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Cocrystallization can improve physical and chemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredient, and this feature has great potential in pharmaceutical development. In this study, the cocrystal of piracetam and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid under grinding condition has been characterized by Raman and terahertz spectroscopical techniques. The major vibrational modes of individual starting components and cocrystal are obtained and assigned. Spectral results show that the vibrational modes of the cocrystal are different from those of the corresponding parent materials. The dynamic process of such pharmaceutical cocrystal formation has also been monitored directly with Raman and THz spectra. The formation rate is pretty fast in first several 20 min grinding time, and then it becomes slow. After ∼35 min, such process has been almost completed. These results offer us the unique means and benchmark for characterizing the cocrystal conformation from molecule-level and also provide us rich information about the reaction dynamic during cocrystal formation process in pharmaceutical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrational spectra of hydrated and anhydrous lamivudines, and also the dynamic process of polymorphic transformation have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopic techniques. The vibrational modes of both polymorphic lamivudines are assigned. FT-IR and Raman spectral results show that the interaction between crystalline water and lamivudine molecular has an important effect on the molecular vibration motions of polymorphic lamivudines. The two characteristic Raman peaks at 783 and 798 cm −1 represent hydrated and anhydrous lamivudine respectively. The relationship between changes of two characteristic peak normalized areas and heating time could be fitted with single exponential functions, and the dynamic information of polymorphic transformation of lamivudine drug is obtained. The decay rate of characteristic peak for hydrated lamivudine and the growth rate of that for anhydrous lamivudine are consistent during dehydration transformation process. The reported results provide us important benchmark for qualitatively monitoring different polymorphic drugs and also establishing the corresponding model for the polymorphic transformation of drugs in related pharmaceutical research fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The THz absorption spectra of piracetam and its pharmaceutical cocrystals are reported. [•] The cocrystal formation is monitored from both time and frequency-domain THz spectra. [•] THz-TDS is potential to directly characterize the pharmaceutical solid-state reactions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With alkaline phosphatase (ALP)–adamantane (AMPPD) system as the chemiluminescence (CL) detection system, a highly sensitive, specific and simple competitive chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) was developed for the measurement of enrofloxacin (ENR). The physicochemical parameters, such as the chemiluminescent assay mediums, the dilution buffer of ENR–McAb, the volume of dilution buffer, the monoclonal antibody concentration, the incubation time, and other relevant variables of the immunoassay have been optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the detection linear range of 350–1000pg/mL and the detection limit of 0.24ng/mL were provided by the proposed method. The relative standard deviations were less than 15% for both intra and inter-assay precision. This method has been successfully applied to determine ENR in spiked samples with the recovery of 103%–96%. It showed that CLEIA was a good potential method in the analysis of residues of veterinary drugs after treatment of related diseases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]