles in implementation of a peace-oriented gesture need to be removed to promote inter-faith and inter-state harmony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional economic integration through highways, railways, pipelines and ports (dry and sea) leads towards interdependence which in turn develops stakes for regional states in each other stability and ultimately the goals of development, peace and prosperity are achieved. This particular paper aims to discuss the prospective role of CPEC in regional and intra-regional integration and its potential to positively influence the regional peace and prosperity. The focus is on the pattern of integration's structure which the CPEC offers and which has not been adequately analyzed in the literature so far. The paper argues that CPEC offers an open model of regional integration, increases regional security through interdependence and facilitates regional and global trade in contrast to close and tight regionalism where protectionist measures are adopted for non-member or non-regional states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the introduction of the Policy for Regulation of INGOs in Pakistan, 2015 and the draft Regulation of Foreign Contribution Act 2013-15 (RFCA), the state-civil society relationship in Pakistan has been once again in jeopardy. This paper examines the issue of regulating civil society organizations in Pakistan, considering the unique composition of Pakistani civil society, its role, and the existing legal framework while drawing on examples from the region. Based on the analysis, it is recommended that due to the importance of associational life in the development and democratization of Pakistan, civic organizations should be regulated in the light of the constitutional provisions, which consider rights to association as basic human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the prestige and importance of public relations function in Pakistan by investigating reporting relationship of the public relations department to the highest management, "PR department contribution to strategic planning and decision-making", "PR department contribution in research" and "organizational support to PR department/PR Department Prestige". The results are based on email survey responses randomly collected from the highest ranked practitioners of 101 inhouse PR departments of public and private sector organizations adopting a stratified sampling technique. The results indicate that private sector organizations place more importance on public relations function in Pakistan as compared to public sector organizations. Public relations departments in private sector organizations in Pakistan are more involved in strategic planning and decision making significantly contribute in and benefit more from research-based activities and enjoy a better prestige in the eyes of their top management as compare to public relations departments in public sector organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper would discuss freedom of expression and restrictions on the freedom with particular reference to the provisions of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the „Justiciability Doctrine" as enshrined in the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). The question whether the freedom of expression claims are justiciable or not, in third world countries like Pakistan and how it helps in the advancement of rule of law and good governance would be explored. The focus would be on the cultural relativism narrative developed ever since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The claims of „Universalism" associated with human rights especially freedom of expression would be criticized with respect to the Margin of Appreciation Doctrine as reflected in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and adopted in other jurisdictions. Freedom of expression and the rights of minorities in Pakistan would be discussed with a special mention of proselytization and forced conversions. Lastly, the role of legislation and judiciary in Pakistan for the protection and advancement of the freedom of expression guarantee would be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship among organizational learning culture (OLC), perceived organizational support (POS), knowledge sharing behavior (KSB) and workplace spirituality (WS). The study was conducted on banking sector of Pakistan and data was collected through questionnaire-based survey. A sample of 300 respondents was selected using item response theory from which 248 respondents replied, however only 226 responses were used in the final analysis because of outliers. The study used statistical package for social sciences to analyze data. The study found that both organizational learning culture and perceived organizational support positively associated to workplace spirituality. Further, the hierarchical regression has confirmed the mediating role of knowledge sharing behaviors between the same associations. The study has used cross-sectional survey technique and there is a probability that respondents have given biased responses. Identification of the antecedents of workplace spirituality will help the HR managers to increase the commitment of employees towards their organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization is a growing phenomenon in the contemporary times when man has become modern in its thinking, actions and evaluation. Growing awareness regarding human rights is not only bringing human into mainstream affairs being major stakeholders indirectly but also greater expectations. This reality of preservation of human rights has brought the issue into legislation to make it law as a written part of the constitution at national, regional and global level in almost all spheres. Consequently, assurance of human fundamental rights is ground reality and written part of all the constitutions of the world. Globalization has transformed the world into a global village where there are commonalities of the cultures, exchange of ideas and free economic approaches are struggling to bring consensus among the world society to protect and preserve the human rights against any violation. World has divided into two blocks global north and global south based on their economic and political capacities. Globalization phenomenon was started by global north so it augurs well for the advancement of their interests while South is less benefited because of having under-developed status and weaker rule of law, social, economic and political condition. There are disparities of resources between both the blocks that are why south is suffering and north is maintaining status quo. State like Pakistan being the part and parcel of global south is facing economic and political hurdles where there is no provision of basic human requirements like food, health, education, employment and socio-economic stability. Globalization is north-centered phenomenon and more beneficial for them as compare to south. Globalization has positives and negatives. On one side it is providing awareness about the human rights violations while on other side it seems unable to protect human rights violations. Human rights violation scale is growing in Pakistan where there is nationalistic economy that is anti-thesis of the globalization and free market economy of north. Moreover, weak socio-economic and political conditions in Pakistan causing deprivations and grievance are growing where a specific chunk of society is violating all norms and rules of human rights by using their economic power and social status. In comparison to internationalization of economies under the umbrella of globalization, limited weightage is given to Pakistani exports in international market as compare to exports that proves very costly with the emergence of issue balance of payment that causes severe economic implications on Pakistan economy where social and political sector already going downwards and lacking to provide basic needs of life and fundamental rights. Labor issues and forced labor menace is growing in Pakistan where there are less facilities and larger number of labor and phenomenon of brain drain is growing. Globalization is impacting Pakistan more in a negative way and less in positive way. In this phase of initial years of second decade of twenty first century, human rights violation has decreased due to constitutional protection, media campaigns, role of NGO's but still long way to go ahead to curb the menace. Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to explore the embodied effects of process of globalization on human rights in Pakistan. Objectives of the study- To investigate explore and analyze the present status of human rights status in Pakistan in this globalized arena and legislative measures taken by the government. To highlight, the growing hurdles in the protection of human rights violations in Pakistan. Research Questions- What can be the impacts of globalization on global South? And how it is affecting human rights in Pakistan? What actions should be taken to support and extend rights to the humans in the era of globalization? Design / Methodology / Approach- Descriptive method is used based on secondary sources like UNDP reports, human rights commission of Pakistan reports, academic papers, books and newspaper articles etc. An analytical approach has also been used to illustrate the human rights violation in Pakistan and explore the underlying realities. Findings-This paper provides the pen picture of the Globalization phenomenon and its significant impacts on human rights in Pakistan, either it has created opportunities for the preservation of human rights or it has threatened the human rights. It is concluded that globalization is the major independent variable. Although through integrating Pakistan's commercial, financial and economic institutions with the world the dream of economic globalization can be materialized and freedom of equal socio-economic rights and freedom to engage in economic transactions may be ensured but still it might will remain at loss because of weak economy, limited resources and political immaturity, moreover, other human rights violations occurred in Pakistan are needed to be addressed at state level in a more pragmatic way and viable policy methods by analyzing situation in depth. Research Limitation-The focus of this research would be only Pakistan regarding violation of human rights with the detail discussion of globalization and human rights in general. The policy making at Government level i-e role of parliament, role of international organizations and role of NGOs would also be studied for law making and to preserve the human rights. The period of the research would be 2011 to 2013. Hypothetical framework- Globalization phenomenon is a promoter of liberal thoughts in socio-economic and political perspectives. Liberalism of globalization gives a perception that assists in the prevention of human rights violation in developing societies. The underlying socio-economic disparities between global North and global South are creating un-favorable environment for the protection of human rights in developing world. Pakistan is facing human rights violations due to inherent socio-economic and political weakness with unfavorable impacts of globalization because of her mismatch with the western standards. This clearly shows the indiscriminate impacts of globalization on different regions of the world. Originality / Value-This is original research work. The analysis provided is based on facts and information is acquired from human rights commission of Pakistan reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is often referred a creeping disaster as it takes time to mature, impacts may linger on for a considerably longer time period even after the termination of the event. Pakistan is climatically an arid to semi-arid country frequently in the grip of meteorological droughts. Since Pakistan has an agro-based economy, thus in drought years its economy cripples. The response of the government to this recurrently occurring disaster, has been reactive. This research delineates the pattern of meteorological droughts in Pakistan for the time period 1980-2010 and also defines droughts in the perspective of Pakistan's climatic conditions. Drought mapping has been a neglected area in Pakistan. This paper offers map showing the spatial pattern of meteorological droughts in Pakistan and reveals that Sindh and Balochistan are the most arid parts of the country and have a high probability of extreme meteorological drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Third sector organizations are emerging as one of the major partner in governance along with the public and corporate sector all over the world including Pakistan. However, there is dearth of research on governance practices and models specifically the role of advisory board in such organizations. The paper explores the dominant model of internal organizational governance in third sector organizations and discusses the role of governing board, its functions and responsibilities in governance of TSOs in the specific context of Pakistan. The study adopts a mixed methods research design to reach the findings. The quantitative data for the study was collected through structured questionnaires while qualitative data was gathered by interviews of key respondents to strengthen the findings of the study. The present paper discusses the prevailing organizational model of governance of non-profit organizations in Pakistan in relation with different models of governance of TSOs in developed and developing countries including South Asian countries. It is expected that identification of key roles, functions and responsibilities of governing board in third sector organizations in Pakistan in comparison with other countries will particularly help in defining key features with strengths and weaknesses of the indigenous model of governance and role of board in organizations operating in Pakistan. The paper provides useful recommendations towards improvement in this regard through collaborated and integrated learning procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the prospects of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) from a stakeholder's perspective. The identification and communication of stakeholders can play a vital role in identifying the perceptions of all who are directly or indirectly involved in a project. Moreover, this study focuses on the general nature of stakeholders and their awareness about the mega project. An exploratory study was conducted through a structured survey instrument to tap the awareness and opinions of the stakeholders connected to the likely benefits of CPEC. The results revealed interesting findings relating to their opinions about CPEC. The study further suggests some important implications and future directions to introduce an inclusive approach to mitigate the misconceptions about CPEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth rate in urban population and flow of technologies has fastened the magnitudes and patterns of urban transportation network. The number of vehicles has increased tremendously in the metropolitan areas of the city. Whereas the traffic control involves the attempts to make the movements as fast, efficient and safe as possible with minimum damage to the local or regional environment. This study will create a relationship among travel patterns (individual behavior), transportation facilities (planning and decision-making processes),sustainable economic growth, social well-being, and environmental context of Lahore that forms the basis of transportation analysis and policy decisions in the governmental agencies. The real challenge comes from alarming inner city vehicle increases in the country. Recent years have seen an unprecedented growth of traffic in Pakistan. There are multiple reasons for this rapid increase which is greatly evident in big cities like Karachi and Lahore. This has raised a number of concerns and questions for research and modeling of advanced and efficient traffic patterns.This paper is a detail study of multidimensional traffic pattern of Lahore, its issues, flow and intensity; peak congestion hours and periods of extreme pressure at some of the major roads in the city finally ending at a focused case study (Shahrah-e-Quaid-e-Azam). On the basis of systematically collected quantitative data of the sampled main roads, study provides guidelines and policy measures for the government to control this menace. Keeping in view the geographical limitations and socio economic structure of the city, it also suggests remedies to overcome traffic problems. Paper proposes a researched based practicum model to help set an efficient and sustainable traffic pattern. The rationale of the study is to create Vehicle Density History (VDH) for selected chowks at different times of the day. i.e peak, medium and low hours. Once a comprehensive VDH is created, it can help for integrated planning for efficient traffic flow patterns and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In February 1999 Pakistan and India, through Lahore Declaration that was signed between the Prime Ministers of two countries, declared to resolve the continuing decades-long conflict between the two countries. But after some months of the Declaration both countries were involved into a horrible episode of conflict that virtually brought the world on the brink of first clash between two nuclear states. Getting control of a main route to Kargil by Kashmiri militants led to a great episode of conflict between India and Pakistan. This episode was significant because of the fact that both countries had entered into nuclear club just one year ago and this episode proved to be the first confrontation between two armies equipped with atomic arsenal. How this conflict arose and how international community saw this incident is the focus of this paper. The Paper will also examine how the external political factors played a critical role in the unfolding of the Kargil conflict. The impact of this episode on the policies of international powers will also be examined. In the light of this analysis of the events the impact of this episode in the conflict resolution in South Asia will also be observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper thrashes out the water issues between Pakistan and India and the recent developments that have taken place specifically in the year 2011. The disputes of building dams on cross - boundary rivers like the construction of Kishanganga Hydro - Electricity Project by India, Pakistan's objections to the project, decision of the International Court of Arbitration, Indian response, confidence building measures and the role of media have been analysed. The study identifies India's various unfair dealings with Pakistan in water-sharing. The water issues will attain significance greater than the Kashmir issue. Solving the Kashmir issue will lead towards solving the water issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the politics of federalism in Pakistan. There are multiple geographic, economic and demographic variations that demanded special apparatus of management. As security, economy and identity were the common goals of all units; federal system was the most suitable answer to these issues and demands in the case of Pakistan. With an analysis of the concept, present research examines the history and constitutional development regarding federalism in Pakistan. Political life is teeming with institutions. Democracy must also flourish within the structures of political parties. If it doesn't, democracy will flounder. Federations may vary at the level of centralization, and in the forms of governance, but political institutions are important. The paper concludes by suggesting some policy measures to improve federalism in Pakistan. Relatively decentralized and inclusive governance is more likely to enable Pakistani federation to accommodate interests, identities and working of institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of women worldwide is undergoing a dramatic change as women today share the spotlight with men in almost all fields.About 15% of the government ministers are women in all 192 countries in the world compared with 11.7% in 1997.In 20 countries, constituting less than 10%, there are women heads of the states. These trends are also reflected in the private and public sector organizations be it the manufacturing or service industry women as a rule are seen at the bottom of the mountain as reported at World Economic Forum in Davos (2011). This continuous shortfall of women in leading positions in organizations leads to loss in productivity both at the individual and organizational level, ultimately leading to loss at the societal level. The paper presents the findings of a research study conducted in the Banking Sector of Pakistan to find the influence of gender stereotypes to explore the underrepresentation of women bankers in management positions. As gender stereotypes are one of the most cited reasons for women deterrence to advancing in career, its impact was studied using a comprehensive model 'Gender, Organization and System' (GOS) (Fagenson, 1995, Jabeen, 2001). The findings helped to conclude that while the three levels - Individual, Organizational and Societal on the basis of which the GOS Model has been developed are inter-related the societal level is the utmost importance. Societal factors impact both the individual and organization levels in perpetuating the existing stereotypes against both genderswhich ultimately harm the advancement of females in their careers especially in management as is the case in present study. Since equitable representation of women in organizations is an important issue of human resource management the paper offers useful recommendations towards improving the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revolutionized media of today has casted its deep imprints upon the human life. The impact is wholesome on governance, politics, socio-economic operations, education and even religion that erstwhile remained a non-attraction prior to 9/11 scenario. The contemporary media, through its round-the-clock transmission/telecasts, has become powerful enough to manipulate the public opinion and behavior. Pakistan has not been an exception too, and, after induction of the private T.V. Channels free of total government control, a phenomenal transformation is in sight resulting in a powerful media impact on the public opinion. This paper focuses on in-depth analysis of this new media--public relationship and its castings on the state, political, socio-economic, cross-cultural, and religious fabric of the country. However, paucity is felt in the coverage of social and health issues. As well, personal biases of the media personnel need to be rectified with objectivity and respect for the opinion expressed by their invitees to the talk-shows and other programs. The paper concludes that the independence of contemporary media journalistic responsibility that should ensure a sustained credibility, free of traditional flag holder of religion based nationalism, as it was done during the regimes of military dictators, amongst the masses and other stake-holders, if it has to play a progressive role on modernized grounds in the nation-building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, Pakistan is passing through a very critical phase of its history where it is facing a number of problems amongst which the most crucial and devastating is fundamentalism which has led to militancy and violence in the society. Fundamentalism has further brought radicalization, divisions and cracks in an already fragmented society. If the present situation is left unchecked, it has the potential to completely destabilize the country. This paper attempts to analyze how fundamentalism has taken roots and also how it has continuously been growing in the recent history of Pakistan. The paper further looks into the affects of fundamentalism on the society as a whole. Needless to say that this situation has put the security of this country at stake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new Afghan policy is articulated to achieve military victory as it is characterized with increasing military operation and escalation in aerial strikes in border areas of Pakistan and a new surge of 30,000 US troops to Afghanistan, seems a part of the strategy. It is important to note that for the first time, a timeline for the evacuation of NATO troops along with an exit strategy for the American forces has been given, following up the American presidential elections in November 2012. Although the interests of both Pakistan and US coincide yet Washington is not satisfied with Islamabad. This paper aims at discussing the US agenda in Afghanistan and its implications for Pakistan. It will look at the real intentions of US- whether it really wants to defeat Taliban or dismantle Al-Qaeda or both and is the new strategy likely to be effective? Surely it will be decided in the times to come, as it is not possible to predict about forestall future. The fundamental questions are about the success of this strategy as America could not win the war in last eight years, how could it assert its success by sending more troops? It seems that Obama's new Afghan policy is indeed the formulation of its policy for Pakistan which is to come into effect from 2010. The policy carries many aspects of fears and dangers for Pakistan. It is doubted that the increased US troops is to build more pressure on Pakistan. Is it not likely that America is creating this situation under proper planning and is pushing Pakistan in this warfront? As this policy is a vivid picture of an endless conflict in the South Asian region, the paper is an effort to analyze and explore the covert groundwork through notorious organizations like black water and other foreign elements, which are organized by them to create chaos and confusion in Pakistan. What are their hidden designs? Why the number of high ranking US officials, NGOs, delegations, security agencies, diplomats and 'spies' have increased all of a sudden? These all aspects will be discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essence of democratic society is based on independent and free judiciary as independent judiciary is considered as guardian of basic human rights. Neo-liberal values like protection of human rights, equality, open-competition and rule of law are being protected by an independent judiciary. However in dictatorial settings or in a quasi-civilian regime it is not possible to observe independence of any state institutions. In such settings dictators enjoy unlimited and unchecked authority to curtail the powers of any institution or incumbent to be befitted in their ambitious designs. In Pakistan, judiciary has served the interests of executive especially the military executives by legalizing the martial laws in 1958,1969,1979,1999 and also recognized Legal Framework Orders and Provisional Constitutional Orders. Chief Justice (CJ) Iftikhar Chaudhry initially did the same in his first phase in office from 1999-2004 but later on he realized that as CJ he should take stand to establish independent judiciary as promised in constitution. Therefore, he refused to obey the extra constitutional orders of Gen. Pervaiz Musharraf. Gen. Musharraf suspended CJ Chaudhry on the charges of corruption and misuse of authority. The lawyer community started movement for restoration of CJ, in turn for the independence of judiciary, which was later joined by all factions of civil society especially in urban areas. After being restored, CJ Chaudhry took a number of suo-moto actions in public matters and declared PCO and NRO as unconstitutional. It was a start of new era of judicial activism setting the new patterns of executive-judiciary relationship. This paper investigates that how the neo-liberal values became the basis for a resistance movement against a military dictator at societal level. How did a social movement shape the pattern of executive-judiciary relations and whether these patterns continued in civil government? It also studies the consequences of judicial activism on political system of Pakistan that virtually paralyzed the other two branches of the government leading to a judicial democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates a politico-cultural mapping of leisure and life in Pakistan, a country in South Asia, with a political developmental period in historical perspective from its independence in 1947. A classification of ruling eras is done, and accordingly the paper carries its discussion. A few tables are presented to give the percentage of leisure-time spent, and leisure-activities pursued by Pakistani men and women. The data is from nationally represented samples of 2690 respondents in 2009, and 1294 respondents interviewed in 2012 by Gilani Research Foundation, Pakistan. The findings also include statistics from a research by the authors own empirical study of 2013, from a sample of 222 women respondents in Faisalabad City, Punjab, Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Afghanistan shares a common religion, race, history, ethnicity and geography with Pakistan, yet the relations between both have never been smooth and remained estranged. The nature of Pak-Afghan relations saw many ups and downs in past decades and has always been flimsy and they are found in murky waters. Since Pakistan's independence, there have been concerns and determination to have jovial and friendly relations between both the countries. The relationships between the two neighbors can be described as challenging and complex. The detriments that mainly manipulate these relationships have been questionable and experienced ebb and flow for historical and geopolitical reasons with the exception of brief interludes. This distrust at times bordering on hostility continues to date although some has been done to improve the working relationship by third parties i.e., US and EU. In the changed regional context of post 9/11 developments carry hallmark significance in the world history as it has brought both the countries at the brink of major national disasters. The post 9/11 scenario provided an opportunity to Pakistan to renew its diplomatic ties and political relations with Afghanistan and to reconsider her Afghan policy. This paper aims at discussing the core problems and highlights the future prospects of Pak-Afghan relations in post 9/11 scenario, as it brought a drastic change in world in generally and in this region particularly. It is a turning point in history when Taliban government was ousted as a result of American military action in Afghanistan. The study will explore and reveal its overall impact on both the countries with the existing diplomatic relations, areas of hostility and economic relations with making suitable recommendations for strengthening political stability in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is an essential ingredient for the preservation of life on earth. Maintaining the food chains and humanizing the life standards are closely connected to the fresh and clean water accessibility. But, declining the magnitude of water and enhancing of its demands have extended the space between water accessibility and water demand. In Pakistan like many other countries of the world particularly in Asia, high population growth rates, feudal and aristocratic dominancy over community advantageous areas, swiftly urbanization, climatic changes, local and social variances in collaboration of absence of institutional responsibility and governance malfunctions have pressurized and over-stressed the water resources of the country. Although, water is not the only threat to human security of Pakistan but an infuriating factor to worsen the human security conditions in the country. Such water-stressed conditions in the country are mostly misused by some pressure groups and non-state actors to exploit the deprived people for the purpose of the promotion of their respective agendas. Therefore, it is dire need to understand the water accessibility, accepted water allocation among provinces, water mechanisms, inconsistency and requirement in Pakistan and its connection with security threats.This paper portrays the analysis about some of the most important inclinations and challenges in the areas of water availability and demands in Pakistan and its close connection with security of common people in the country. It examines the dynamic responsible factors behind these issues and evaluates the repercussions for human development and security and also recommends some suggestions for both the state and the general public in order to face the challenge by doing more with something less. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on election monitoring by the authors during the 2013 General Elections in Pakistan in the national assembly constituency of NA 145 and the corresponding provincial assembly seat of PP 186. The paper identifies several lacunasin the electoral process which prevents the smooth conduct of elections in Pakistan. The article argues that the processes of election day need to be reformed before an overhaul of the election system is contemplated in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the coalition forces prepare to exit Afghanistan, concerns regarding peace and stability in the country and future power balance after their departure are becoming paramount. While there will be a considerable American presence, focus has now shifted to local infrastructure and services - civil, military and political and their ability to further peace and progress in the country. Owing to the geostrategic landscape of Afghanistan, in addition to its long conflict ridden history with a significant presence of the Taliban, concerns regarding revival of conflict and violence are coming to the fore -- particularly from traditional South Asian rivals i.e. India and Pakistan. Through an in-depth study of the political, economic, cultural and regional dimensions of this tri-lateral relationship, the following paper examines how there is a significant clash of interests and how there can cooperation between India and Pakistan in Afghanistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the proposition that in Pakistan individuals are more vigilant about their rights as compared to their duties. Individualistic theory (based on explaining individual behaviours) and holistic theory (means joint effort) are used to observe the behaviour of the individuals in the society. McClelland's (1977) three dominant needs are very much relevant those are: achievement, power, and affiliation. In Pakistan Individuals show apathy to the developments happening around them. They hardly try to resist against the social injustices prevailing around. They are busy enough in accumulating wealth individually. It may make them affluent individually but collectively it increases the gap between rich and poor. This gap between rich and poor is the real source of discontentment in Pakistan. This discontentment is not given by any outer force but by our three major institutions-civil and military bureaucracy and Judiciary. These three institutions are comprised of three dominant needs- achievement, power, and affiliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the role of discourse indicating socio-political and economic situation of bilateral relations between India and Pakistan. It gives an analysis of 37 articles published in Dawn regarding bilateral trade ties between India and Pakistan over the period of 2 years i.e. june2011 to June 2013. This study is an overview of Dawn's perspective regarding the changing ties between two nations on the basis of increasing interaction in business sector. Further, the nature of relationship is explained with help of revealed themes and characterization of the words and grammatical features. The article concludes that shift in bilateral relations of two countries is visible in context of increasing trade ties on parallel basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]