Search

Background Context: The extraforaminal ligaments between the L5 and S1 lumbar spinal nerves and the tissues surrounding the intervertebral foramina have been well studied. However, little research has been undertaken to describe the local anatomy of the intraforaminal portion of the L5-S1 spine and detailed anatomical studies of the intraforaminal ligaments (IFLs) of the L5-S1 have not been performed.Purpose: The objective of this study was to identify and describe the IFLs in relation to the L5-S1 intervertebral foramen (IVF) and to determine their clinical significance.Study Design: A dissection-based study of five embalmed and five fresh-frozen human cadavers was carried out.Methods: Twenty L5-S1 intervertebral foramina from five embalmed cadavers and five fresh cadavers were studied, and the IFLs were identified. The quantity, morphology, origin, insertion, and spatial orientation of the IFLs in the L5-S1 region were observed. The length, width, diameter, and thickness of the ligaments were measured with a vernier caliper. This study has been supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31271286) without potential conflict of interest-associated biases in the text of the paper.Results: The IFLs could be found from the entrance zone (inside) to the exit zone (outside) of the L5-S1 IVF. These ligaments were found to be of two types: a radiating ligament, which connected the nerve root sleeves that radiated to the transverse processes and wall of the IVF, and a transforaminal ligament, which connected the structures around the IVF. In our study, the radiating ligaments were found more often than the transforaminal ligaments.Conclusions: The results demonstrate that IFLs are common structures in the IVF and that there are two types of IFLs: the transforaminal ligaments and the radiating ligaments. Transforaminal ligaments may be the potential cause of back pain. The radiating ligaments may contribute to dura laceration and epidural hemorrhage during endoscopic spinal adhesiolysis through the sacral hiatus, and an appreciation of this relationship might help reduce the risk of such complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Context: Lumbar autonomic nerve injury is an underappreciated complication of anterior lumbar spinal surgery. A detailed description of lumbar autonomic nerve anatomy would be helpful for surgeons to minimize the risk of this complication.Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the anatomical characteristics of lumbar autonomic nerves and provide a better understanding of these nerves for anterior lumbar spinal surgery.Study Design: A dissection-based study of 10 embalmed male cadavers.Methods: The lumbar autonomic nerves from 10 embalmed male cadavers were dissected in this study. The position of the lumbar sympathetic trunks was recorded. Distance between the initial sites of the lumbar splanchnic nerves (LSNs) and the corresponding lumbar vertebral inferior endplate, distance between the ipsilateral and adjacent LSNs, angles formed by the LSNs and the vertical axis were measured. This study has been supported by grants from Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (CN) (Grant No. 2017B020210010) without potential conflict of interest-associated biases in the text of the paper.Results: In this study, a total of 72 LSNs were identified in the 10 human cadavers. On average, the investigation found that the initial sites of the first, second, third, and fourth LSNs were 9 mm distal, 5 mm distal, 9 mm proximal, and 9 mm distal to the inferior endplates of the L1, L2, L3, and L4 vertebrae, respectively, with variations from 6 to 11 mm for each nerve among specimens. There was no significant difference in the angle between each lumbar splanchnic nerve and the vertical axis (H=2.461, p=.482), with an angle of approximately 50°±6°. The distance between the first and the second LSNs, the second and the third LSNs, or the third and the fourth LSNs were 24±6 mm, 22±8 mm, and 55±11 mm, respectively. The bilateral lumbar sympathetic trunks (N=57, 95%) were more likely to be located in the first third of the sagittal plane at the level of the L2/3, L3/4, and L4/5 intervertebral discs.Conclusions: The study found the same number and parallel courses of LSNs on each side, and on both the left and right side, the distance between the third and the fourth LSNs was much larger than the distance between the other two adjacent LSNs. The initial sites of 80.6% (n=58) of LSNs were superior to the inferior endplate of the L3 vertebra. Improved knowledge of lumbar autonomic nerve anatomy may be of great significance in reducing complications and improving surgical safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]