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Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant challenge in modern medicine, affecting public health. Klebsiella pneumoniae infections compound this issue due to their broad range of infections and the emergence of multiple antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Efficient detection of its capsular serotypes is crucial for immediate patient treatment, epidemiological tracking and outbreak containment. Current methods have limitations that can delay interventions and increase the risk of morbidity and mortality. Raman spectroscopy is a promising alternative to identify capsular serotypes in hypermucoviscous K. pneumoniae isolates. It provides rapid and in situ measurements with minimal sample preparation. Moreover, its combination with machine learning tools demonstrates high accuracy and reproducibility. This study analyzed the viability of combining Raman spectroscopy with one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1-D CNN) to classify four capsular serotypes of hypermucoviscous K. pneumoniae: K1, K2, K54 and K57. Our approach involved identifying the most relevant Raman features for classification to prevent overfitting in the training models. Simplifying the dataset to essential information maintains accuracy and reduces computational costs and training time. Capsular serotypes were classified with 96 % accuracy using less than 30 Raman features out of 2400 contained in each spectrum. To validate our methodology, we expanded the dataset to include both hypermucoviscous and non-mucoid isolates and distinguished between them. This resulted in an accuracy rate of 94 %. The results obtained have significant potential for practical healthcare applications, especially for enabling the prompt prescription of the appropriate antibiotic treatment against infections., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

One of the problems that most affect hospitals is infections by pathogenic microorganisms. Rapid identification and adequate, timely treatment can avoid fatal consequences and the development of antibiotic resistance, so it is crucial to use fast, reliable, and not too laborious techniques to obtain quick results. Raman spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful tool for molecular analysis, meeting these requirements better than traditional techniques. In this work, we have used Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning algorithms to explore the automatic identification of eleven species of the genus Candida, the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide. The Raman spectra were obtained from more than 220 different measurements of dried drops from pure cultures of each Candida species using a Raman Confocal Microscope with a 532 nm laser excitation source. After developing a spectral preprocessing methodology, a study of the quality and variability of the measured spectra at the isolate and species level, and the spectral features contributing to inter-class variations, showed the potential to discriminate between those pathogenic yeasts. Several machine learning and deep learning algorithms were trained using hyperparameter optimization techniques to find the best possible classifier for this spectral data, in terms of accuracy and lowest possible overfitting. We found that a one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1-D CNN) could achieve above 80 % overall accuracy for the eleven classes spectral dataset, with good generalization capabilities., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)