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Freeform system theory and its influence on aberration and control, is the basis to develop such a system design, which has application value in engineering aspects. The principle approach, modeling, and error analysis are analyzed, and the system configuration based on freeform is advanced in algorithm analysis.

System resolution in multiple configuration sensors is a typical problem in optimum research, facing among all kinds of image sensor, esp. in structured configuration system. Inspired to in order to reveal the configuration to improve system resolution, further technical requirement is proposed of the function and influence on the development of smart image sensors. To break the diffraction limit, multiple configuration is applied effectively. Criterion, such as MTF, PSF and so on is used to evaluate the features of the system. Therefore, The results show that they are effective solutions.

Inspired to in order to reveal the structure to improve imaging resolution, further technical requirement is proposed in some areas of the function and influence on the development of multiple configuration. To breakthrough diffraction limit, smart structures are recommended as the most efficient and economical method, while by used to improve the system performance, especially on signal to noise ratio and resolution. Integrated optics were considered in the selection, with which typical multiple configuration, by use the method of simulation experiment. Methodology can change traditional design concept and to develop the application space. Our calculations using multiple matrix transfer method, also the correlative algorithm and full calculations, show the expected beam shaping through system and, in particular, the experimental results will support our argument, which will be reported in the presentation.

The method of a multiple configuration on high ratio systems in image sensor is an important subject. In such an experimental configuration, for aim to break through to large ratio multiple configuration systems bottlenecks, achieve the field of continuous transformation, effect system close to the theoretical limit and configuration dexterity, such as the purpose, method in the design of the integrated sensor system process, the core technology of such a system are thoroughly analyzed and the factors important to the compromise. Theory is studied based on the theory of Gaussian optical system error distribution and comprehensive balancing algorithm; Global optimization method, developed at a system design thought and the optimization model. Results solved the MTF matching problem, research and evaluations shows that the zoom ratio of more than one hundred results in system MTF and so on as qualitative criterion to achieve requirements.

For aim to achieve an improved resolution in modern image domain, a method of continuous zoom multiple configuration, with a core optics is attempt to establish model by novel principle on energy transfer and high accuracy localization, by which the system resolution can be improved with a level in nano meters. A comparative study on traditional vs modern methods can demonstrate that the dialectical relationship and their balance is important, among Merit function, Optimization algorithms and Model parameterization. The effect of system evaluated criterion that MTF, REA, RMS etc. can support our arguments qualitatively.

Micro system has some restrictions, when optical system have been structured in a multiple style. These affect their applications. In order to solve the problems of multiple structures in the system, new sensors and components are adding in, which is developing the design method and system configuration. Results show that geometrical optics and optical aberration theory as a foundation, the degree of freedom in design is increased without changing the lens weight, size and structure obviously.

General contact between all kinds of image sensor has been noticed. Inspired to in order to reveal the structure to improve imaging resolution, further technical requirement is proposed in some areas of the function and influence on the development of multiple sensors . Based on the comprehensive fundamental theories to close to the diffraction limit, and so that to breakthrough diffraction limit, some correlative methods is studied, the core technology of such a system are thoroughly analyzed.

In order to solve the application scope of traditional zoom system, the method of adding new sensors and components, and update the design method and structure configuration is used. on the basis of geometrical optics and the aberration theory, the results show that system is optimized by without changing the lens on weight, size and structure. At the same time the design degrees of freedom is increased, thus breaking restrictions in some kind of zoom systems is been breaking.

The correction method of compensation and correction of dynamic wavefront error detection - control, the system has automatic correction of environmental interference, keeping close to the diffraction limit resolution. The development of the modeling analysis, regulation and control, compensation correction technology, research and evaluation of an optimization result of imaging compensation based on adaptive system.

Base on system engineering theory, traditional optical design optimization is developed. General global optimization, which based on central optics system integrated with up-to-date comprehensive modules and methods in created way, is presented and supported by abundant results of research and development, especially on multiple configuration and system optimization.

To increase probability on found, and decrease the speed to information process, and to extract and recognize target intelligently and rapidly, the background and mechanism of quantum cryptography, and the domestic and international recent research is introduced, and the relative evaluation merits and development of single photon detectors have been analyzed, while the special operation principle and several kinds of work patterns in single photon detection are studied.

Answer the new challenge in project research and development on multiple subjects multiple domain, engineering optics, system design and essential methods applied to structure effective system. Base on system engineering theory, traditional optical design optimization is developed. General global optimization, which based on central optics system integrated with up-to-date comprehensive modules and methods in created way, is presented and supported by abundant results of research and development, especially on multiple configuration and adaptive system optimization. Advantages such as system intellect, response ability, research periods, venture eluding and compatibility for renew situations demonstrate validity and potential.

For a concentric spherical system composed of two electrodes with electrostatic focusing, the electrostatic potential distribution and the spatial-temporal trajectory of electron motion can be expressed by analytical forms. It is naturally to take such system as an ideal model to investigate the imaging properties, as well as the spatial-temporal aberrations, to analyze its particularity and to find the clue of universalities and regularities. Research on this problem can afford academic foundation not only in studying the static imaging for the night vision tube, but also in studying the dynamic imaging for high speed image converter tube. In the present paper, based on the practical electron ray equation and electron motion equation for a bi-electrode concentric spherical system with electrostatic focusing, the spatial-temporal trajectory of moving electron emitted from the photocathode is solved, the exact and approximate formulae for image position and arriving time, have been deduced. From the solution of spatial-temporal trajectory the electron optical spatial and temporal properties of this system are then discussed, the paraxial and geometrical lateral aberrations with different orders, as well as the paraxial and geometrical temporal aberrations with different orders, are defined and deduced, that are classified by the order of (e z /Φ ac ) 1/2 and (e r /Φ ac ) 1/2

The paraxial solutions play an important role in studying electron optical imaging system and its spatial-temporal aberrations, as was discussed in previous paper [1] , but investigation of a bi-electrode concentric spherical system with electrostatic focusing directly from paraxial electron ray equation and paraxial electron motion equation has not been done before. In this paper, we shall use the paraxial equations to study the spatial-temporal trajectories and their aberrations for a bi-electrode concentric spherical system with electrostatic focusing. In the present paper, start from the paraxial ray equation and paraxial motion equation, the paraxial spatial-temporal trajectory of moving electron emitted from the photocathode has been solved for a bi-electrode concentric spherical system with electrostatic focusing. The paraxial static and dynamic electron optics, as well as the paraxial spatial-temporal aberrations in this system are then discussed, the general regularity of imaging in paraxial optical system has been explored. The paraxial spatial aberrations, as well as the paraxial temporal aberrations with different orders, have been defined and deduced, that are classified by the order of ( ɛ z / ϕ ac ) 1/2 and ( ɛ T / ϕ ac ) 1/2 . Thus we get same conclusions about paraxial spatial and temporal aberrations as we have given in the previous paper and it completely shows that the paraxial spatial-temporal aberrations can be investigated directly from the paraxial ray equation and paraxial motion equation.

The multi-alkali photocathode is manufactured on glass surface. The cleanliness of glass surface affects greatly the sensitivity of photocathode. The experience proved that the glow discharge process of glass surface could improve the photocathode sensitivity, but superfluous glow discharge process could also increase the carbon-content of the surface, so that bring on the decay of photocathode sensitivity. This article introduces the effect of glow discharge on photocathode sensitivity and its stability.

In the present paper, the paraxial lateral aberrations of second order and third order expressed in a general form have been derived emphatically by using asymptotic solutions of paraxial equation of electron optics. The relationship between the coefficients of asymptotic solutions of paraxial equation has been investigated, which proves that the coefficients of asymptotic solutions are related each other. It has proven that the paraxial sphero-chromatic aberration of second order possess an greatest part in whole paraxial lateral aberrations. and the paraxial chromatic aberration of magnification is only related to infinitesimal quantities of third order. Results of the present paper will have theoretical significance for studying theory of imaging electron optics.

In the present paper, the paraxial lateral aberrations of second and third orders in imaging electron optical systems, in which the aberration coefficients are solved by asymptotic solutions of paraxial equation, have been verified and tested by a two-electrode electrostatic spherical concentric system model. The analytical expressions of asymptotic solutions and paraxial lateral aberrations of second and third orders in the two-electrode electrostatic spherical concentric system model have been obtained. Result completely proves that the method and procedure given by Monastyrski to solve the paraxial equation of electron optics by asymptotic solutions are correct and practicable. The Recknagel-Artimovich formula of paraxial sphero-chromatic aberration of second order which possess a greatest part in whole paraxial lateral aberrations has been deduced and confirmed. The concrete expressions of paraxial lateral aberrations of third order have been firstly obtained. Results of the present paper will have theoretical and practical significance for the design of image tubes.

This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 6833, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and the Conference Committee listing.© (2007) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The important function and signification of researching on performance model for photo electronic systems is discussed, and the emphasis is on the thermal imaging system models for their technical characteristics and developing history. Based on analyzing and studying existing detection theory and performance models of thermal imaging systems limitations and deficiencies are pointed out. The proposals for establishing the new threshold detection theory, apparent distance detecting equation and performance model are put forward in this paper, which will be based on the quantum noise fluctuation theory and linear filter theory, the threshold characteristics and visual theories of the human eye, and can been widely used in the first and second generation thermal imaging systems.

The two dimension performance model for low light level (LLL ) imaging systems will be studied and built in this paper, which is based and improved on the Johnson criteria and can also be used for thermal imaging systems. Two dimension threshold resolution angle and universal apparent distance detecting equation for LLL imaging systems will be given out. The new number of the resolvable circles across the target and the background for detection, recognition and identification will be put forward and some different definition for Johnson criteria will be discussed. Two dimension performance model is more accuracy and nearer practice than one dimension models especially for the case of the length is much larger than the width of the target and the background.

Starting from threshold characteristics and night visual theory of the human eye the new quanta detector and linear filter integrated performance model, universal threshold detecting theory and synthesis detecting equations for LLL (low light level) TV imaging systems have been put foreword and established, which set up together active regularity and connection between photon noise fluctuation theory and linear filter theory. By using the new performance model and apparent distance detecting equations many specific properties of LLL TV imaging system, such as brightness intensified, visual angle enlarged, signal to noise ratio and contrast transferred and attenuated, can be correctly expressed, calculated and evaluated. The characteristics of the human eye can also be correctly reflected and described.

A new approach to the theory of temporal aberration for the dynamic electron optical imaging systems is given in the present paper. A new definition of temporal aberrations is given in which a certain initial energy of electron emission along the axial direction e z1 (0≤e z1 ≤e 0max ) is considered. A new method to calculate the temporal aberration coefficients of dynamic electron optical imaging system, which is named "Direct Integral Method", is also presented. All of the formulae of the temporal aberration coefficients deduced from "Direct Integral Method" and "-Variation Method" have been verified by an electrostatic concentric spherical system model, and contrasted with the analytical solutions. Results show that these two methods have got identical solution and the solutions of temporal aberration coefficients of first and second-order are the same with the analytical solutions. Thus it can be concluded these two methods given by us are equivalent and correct, but the "Direct Integral Method" is related to solve integral expressions, which is more convenient for computation and could be suggested to use in the practical design.

The identity of the minimum resolvable temperature difference MRTD and the minimum detectable temperature difference MDTD for the thermal imaging systems (TIS) will be proven and new unite expression fo MRTD and MDTD will be derived in this paper, which is important for researching new performance model of thermal imaging systems.

In the past, the measurement of MRTD, MTF of Infrared thermal imager usually used the eye subjective method. This method is more applicable, but its result is hard to decide and easy to induce dispute because of the effect of eyes’ subjective factor. The purpose of searching objective method is to eliminate these adverse factors and to present a unitary and objective judging standard. Nowadays several countries, denoted by English, have worked on this field and made big progress. China is on the starting step now. The key of objective measuring method is using computer to draw out the characteristics of infrared image and identify, then describe or judge the identified result.

This paper analyses the performance needed of the infrared target in the testing of features of infrared thermal imager. The method of design and its theoretic foundation is presented.

The Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (MRTD) is a key performance of thermal imaging system that is determined by the use of infrared collimation converter. The performance of the infrared collimation converter affects the accuracy of the measurement much.

Based on the photon noise fluctuation theory, the linear filter theory, the threshold specific characteristics and vision theories of the human eye, the new performance model and universal apparent distance detecting equation for LLL (low light level) imaging system will be established and further development in this paper.

Research into limited resolution of EBCCD and experiments have been reported in the present paper. Rules in EBCCD imaging for resolution chart (stripe pattem) ofdifferent frequencies have been found. It's possible to output stripe pattern image even if the frequency of input chart is higher than the Nyquist frequency of the system (the phenomenon calls aliasing). It can be explained by frequency spectrum. Modulation transfer function has been tested. It shows that EBCCD system has a certain imaging ability to high frequency (higher than Nyquist frequency) image. This provides the possibility of the EBCCD system in imaging for resolution chart of high frequency.

A multispectral image fusion problem within the wavelet coefficient space has been studied in the present paper. In this algorithm, several kinds of area-based feature selection operators have been designed to select the image features in levels of the wavelet transform pyramids of source images. The problem of multiscale image enhancement and image fusion of different resolution has also been studied in the paper.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

An algorithm for quickly training the BP neural network system identifier (BPNNSI) of the chaotic optical systems is presented in this paper. The ability of this algorithm, termed as the chaos speedup BP algorithm (CSBPA), has been demonstrated with the computer simulation of identifying the Bragg diffraction acousto-optic system (BDAOS) in which a 1:4:1 BP network was employed in identification. Taking the normalized output time series of the BDAOS as the training series, the BPNNSI was trained with the CSBPA as follows: (1) trained the BPNNSI to learn a chaotic state of the BDAOS with the BP algorithm where the initial weight distribution was set randomly; (2) took the final weight distribution obtained in (1) as the initial weight distribution for the other states of the BDAOS to be identified; (3) trained the BPNNSI to learn the other states still with the BP algorithm but with the initial weight distribution obtained in (2).© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Three problems of mathematical simulation have been discussed in the present paper when optimizing the electron optical system of electrostatic image tubes. The multigrid method (MGM) is suggested for solving the rotational symmetrical electrostatic field, it proves that the computational efficiency of MGM is 2 - 4 times better than the traditional finite difference method when the same accuracy of iteration is reached. The constrained variable metric method, which ensures the design to have fast convergency, high efficiency and lesser number of times of calling for objective function, is recommended for optimization design. The objective function having a least-square-fit form with weight factors is investigated for the problem of nonlinear multi-objective optimization. The result of optimization appears that the suggested mathematical methods given in the paper for optimization design of electrostatic image tubes are practical and effective ones.

A theory of electrostatic and magnetic imaging with any specified image rotation, developed from our previous theory of electrostatic and magnetic imaging, has been studied. The conditions of the axial electrostatic potential and magnetic induction for realizing electrostatic and magnetic imaging with any required image rotation are given. According to the given theory, not only an erect image, but also a specific rotated image (or an inverted image) can be realized. As an example, an analytical distribution of axial electrostatic potential and magnetic induction for this purpose is given to realize the electrostatic and magnetic imaging with any specified image rotated angle and magnification M equals 1 or M $NEQ 1.

From the practical requirements of new astronomical photoelectronic imaging detectors, much attention has been paid to the design of new permanent magnet focusing field systems, in which curved input-image and demagnification are allowable. The constrained inverse design of the focusing magnetic field in electrostatic and magnetic imaging systems applying new permanent magnet materials is discussed and investigated using the constrained optimization constrained variable metric (CVM) method.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The present paper gives an overview on the development and current status of photoelectronic imaging devices in China. Particular emphasis is given to devices aimed at image intensification and image conversion, e.g., image intensifiers, low light level pick-up devices, electronographic tubes, high speed photographic converter tubes, intensified CCDs, infrared detectors, as well as basic theory and design, and components and methods of testing for the photoelectronic imaging systems in China.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.