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One of the promising methods for early diagnosis of malignant diseases of the respiratory organs and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is now considered a fluorescence method. Application autofluorescence phenomenon in endoscopy allows to obtain a fluorescent image of the mucosa, which shows the difference in the intensity of the autofluorescence of healthy and the affected tissue in the green and red regions of the spectrum. The result of the work is to determine on the basis of scientific research and prototyping capabilities of creating fluorescence video endoscope and the development of fluorescent light (illuminator FLU) for videoendoscopy complex. The solution of this problem is based on the method of studying biological objects in lifetime condition.

Design and fabrication of appropriate biocompatible microstructures that ensure fixation and control of experimental conditions for live cell and bacteria observations is an important prerequisite for number of real time experiments. Our approach is to design engineered microfabricated 3D structures for growth of cells in culture without significant modification of their metabolic state. Presented approach is aimed at evaluation of the potential applicability of biocompatible constructs in the biomedical field and thus live cell monitoring in controlled conditions. Design and evaluation of properties of materials and structures with mesoscopic arrangement and their interaction with biological objects is a prerequisite for establishment of physiologically relevant in vitro models of pathologies as well as for development of a new generation of nano / micro / bio-sensors.

The results of studies of influence of oil on vegetative biological objects using Raman spectroscopy method are presented. The characteristics of Raman spectra of plants growing under the influence of oil fractions were obtained. The main changes were detected at 605 cm-1 , 840 cm-1 , 2120 cm-1 wavenumbers, which is associated with increasing concentration of bromine, aromatic carbons and methane in plant leaves.

Object of study: The research is aimed at development of personalized medical treatment. Algorithm was developed for patient-specific surgical interventions of the cardiovascular system pathologies. Methods: Geometrical models of the biological objects and initial and boundary conditions were realized by medical diagnostic data of the specific patient. Mechanical and histomorphological parameters were obtained with the help mechanical experiments on universal testing machine. Computer modeling of the studied processes was conducted with the help of the finite element method. Results: Results of the numerical simulation allowed evaluating the physiological processes in the studied object in normal state, in presence of different pathologies and after different types of surgical procedures.

A method of reducing measuring time of temperature measurements of biological objects based on preheating the resistance temperature detector (RTD) up to the temperature close to the temperature to be measured, is proposed. It has been found that at the same measuring time, the preheating allows to decrease the measurement error by a factor of 5 to 45 over the temperature range of 35-41°С. The measurement time is reduced by 1.6-4 times over this range, keeping the same value of the measurement error.

The article concerns the development of the methods and systems for non-invasive optical diagnostics of tissues. The problems of information content tissue backscattering characteristics, planning the optical measurements and the interpretation of the data of optical sensing of the tissue by fibre-optic devices and systems of multispectral video reflectometry are considered.

Developmental biology studies frequently require rapid analysis of the morphology of a large number of embryos (highthroughput analysis). Conventional microscopic analysis is time-consuming and, therefore, is not well suited for highthroughput analysis. OCT facilitates rapid generation of optical sections through small biological objects at high resolutions. However, due to light scattering within biological tissues, the quality of OCT images drops significantly with increasing penetration depth of the light beam. We show that optical clearing of fixed embryonic organs with methyl benzoate can significantly reduce the light scattering and, thereby, improves the usability of OCT for high-throughput analysis of embryonic morphology.

The work is devoted to the analysis of tools for the research of the indicatrix of scattering optical radiation by biological objects and their systematization. Simulation of system of spatial photometry for biomedical diagnostics which is designed to research the scattering within the solid angle 4π and the system of determining the optimal photometric distance of various biological structures were made.

Lensless imaging has recently attracted a lot of attention as a compact, easy-to-use method to image or detect biological objects like cells, but failed at detecting micron size objects like bacteria that often do not scatter enough light. In order to detect single bacterium, we have developed a method based on a thin wetting film that produces a micro-lens effect. Compared with previously reported results, a large improvement in signal to noise ratio is obtained due to the presence of a micro-lens on top of each bacterium. In these conditions, standard CMOS sensors are able to detect single bacterium, e.g. E.coli, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringiensis, with a large signal to noise ratio. This paper presents our sensor optimization to enhance the SNR; improve the detection of sub-micron objects; and increase the imaging FOV, from 4.3 mm2 to 12 mm2 to 24 mm2, which allows the detection of bacteria contained in 0.5μl to 4μl to 10μl, respectively.

Active contactless optical sorting of microobjects represents very useful technique in many areas of biology, chemistry, and medicine. We suggest here a configuration that combines optical sorting, trapping, excitation, and detection paths and provides efficient sorting of biological samples according to their various parameters (fluorescence, Raman spectrum, CCD image, motion etc.). This approach is based on the shape of the laser beam and we succeeded in sorting of several types of living microorganisms.

A specially developed complex, combining functions of optical and force microscopy, was used for investigation human blood cells, namely erythrocytes. The evaluation of the red blood cells form has a significant practical interest, so far as it determines the functional states of these cells and may change under the influence of many external factors and also in the case of some pathology. We received erythrocytes surface topography recorded by atomic force microscopy in the air conditions comparing two methods of simples' preparation. Also we derived the contrast image of cytoskeleton spatial structure of intact red blood cells and made the quantitative analysis of their elastic properties using the techniques of force spectroscopy. The possibility of the investigations of these biological objects using atomic force microscopy gives wide opportunities for the future research.

There have been theoretically analyzed the ways of the formation of the polarization singularities of the biological tissues images of various morphological structures. There have been also experimentally examined the coordinate distributions of a single and doubly degenerated polarization singularities of the physiologically normal and pathologically changed biological tissues.

It is well known that weak electromagnetic fields of extremely high frequencies cause significant modification of the functional status of biological objects of different levels of organization. The aim of the work was to study the combinatory effect of metronidazole - the drug form of 1-(2'hydroxiethil)-2-methil-5-nitroimidazole - and electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequencies (52...75 GHz) on the hemolytic stability of erythrocytes and hemotaxis activity of Infusoria Paramecium caudatum .© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The ultra-weak photon emission is an intrinsic and spontaneous process in biological objects without any external excitation and is referred to as "biophoton emission". This paper reports the design of the rotation ellipsoidal cavity that was used in detecting ultra-weak photon emission from biological objects. The cavity can assemble the photons from biological sample at one focal plane of the rotation ellipsoidal cavity to the photomultiplier tube at another. The paper discusses the mathematical model of the cavity and the efficiency of collecting photons with the cavity. The measuring results for biological sample are given. The results are shown that the efficiency of collecting photons for the system with the cavity is evidently raised.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using optically polarized 3 He is a new and very promising diagnostic method for studying structure and function of lungs. A novel low field MRI system based on permanent magnet and a home-built 3 He polarizing unit is presented. The system is designed to perform experiments on small animals. First 'H and 3 He images of phantoms, small biological objects, and rat lungs in vivo are shown.

Dynamic interferometry is a highly sensitive means of obtaining phase information that can determine phase at rates of a few measurements per second. The sensitivity of these phase-measurement instruments is on the order of thousandths of a wavelength at visible wavelengths enabling the measurement of small temperature changes and thermal fields surrounding living biological objects. Temperature differences are clearly noticeable using a visible wavelength source because of subtle changes in the refractive index of air due to thermal variations between an object and the ambient room temperature. Living objects can also easily be measured over a period of time to monitor changes as a function of time. This technique has many promising applications in biological and medical sciences for studying thermal fields around living objects. In this paper we compare differences in thermal fields measured with dynamic phase-measuring interferometry surrounding room temperature and body temperature inanimate objects as well as living biological objects at data rates of many measurements per second.

Simplified pretreatment of biological objects united chemical (HNO3+H2O2) and further photochemical sample oxidation has been suggested. Optimization of conditions was performed using the method of fractional factorial design of experiments. Availability of excimer gas discharge excilamp based on working molecule XeBr* has been shown as an alternative to mercury quartz at pretreatment of biological objects of complex organics. The XeBr-excilamp is remarkable by its long lifetime and operation reliability.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

A bioferroelectric approach to analysis of ferroelectric behavior of biological systems is presented. The optical properties of nerve fibers, biomembrane ion channels, and purple membrane films containing bacteriorhodopsin are analyzed. The features, influence of the proton subsystem and proton transfer on the hydrogen-bonded biomolecular structures are analyzed within the ferroelectric liquid-crystal model and possible biomedical applications discussed. The ferroelectric behavior of biological systems and the set of various bioferroelectric effects are considered within the limits of phenomenological theory of ferroelectrics. The nonlinear response to weak actions under conditions critical to human organism is one of specific features characterizing biological objects on molecular, cell and organism levels.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The choice of acoustical receiver for deep investigating of biological tissues by pulsed optoacoustic (OA) method is described. Acoustical receiver is one of the fundamental parts of the device for AO diagnostics. This unit includes acoustical transducer and matched radio frequency amplifier. Received signals are stored and processed mathematically. Complexity of such processing is strongly dependent on acoustical receiver parameters. Acoustical receivers diffuser by used transducer type, registered signal frequency bandwidth, measurement resolution and sensitivity. All these factors determine quality of object tomographic image. The report includes both theoretical and experimental results demonstrating that application of resonant acoustical receivers with simplified transducers allows to improve inverse filtering procedure providing spatial resolution comparable with that for quasi-resonant transducers. This work was supported by RFBR.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

New method and instrument intended for checking the content of biology particles in dimension band 0.1-10.0 mkm in water flow is described in this report. The instrument measures the intensity of light scattered by the particles suspended in liquid flow when they are crossing the laser beam. The results of studying light scattered by platelet and bacterium's such a Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus lutteus in such a liquid mediums as physiological solution and glucose solution are described.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The original program was developed for biological objects imaging using the data obtained with laser scanning microphotometer. The program might be applied for two- dimension data arrays visualization.

The problem of the study of an ordered movement of the biological systems by high-resolution light scattering spectroscopy is discussed. The class of the objects for investigation of their dynamic properties in the water solutions is determined. The early experimental results of the observed peculiarities of the macromolecular motility by the example of DNA are presented.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

We have developed a new assay in which two mesoscale particles are caused to collide using two independently controlled optical tweezers. This assay involves the measurement of the adhesion probability following a collision. Since the relative orientation, impact parameter (i.e., distance of closest approach), and collision velocity of the particles, as well as the components of the solution, are all under the user's control, this assay can mimic a wide range of biologically relevant collisions. We illustrate the utility of our assay by evaluating the adhesion probability of a single erythrocyte (red blood cell) to an influenza virus-coated microsphere, in the presence of sialic acid-bearing inhibitors of adhesion. This probability as a function of inhibitor concentration yields a measure of the effectiveness of the inhibitor for blocking viral adhesion. Most of the inhibition constants obtained using the tweezers agree well with those obtained from other techniques, although the inhibition constants for the best of the inhibitors were beyond the limited resolution of conventional assays. They were readily evaluated using our tweezers-based assay, however, and prove to be the most potent inhibitors of adhesion between influenza virus and erythrocytes ever measured. Further studies are underway to investigate the effect of collision velocity on the adhesion probability, with the eventual goal of understanding the various mechanisms of inhibition (direct competition for viral binding sites versus steric stabilization). Analysis of these data also provide evidence that the density of binding sites may be a crucial parameter in the application of this assay and polymeric inhibition in general.

The existing laboratory optical methods do not fulfill in full measure the modern accuracy and operational requirements. Primarily this is due to the high sensitivity of the methods to the changes of the optical and electronic signals passing condition, to the optical elements and cuvettes pollution, etc. These drawbacks can be eliminated at the elimination of the dependence of the methods error on the apparatus constants of emitting-receiving and measuring blocks, optics pollution, etc. Below the description is being given to the variant of methodological errors elimination technique in the laboratory optical investigations (illustrated by the example of attenuation coefficient (transparency) determination of optically transparent biological objects).

Radioprotective effect of low-power laser light is a common discussion nowadays. However, specific features of laser radiation do not influence on the results of low-power light effect on biological objects. Taking into consideration the simplicity of the device to produce the luminescence and the possibility to change the radiation range it seems reasonable to study the radiomodifying effect of luminescent light.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Interest in the interaction of low power light with tissues has increased in the last few years. Very often, the stimulating effects of irradiation have been explained by the role of the coherence of laser radiation as it acts upon biological objects. This argument is not convincing and the purpose of the present report is to describe the experiences during two years working with infrared (IR) GaAs light emitting diodes (LED) as clinical light for the therapy of some dental diseases. Equipment was designed and built, FOTOTER, which was approved by the National Health Office (registration No. 7910B). The treatment was practiced on 360 patients. They presented pain on buccal or facial structures and disorders on buccal tissues. Pathologies, number of patients treated, application time in each trigger point, number of sessions, and the relief pain patients are summarized. We conclude that the therapy with IR LED has the same effects as the HeNe and GaAs laser therapy on the biological buccal tissues. We recommend LED therapy for the treatment of these dentistry diseases. © (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

We report a development of analytical techniques and a portable high selective analyzer for measuring mercury content in the atmosphere, water, soil and biological objects to use them in ecological monitoring and to control technological processes with mercury and the compounds thereof. Provision of mercury monitoring is made from background to maximum permissible concentration (MPC).© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Time profiles of picosecond Nd:YAG-laser radiation transmitted through homogeneous and inhomogeneous scattering models of biological objects contrasted by new dyphtalocyanine dyes have been investigated. These dyes have specially synthesized as the contrasting substances for biological tissues in order to increase signal-to-noise ratio in optical image processing. By using this dye contrasting technique the ratio improvement has been demonstrated in time-resolved experiments on determination of inner details for some model biological objects.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Theis method facilitates and makes convenient and portable X..ray imaging ofsmall biological objects (grains, leaves, insects, etc.) almost instantly and without any wet developing processes. The key technology that makes that possible is photothermoplastic carrier (film) that is sensitive to the X-rays. Small biological object is placed into an imaging camera, exposed to an X-ray source and the image is registered on the photothermoplastic film. The development process is very simple heating the film to approx.70degrees Celsius fully develops the image, which remain stable after cooling. The camera is ready to the next job. The whole device could be made quite portable and can be used in field research. Our first experimental portable system weigh about 40 lb.

Some living biological objects were investigated with `AiryScan'--computer- aided Phase Microscope with spatial resolution up to 0.05 micrometers and time resolution 1 ms. Influence of ATP on the frequency and intensity of Infuzoria Paramecium Caudatum and Unio pictorium cilia beat were observed.

An influence of IR laser irradiation (up to 60 mW) and magnetic field (up to 200 mT1) on reparative process and proliferative potency of cells has been studied in experiments. Irradiation modulation by the frequencies from 1 to 1000 Hz has varied an output laser power. The parameters of magneto-laser action used in this work make it possible to deliver laser energy to maximum depth in biological tissues. It has been shown that there are concrete diapasons of biostimulating doses and frequencies of IR laser irradiation and low magnetic field. An increase of wound closure rate in vivo and proliferative activity of cells in vitro takes place under the magneto-laser effect.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Laser Doppler (LD) microscopy is a technique providing local measurements of directed flow velocities and diffusion coefficients of cells, intracellular protoplasmic constituents, macromolecular aggregates, etc. In our group a computer- and video-aided sign-sensitive scanning laser Doppler microscope (LDM) has been designed, constructed and applied to the study of different biological objects. In this paper some new results are presented in connection with the development of LD microscopy.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The pulsed photothermal radiometry of biological objects is used for controlling and investigation of tissue damage by YAG:Er ((lambda) equals 2,94 mkm), YAG:Nd ((lambda) equals 1,06 mkm), CO2 ((lambda) equals 10,6 mkm) laser radiation thermal action, study of optical and thermophysical properties of tissue (tooth) in vivo.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) can easily image 'hard' sample surfaces with atomic or molecular resolution. For 'soft' samples, such as organic macromolecules or biological objects, this resolution power is very difficult to reach, because the AFM tip causes large deformation. This deformation makes the sample surface to appear thinner in the AFM image. We have observed this effect on a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film of pentadecavaline which has been imaged in water as well as in air. The high capillary forces when imaging in air cause the film to appear half as thick as expected. In water, where the capillary forces are eliminated, the height of the LB film in the AFM image is correct. On actin fibers even a small change in the applied force has a big effect on the height of the AFM image: Changing the force from 0.9 nN to 1.8 nN decreases the apparent height from 5.7 nm to 3.6 nm. Increasing the force to 18 nN, brings the height down to 2.1 nm.

A holographic continuous exposure method is proposed for studying the dynamic and structure characteristics of the Brownian motion of unicellular algae. The measured algae velocity and size distribution functions are reported.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Practically all laser studies of biological objects, irrespectively to their state are connected with the study of the spectroscopic features of the object on the one hand, and with the processing of its represention with the aim of visualizing the evolution processes in it, on the other hand.

This research is dedicated to spectral analysis methods of i&raction of high enerciy laser radiation with biological objects like humain vessel affected by atheroscie rosis (investigated immediately after its surgical removal) and gallstones of diffe rent kinds. In our work ie used laser sources jithA3fl8 nm (Eximer laser Xe-Cl), A532 nm andlO64 nm ( YAG:Nd3).© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Holography is one of the most informative optical methods of the investigation of spatially inhomogeneous , nonstationary, bright self- luminous objects. However, most natural objects (plasmas, vapous, liquids, solids, biological objects, etc.) have a complicated composition and structure, which are revealed in the specific spectral dependences of the object's refractive index, absorption, scattering and reflection. This circumstance requies the development of the polychromatic type of holography, which is realised with a large number of wavelengths simultaneously, for the diagnostic of such objects.

Of all of the various capabilities of holography for image processing and measuring purposes, mainly the holographic interferometry has found more extended application in biological and medical research. As a technique, which is non-destructive and allows for high resolving deformation analysis, holographic interferometry has gained popularity over the recent years in experimental biomechanics. Some examples of the holographic interferometry in experimental biomechanics are reviewed in this report. The possibility to calculate the human tibia rigidity from holographic interferograms is pointed out, as well as the possibility of using holographic interferometry to study the behaviour of broken bones supported by fixing devices is described.