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Learning a second language is challenging, but mastering pronunciation is even more difficult. Researchers continuously seek new ways to improve students’ English abilities, such as listening and speaking, while ignoring the importance of pronunciation. After conducting a literature review, this article investigates the impact of corpora and two instructional methods on improving students’ pronunciation. The paper addresses how to teach pronunciation effectively in the context of English as a second language. According to the review, corpus resources, critical listening, and shadowing can all be used independently to enhance students’ proficiency in second language learning. Hence, an innovative Corpus-based Critical Listening and Shadowing model has been devised as an aid in the teaching of pronunciation by providing more specific suggestions for teachers and students, with the expectation that students will perform better once they have been taught pronunciation using the methodology. The current study’s findings have pedagogical and methodological implications for pronunciation teaching, learning and research. The implications and future directions of the innovative Corpus-based Critical Listening and Shadowing model are also discussed.

The previous Part I of the paper (https://doi.org/10.33774/coe-2022-wlr02) discusses the option of the Gödel incompleteness statement (1931: whether “Satz VI” or “Satz X”) to be an axiom due to the pair of the axiom of induction in arithmetic and the axiom of infinity in set theory after interpreting them as logical negations to each other. The present Part II considers the previous Gödel’s paper (1930) (and more precisely, the negation of “Satz VII”, or “the completeness theorem”) as a necessary condition for granting the Gödel incompleteness statement to be a theorem just as the statement itself, to be an axiom. Then, the “completeness paper” can be interpreted as relevant to Hilbert mathematics, according to which mathematics and reality as well as arithmetic and set theory are rather entangled or complementary rather than mathematics to obey reality able only to create models of the latter. According to that, both papers (1930; 1931) can be seen as advocating Russell’s logicism or the intensional propositional logic versus both extensional arithmetic and set theory. Reconstructing history of philosophy, Aristotle’s logic and doctrine can be opposed to those of Plato or the pre-Socratic schools as establishing ontology or intensionality versus extensionality. Husserl’s phenomenology can be analogically realized including and particularly as philosophy of mathematics. One can identify propositional logic and set theory by virtue of Gödel’s completeness theorem (1930: “Satz VII”) and even both and arithmetic in the sense of the “compactness theorem” (1930: “Satz X”) therefore opposing the latter to the “incompleteness paper” (1931). An approach identifying homomorphically propositional logic and set theory as the same structure of Boolean algebra, and arithmetic as the “half” of it in a rigorous construction involving information and its unit of a bit. Propositional logic and set theory are correspondingly identified as the shared zero-order logic of the class of all first-order logics and the class at issue correspondingly. Then, quantum mechanics does not need any quantum logics, but only the relation of propositional logic, set theory, arithmetic, and information: rather a change of the attitude into more mathematical, philosophical, and speculative than physical, empirical and experimental. Hilbert’s epsilon calculus can be situated in the same framework of the relation of propositional logic and the class of all mathematical theories. The horizon of Part III investigating Hilbert mathematics (i.e. according to the Pythagorean viewpoint about the world as mathematical) versus Gödel mathematics (i.e. the usual understanding of mathematics as all mathematical models of the world external to it) is outlined.

Based on the mechanism of luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) and using a special single strand DNA as the recognition element, a portable paper-based sensor for the accurate detection of total heavy rare-earth ions (mainly Gd3+, Tb3+ and Dy3+) concentration was proposed. The RNA cleaving-DNAzyme should recognize rare-earth ions to cleave RNA on DNA duplexes linking UCNPs and AuNPs, causing UCNPs and AuNPs to approach each other, inducing LRET, which attenuated the green upconversion luminescence (UCL) triggered by the 980 nm laser. UCL was captured by a charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor and processed with the red-green-blue (RGB) image to quantitatively analyze heavy rare-earth ions in the samples. In the range of 5–50 μmol·L-1, the sensor has good sensitivity, with the limit of detection of 1.26 μmol L−1.

This paper investigates the informational content of online reviews. For the case of hotels, we model how the length of the stay shapes the variance of review scores. Grounded on violations of temporal monotonicity, errors in recall and hedonic adaptation theories, we first present a characterization of how the consumption span affects the non-deterministic component of consumer satisfaction. Next, we conduct an empirical analysis using more than 525,000 individual reviews from Booking.com in 5 major European cities. Under a heteroskedastic framework, we document that individual ratings’ volatility decreases with the length of the stay. This implies that online ratings from short stayers (short consumption episodes) are noisy signals of the underlying hotel quality. Furthermore, we show that greater volatility in hotel ratings translates into a lower share of useful reviews for subsequent consumers. Our findings offer relevant insights for platform design operators about the sources of ratings’ volatility and how this affects social learning.

Introduction:The median nerve is commonly formed by the fusion of two roots, i.e., the lateral root arises from the lateral cord and the medial root from the medial cord. These roots embrace the axillary artery (third part) and then unite with each other slightly below the level of pectoralis minor, just anterior or anterolateral to the axillary artery. It is associated with different variations like origin from more than two roots, splitting of the nerve and abnormal connections with neighbouring nerves like musculocutaneous or ulnar nerve. Objectives:To explore the different anatomical variations in the formation of the median nerve in the North Indian population. Material and methods:We studied different variations in the formation of the median nerve during routine dissection classes of the upper limb which was for the undergraduate medical students at the Department of Anatomy of Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India. The present study was conducted on a total of 84 upper limbs, of 42 formalin-preserved cadavers, of which 28 belonged to males and 14 to females. Results:We observed several variations in the formation of the median nerve. Three roots contributed to the formation of the median nerve in 25% of male subjects, among which the third root arose from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus in 16.07% of cases, and from the musculocutaneous nerve in 8.93% of cases. In females, three roots were found in 21.42% of cases, among which the root arose from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus in 14.28% of cases and from the musculocutaneous nerve in 7.14% of cases. Four roots were found in 5.36% of male cases, while in females they were found in 7.14% of cases. The formation of the median nerve occurred in the arm in 11.91% of cases (8.33% belonging to males and 3.58% to females), while in the axilla, it is formed anterior to the axillary artery in 4.76% of cases (3.57% belonging to males and 1.19% to females), medial to the axillary artery in 2.38% of cases (1.19% were found in both male and female cadavers). We also observed an abnormal connection between the median nerve and musculocutaneous nerve in two upper extremities (2.38% of cases) in one male and one female cadaver and one upper extremity of a female cadaver (1.19% of cases) in which the median nerve is present lateral to the brachial artery at the level of the cubital fossa. Conclusion:The knowledge about variations in the formation of the median nerve is relevant to both anatomists and surgeons. It is useful during different surgical procedures around the axilla and also helps in reducing the failure rate of nerve blocks around the infraclavicular part of the brachial plexus during surgeries involving this area.

This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 16th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference (GHGT-16), organised 23-27 October 2022 in Lyon, France. It provides an overall summary of the contents of the EU-funded H2020 ACCSESS project

Using technologies such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth allows to gather passive mobility data, useful for ensuring the sustainable development of transport infrastructures. The challenge of passive data collection is to be able to identify relevant data. Our research presents interesting solutions for sorting the transmitted signals and reconstructing quality Origin-Destination matrices. Its originality consists not only in comparing the results with those of other data sources, but also in proposing a methodology that can be reproduced. Thanks to a partitioning algorithm, it is possible to automatically distinguish passengers from non-passengers to get transit ridership flow and O-D matrices. The findings show that this algorithm provides concrete and replicable solutions to transport operators for understanding travel demand.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the usefulness of flow cytometry as a functional assay to measure glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) levels on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) from Japanese patients with glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1DS). METHODS: We recruited 13 genetically confirmed Glut1DS patients with a solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1) mutation (eight missense, one frameshift, two nonsense, and two deletion) and one clinically suspected Glut1DS-like patient without an SLC2A1 mutation, and collected whole blood with informed consent. We stained pelleted RBCs (1 μL) from the patients with a Glut1.RBD ligand and anti-glycophorin A antibody, which recognizes a human RBC membrane protein, and analyzed the cells using flow cytometry. RESULTS: Relative GLUT1 levels quantified by flow cytometry in 11 of 13 patients with definite Glut1DS were 90% below those of healthy controls. Relative GLUT1 levels were not reduced in two of 13 Glut1DS patients who had a missense mutation and no intellectual disability and one Glut1DS-like patient without an SLC2A1 mutation. Relative GLUT1 levels were significantly reduced in Glut1DS patients with an SLC2A1 mutation, more severe intellectual disability, and spasticity. CONCLUSIONS: This method to detect GLUT1 levels on RBCs is simple and appears to be an appropriate screening assay to identify severe Glut1DS patients in the early stage before the development of irreversible neurologic damage caused by chronic hypoglycorrhachia.

The paper aims to estimate the effects of the European Central Bank communications on the sectoral returns of STOXX Europe 600 from 2013 to 2021. Previous literature has investigated the effects of communications of central banks and checked their effects on macroeconomics and financial data. New opportunities offered by text mining analysis allow us to find new insights into these aspects. However, studies focusing on how text mining indices derived from central banks’ communications can affect different financial sectors are more limited. In this paper, we use different sentiment and topic indices derived from the European Central Bank’s speeches. The paper shows how these different topics and sentiment indices affect the returns on different financial sectors. Our results indicate that the topic of communications is more influential on returns of sectoral indices than the type of communications. Moreover, we find that monetary policy and financial stability topics are the most relevant. We also find that during the COVID-19 time, the number of negative speeches is relevant for almost all the sectoral index returns.

Adverbials have been studied numerously by different linguists and have been classified and categorized differently across time by different syntacticians (Bellert 1977; Cinque 1999; Ernst 2002; Delfitto 2007) and semanticists (Ernst 2002; Bonami et al. 2004; Jackendoff 1972). However, all these studies have been conducted in discipline-specific domains. To fill this gap, the main focus of this study is to investigate the frequency of adverbials and their syntactic positions. For this purpose, we have designed our study to be on academically published research articles (RAs) in two hard sciences of Medicine and Engineering, and two soft sciences of Literary Studies and Linguistics. The results indicate that Literary papers have the greatest number of adverbials with 102 and Medical papers have the lowest with only 39 adverbials. In fact, this frequency of adverbials can show the direction of each discipline. When a discipline is based on facts, the researchers use more factual language rather than descriptive one to illustrate the real world. However, human sciences make all attempts to describe the world in which people live so they need a more descriptive language to fulfill their purpose. In terms of position, looking at the eight positions proposed by Quirk et al. (1985), the Medial position is the most favorite of all. In addition, End and Initial positions have second and third popularity in turn. In total, adverbials, due to their flexibility and free movement in sentences, belong to a very complicated class of words that require more research. Furthermore, writers should consider the objectives of their discipline in order to decide what type of adverbials to use and in which position.

This paper describes a dataset capturing insider trading activity at publicly traded companies. Investors and investment analysts demand this information because executives, directors and large shareholders are expected to have more intimate knowledge of their company’s prospects than outsiders. Insider stock sales and purchases may reveal information about the firm’s business not disclosed in financial statements. They may also convey new information predictive of stock price movements if insiders can better interpret public information about the firm. Since mid-2003, the Securities and Exchange Commission has made these insider trading reports available to the public in a structured format; however, most academic papers use proprietary commercial databases instead of regulatory filings directly. This makes replication challenging as the data manipulation and aggregation processes are opaque and historical records could be altered by the database provider over time. To overcome these limitations, the presented dataset is created from original regulatory filings; it is updated daily and includes all information reported by insiders without alteration.

This research paper introduces to proximity principle as an approach to translation in general, and legal translation in particular, when the full meaning is not attainable in the Target Language(TL). The main problem of this study is how to translate legal texts more approximately than accurately due to several reasons highlighted below. The principal aim of the study it to probe the principle of proximity as a translation strategy compared to perfect equivalence. accordingly, the importance of the study lies in understanding the process of the translator’s strife for approximate meaning in the TL. So, the main question of the paper is how translators manage and struggle to translate unfindable legal terms closely into the TL. On the other hand, the methodology of the study is based mainly on theoretical definitions, logical arguments, analytical and practical discussion, translation procedures and strategies, and culminated by conclusions and findings. One main finding is to establish the principle of proximity in translating legal texts in specific as a major strategy in translation theory to sort out solutions to the problems of translating non-equivalent legal terms. Finally, the paper covers points like the scope of proximity principle, its applicability, the justifications for using it, volume of potential loss of meaning involved, its credibility, proximity vis-à-vis faithfulness and accuracy, etc. All these and other points are considered in relation to a huge number of applications in practice in legal context.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of innovation on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses data from the surveys on SMEs in Vietnam conducted by the Development Economics Research Group at the University of Copenhagen, the United Nations University’s World Institute for Development Economics Research, Central Institute for Economic Management and Institute of Labor Science and Social Affairs, and applies least squared regressions and 2SLS regressions to examine the effect of innovation on the performance of SMEs. Findings The authors find that SMEs with innovation tend to perform better than SMEs without innovation. The authors further show that the positive effect of innovation on firm performance mainly comes from the effect of improvement of existing products, an important type of innovation in SMEs. This result is persistent when the authors use propensity matching score and 2SLS regression with instrumental variable approaches. Overall, the results show the important role of innovation in enhancing the firm performance of SMEs, which sheds light on the literature on the controversial relation between innovation and SMEs performance in the world. Research limitations/implications The major limitation of the paper is the lack of data. Although the database used in the paper is widely used to analyze SMEs in Vietnam, it covers about 2,500 firms in only nine provinces/cities in Vietnam. Practical implications Policymakers should enact relevant policies to support SMEs with innovation activities, thereby increasing firm performance and their competitiveness. For instance, encouragement policies or financial incentives (tax reduction or subsidies) for innovative firms should be implemented and/or fostered. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper to examine the effect of different types of innovation on the performance of SMEs in Vietnam.

Design, as a constant form of communication, entails the exchange of information between the Objective Designer and the Subjective User or Observer. This paper posits that the design process is a continuous cycle, akin to nature's "Circle of Life," wherein design not only delivers a message but also suggests its application to users. By considering the mental and moral qualities of a design and identifying the constraints within which it operates, designers can enhance their ability to create compelling and functional designs. One of the core tenets explored in the Theory of Design is the search for optimal design. While the idea of a single "optimal" design may be elusive, the pursuit of optimization serves as a catalyst for innovation and improvement in the design process. By continually pushing the boundaries, designers gain a deeper understanding of user needs and desires, resulting in more meaningful and impactful designs that improve people's lives. Design thrives within restrictions, and the Theory of Design highlights the significance of understanding and embracing constraints. By identifying natural, cultural, material, financial, time, legal, technical, and user constraints, designers gain valuable insights that can lead to innovative solutions and the discovery of cypher functions. These constraints serve as a framework for exploring new possibilities, guiding designers towards more optimal designs. In conclusion, the Theory of Design paper emphasizes the importance of continually searching for optimal design while considering creativity, communication, and constraints. By understanding the principles and concepts discussed in this paper, designers can enhance their design processes, foster collaboration, and create meaningful and impactful designs that resonate with users across different contexts and cultures.

Purpose: The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized how we interact with our environment by allowing various devices to connect and communicate. In this paper, we propose the development of a multiple IoT device controller using Amazon Web Services (AWS), ESP32, and C# programming language. The proposed system will allow users to control and monitor multiple IoT devices simultaneously through a centralized platform. The ESP32, a low-cost wifi module, will interface with the IoT devices and transmit data to the AWS IoT Core. The C# programming language will be used to develop the user interface and handle user requests. The proposed multiple IoT device controller using AWS, ESP32, and C# programming language is expected to provide a practical solution for managing and controlling multiple IoT devices, improving user experience, and advancing IoT technology. The code used in this paper is ready to download for continuing the research work. Design/Methodology/Approach: The proposed system uses AWS IoT Core to manage the devices and their data. The ESP32 module connects to the IoT devices and sends/receives data to/from AWS IoT Core. The device controller application is developed using C# programming language to control the IoT devices. AWS IoT Core manages IoT devices and their data. The IoT devices are registered with AWS IoT Core, and their unique identifiers are stored in the AWS IoT Core registry. The ESP32 module is programmed to connect to the wifi network using the wifi module. This enables the module to access the internet and connect to AWS IoT Core. Findings/Result: We developed a multiple-device controller using AWS IoT and ESP32 modules here. We created a single-channel IoT in AWS and broadcast it to all devices. Every message consists device id. All devices will receive the message but are responsible only for a specific device. For multicast messages, the response is by multiple devices. The c# application is the master; all ESP32 devices are clients. Originality/Value: Most net documents are dedicated to the IoT device creation procedure. Here we demonstrate the complete example, i.e., how to create IoT Devices in the AWS server, the node devices, and control from the C# application. So the interested researcher can get complete information to integrate IoT into their project. Paper Type: Experimental-based Research.

Hate speech is a contextual phenomenon. What offends or inflames in one context may differ from what incites violence in a different time, place, and cultural landscape. Theories of hate speech, especially Susan Benesch’s concept of “dangerous speech” (hateful speech that incites violence), have focused on the factors that cut across these paradigms. However, the existing scholarship is narrowly focused on situations of mass violence or societal unrest in America or Europe. This paper discusses how online hate speech may operate differently in a postcolonial context. While hate speech impacts all societies, the global South—Africa in particular—has been sorely understudied. I posit that in postcolonial circumstances, the interaction of multiple cultural contexts and social meanings form concurrent layers of interpretation that are often inaccessible to outsiders. This study expands the concept of online harms by examining the political, social, and cultural dimensions of data-intensive technologies. The paper’s theories are informed by fieldwork that local partners and I conducted in Kasese, Uganda in 2019–2020, focusing on social unrest and lethal violence in the region following the 2016 elections. The research, completed with assistance from the Berkeley Human Rights Clinic, included examining the background and circumstances of the conflict; investigating social media’s role in the conflict; designing a curriculum around hate speech and disinformation for Ugandan audiences; creating a community-sourced lexicon of hateful terms; and incorporating community-based feedback on proposed strategies for mitigating hate speech and disinformation. I begin this with a literature review of legal theory around hate speech, with a particular focus on Africa, and then turn to the legal context around hate speech and social media use in Uganda, examining how the social media landscape fueled past conflicts. Then I explain my Kasese fieldwork and the study’s methodology, before describing initial results. I follow with a discussion of applications to industry, specifically how hate speech is defined and treated by Meta’s Facebook, the dominant social media provider in Kasese. It progresses to a discussion of the implications of the study results and legal and policy recommendations for technology companies stemming from these findings. Importantly, I apply the research findings to expand existing scholarship by proposing a new sixth “hallmark of dangerous speech” to augment Benesch’s paradigm. Adding “calls for geographic exclusion” as a new qualifier for dangerous speech stems from the particular characteristics embodied by postcolonial hate speech. Examples from the Kasese study illustrate how this phenomenon upends platforms’ expectations of hate speech—which may not consider “Coca-Cola bottle” to be an epithet. The application of this new hallmark will create a more inclusive understanding of hate speech in localized contexts. This paper’s conclusions and questions may challenge platforms that must address hate speech and content moderation at a global scope and scale. It will examine the prevalence and role of social media platforms in Africa, and how these platforms have provided resources and engagement with civil society in these regions.

This paper proposes a reinterpretation of the Chinese worldview onequilibrium/nonequilibrium and yin-yang. Important terminologies and concepts thatconstitute Yijing have correlative aspects with irreversible thermodynamics and quantumreality- instability, nonlinearity, nonequilibrium and temporality. Ilya Prigogine is a Nobellaureate noted for his contribution to dissipative structures and their role in thermodynamicsystems far from equilibrium, complexity and irreversibility. His expressions, as argued inthis paper, resonate with the principles in Yijing. Thus, this paper attempts to re-stateexisting interpretations of Yijing’s ideas with reference to science. Understanding Yijing’sterms and concepts must be contextualised to account for its pervasiveness of temporalityand the change process. Otherwise, these cardinal concepts may be misconstrued as ahodgepodge of Eastern traditions with no relevance to modern science. This paperconcentrates on the fundamental role of indeterminism in nonlinear systems on classicaland quantum levels using Yijing’s conceptual framework. It concludes that the dominant ideas in Yijing and ancient Chinese philosophy resonate with the current scientific belief – the end of certainty. Instability, far-from-equilibrium, irreversibility, probability, bifurcation, and self-organisation are intrinsic properties of nature appearing at all levels, from particle, protein folding, and DNA double helix to cosmological scales. Information is the basis of all changes, and the agency of change is the human (‘ren’) with a consciousness existing in the probability space between heaven (‘tian’) and earth (‘di’). Finally, this paper outlines a modelling approach with the self-organising human in the centre between heaven and earth, representing living systems as discrete dynamical systems presented with binary choices (yin-yang). The interplay of yin and yang lines in a hexagram is thought to reflect the changing dynamics of a given situation, and the interpretation of the hexagram is based on the relationships between the yin and yang lines based on informational availability. In this way, the concepts of yin-yang and information causality are central to Yijing's understanding of change and are clarified in this paper.

In terms of the number of its patent applications, in 2012 China has emerged as the country with the largest IP office in the world. The performance of the Chinese IP system is thus increasingly in the spotlight. While significant economic studies have been devoted to the rise of domestic patenting in China, hardly any study has focused on Chinese patent filings in foreign countries. This paper analyzes Chinese patenting abroad by using WIPO’s foreign-oriented patent family dataset and a respective enterprise questionnaire. It finds that by the turn of the century China emerged as major actor in terms of international patenting. While this is changing rapidly, the share of Chinese patents which get filed abroad is still a fraction of total patents filed at home and most patents still also only target one foreign IP office. Chinese foreign-oriented patent families are concentrated in a few technology fields, notably those related to the ICT sector, “Digital communication”, followed by “Computer technology”, “Nanotechnology”, and similar fields. A few Chinese firms are responsible for a large share of total Chinese patents filed abroad. The paper however also highlights that some of these trends are changing rapidly towards more intensive and broad-based filing abroad. Initial results from a selective firm survey also show a shift from the desire to protect technologies abroad to more strategic motives: (i) the desire to build patent portfolios avoiding litigation, (ii) facilitating collaboration with other firms, but also to (iii) license and sell IP abroad, and to (iv) further the firm’s reputation as true innovator.

Another cosmological redshift mechanism could exist in general relativity, as is differences in the global metric field gμν between the radiation source in the past, and the observer in the present, known as gravitational redshift in massive stars. In this paper, we present a fully conformal global metric model with time scaling that would lead to the above alternative interpretation of the cosmological redshift. It is based on a relatively simple global solution of Einstein's gravitational equations without the cosmological term, and the analysis also shows other interesting astrophysical implications. The model naturally solves the problem of critical density and spatial flatness, as well as the problem of cosmological redshift in the spectra of distant astrophysical sources, and the problem of Olbers' and Seeliger's paradox. At the same time, it replaces the strict causal horizon principle with a much softer formulation-the region of the practically observable universe. Confrontation with astrophysical data provides interesting agreement with the spatial distribution of astrophysical radiation sources such as γ-ray bursts and quasars. However, probably the most important consequence is the new, generalized formulation of Hubble's law z(r) = (exp(Hr/c)-1), which shows good agreement R 2 ≈ 0.9824 with experimental data even for very distant sources. The paper also physically justifies in principle the modification of Newton's law of gravity for infinite space proposed by Seeliger. The modifying exponential term exp(-Hr/c) is uniquely quantified by the Hubble parameter and the speed of light.

The present paper attempts to deconstruct two postmodern Australian Jewish novels to examine the chief social-psychological dimensions of the main characters: David, in Besser’s Man in the Corner (2016) and Otis, in Birman’s How to Walk Away (2015) and thus investigate their implications about contemporary Jewish identity within the ethnoreligious Australian Jewish context. The previous analyses of the texts have only been internet reviews focusing on the psychological dimension on its own. These reviews have not linked the texts to current Jewish identity, as attempted in this article. In addition, these attempts’ focus has been on several perspectives, not deconstructive. Therefore, this paper delves into the mystic depths of these novels inferring, through deconstruction, the Jewish Identity in the postmodern era. The analyses have been conducted in light of Breakwell’s Identity Process Theory (1986) and Derrida’s Différance through textual analysis that elicits the traces beyond binaries, rhetoric expressions, and semantic and morphosyntactic tell-tale textual moments. David and Otis pass different experiences and personal traumas that primarily influence their ability to decisions making and thus initially increasingly shrink inward. However, the later awakening by confessing the existing problems, renewal and pleading to God provides ways to walk away from these traumas. These solutions reflect the overall diverse attempts of the Australian Jews today to overcome their traumatic past by universalizing the experiences of suffering, by attempts to communicate with the self and the other and to -sometimes- return to God.

The goal of this paper is to assess the influence of spatial mobility of knowledge workers on the formation of ties of scientific and industrial collaboration across European regions. Co-location has been traditionally invoked to ease formal collaboration between individuals and firms, since tie formation costs increase with physical distance between partners. In some instances, highly-skilled actors might become mobile and bridge regional networks across separate locations. This paper estimates a fixed effects logit model to ascertain precisely whether there exists a ‘previous co-location premium’ in the formation of networks across European regions.

Many Arabic scientific debates are devoted to disputes on cancer and its causes. Scientists tend to inform people about the danger of consuming and being exposed to carcinogens. The paper aims to explore the proximization strategy that Arab scientists rely on to construct carcinogen risk to promote people’s preventive actions against carcinogens. The paper intends to answer the main question: how does the Arabic scientific discourse employ ideological conflict to construct carcinogen risk? It is hoped that the paper can provide insights into the linguistic construction of concepts through the ideological conflict between two different poles in the Arabic scientific discourse. It provides insights for Arab scientists by promoting their awareness of the potential of Arabic for presenting a fully intellectual reflection of scientific knowledge. It focuses on the construction of carcinogen risk that generates tension between the values held by people and the opposing values ascribed to carcinogens. This aim is achieved by employing Cap’s (2013) cognitive pragmatic theory of proximization. The theory comprises three proximization strategies: spatial, temporal and axiological. The axiological proximization strategy is applied to a corpus of Arabic scientific discourse. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used in the analysis to produce more objective results. Anthony’s AntConc (2019) corpus linguistics software is used for conducting mathematical calculations through corpus linguistics. The paper has arrived at some conclusions that show how axiological proximization is employed to construct carcinogen risk which encourages people to take preventive actions.

This paper uses a state-of-the-art review system with a purpose to review and synthesize the latest information on the possible integration of potential disruptive technologies into the future development of ERP. Different software, such as Material Requirement Planning (MRP), Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRPII), and Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) have been found to be the base of existing versions of ERP. Potential disruptive Industry 4.0 technologies that can be integrated into ERP are found to be artificial intelligence, business intelligence, internet of things, big data, blockchain technology, and omnichannel strategy. Notable Critical Success Factors of ERP are top management support, project team, IT infrastructure, communication, skilled staff, training & education, and monitoring & evaluation. Moreover, cybersecurity has been found to be the most challenging issue to overcome in future versions of ERP. This paper could help the future ERP researchers and respective stakeholders contribute to integrate newer features in the future versions of ERP.

This paper has two objectives. First, it describes a new database mapping migratory patterns of inventors, extracted from information included in patent applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty. We explain in detail the information contained in the database and discuss the usefulness and reliability of the underlying data. Second, the paper provides a descriptive overview of inventor migration patterns, based on the information contained in the newly constructed database. Among the largest receiving countries, we find that the United States exhibits by far the highest inventor immigration rate, followed by Australia and Canada. European countries lag behind in attracting inventive talent; in addition, France, Germany, and the UK see more inventors emigrating than immigrating. In relation to the number of home country inventors, Central American, Caribbean and African economies show the largest inventor brain drain.

The authors present an integrated macroeconomic approach to monitoring progress toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Sub-Saharan Africa. At the heart of their approach is a macroeconomic model that captures key linkages between foreign aid, public investment (disaggregated into education, infrastructure, and health), the supply side, and poverty. The model is linked through cross-section regressions to indicators of malnutrition, infant mortality, life expectancy, and access to safe water. A composite MDG indicator is also calculated. The functioning of the framework is illustrated by simulating the impact of an increase in aid and a debt write-off for Niger at the MDG horizon of 2015, under alternative assumptions about the degree of efficiency of public investment. The authors'approach can serve as the building block of Strategy Papers for Human Development (SPAHD), a more encompassing concept than the current"Poverty Reduction"Strategy Papers.

This paper investigates the inter-regional intra-industry disparity within selected Indian manufacturing industries and industrial states. The study uses three measures - the Output-Capital Ratio, the Capital-Labor Ratio, and the Output-Labor Ratio - to critically evaluate the level of disparity in average efficiency of labor and capital, as well as capital intensity. Additionally, the paper compares the rate of disparity of per capita income between six major industrial states. The study finds that underutilization of capacity is driven by an unequal distribution of high-skilled labor supply and upgraded technologies. To address these disparities, the paper suggests that policymakers campaign for labor training and technology promotion schemes throughout all regions of India. By doing so, the study argues, the country can reduce regional inequality and improve economic outcomes for all., 1 map, 5 tables, 7 figures

Medical education is extremely important. Knowledge of English is essential to pursue medical education. Therefore, policymakers and educators usually focus on English for Specific Purposes (medical English in this context). The present paper studies the relevance of infographics, collages, and videos in teaching medical English in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The paper elicits insights and inputs from the latest socio-cultural and pedagogic perspectives across the globe by researching the sheer possibility of cognitive development and learning medical English through the integration of infographics, collages, and videos. The paper also sheds light on medical classrooms where the learners have had very limited exposure to English. As a result, technology could be one of the motivational and teaching-learning strategies. The objectives were to elicit the perceptions of medical English teachers on the relevance of infographics, collages, and videos and to explore the possible effect of multimedia on the learning of medical English. The research question is: what is the significance of multimedia (infographics, collages, videos) in teaching-learning medical English. The teacher sample was selected from the applied college, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This study was qualitative-exploratory, as the data was elicited from interview questions. Later, responses were coded to do thematic analysis. Multimedia (infographics, collages, and videos) was found useful and effective in learning medical English. Medical teachers should incorporate such tools to make the learning process easier for target learners. Professors of medical subjects, i.e., Anatomy or physiology should also integrate such tools for better learning outcomes.

This paper describes the Difference-of-Log-Normals (DLN) distribution. A companion paper makes the case that the DLN is a fundamental distribution in nature, and shows how a simple application of the CLT gives rise to the DLN in many disparate phenomena. Here, I characterize its PDF, CDF, moments, and parameter estimators; generalize it to N-dimensions using spherical distribution theory; describe methods to deal with its signature ``double-exponential'' nature; and use it to generalize growth measurement to possibly-negative variates distributing DLN. I also conduct Monte-Carlo experiments to establish some properties of the estimators and measures described.

The paper attempts to give insights into the allocation of spectrum in Indian Telecom Industry with a particular focus since the rollout of the 4G services. While attempting to give insights into the various methods of Spectrum allocation and analyse their efficiency, the paper will also be analysing the market structure in the Indian Telecom Industry through Quantitative Indicators like the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and the Four-Firm Concentration ratio (CR4). The paper would also attempt to give insights and constructive criticism regarding unallocated and inefficient methods of allocating spectrums and possibilities of monopolistic market concentrations in the Telecom Sector as well as the prospects of 5G services

This paper examines customer momentum, defined as a positive relationship between a firm's returns and past returns of its customers. I confirm previous evidence (Cohen and Frazzini 2008) that customer momentum is both statistically and economically significant. Long-short equally-weighted (value-weighted) decile portfolio generates a monthly return of 122 (106) basis points and a t-statistic above 4 (2.8) with respect to Fama-French factor models. The paper reports that customer momentum neither explains nor is explained by price momentum and earnings momentum. Customer momentum is partially driven by the lead-lag relationship between small and large stocks. I find that in the post-discovery sample, customer momentum has a smaller magnitude and loses statistical significance. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that after its discovery, customer momentum decreased due to exploitation by investors.

Data protection law has emerged as an important bulwark against online privacy intrusions, and yet its status within privacy law, or more narrowly information privacy, remains awkward. Its starting point of protecting ‘personal’ information rather than ‘private’ information puts it at odds with privacy more generally. Indeed in its very design it caters for public personal information, or personal information which has attained some publicness through some disclosure. This paper argues that data protection law is not the odd bedfellow of traditional privacy law properly so called but may be understood as a manifestation of Continental European culture of privacy. Its distinctiveness does not lie in its apparent technicality but in its robust openness to privacy-in-public, which puts it on a collision course with the Anglo-American culture of privacy. The discussion builds, with some critical interjection, on James Whitman’s comparative privacy study, which situates American privacy culture in the literal ‘inner space’ of the home (building on English common law roots) and Continental European privacy culture in a metaphorical ‘inner space’ in public. The latter, but not the former, recognises privacy-in-public. Whilst these cultures have long ‘met’ in different jurisdictions, this paper locates their enduring influence and antagonism within three contemporary privacy regimes. More specifically, by taking the right to be forgotten - as an archetypal right of privacy-in-public in the challenging context of spent convictions - the article gauges the comparative openness to such claims: (1) by the CJEU as the authoritative voice on GDPR normativity, (2) by the US judiciary as committed to the First and Fourth Amendment, and (3) by the Strasbourg Court on Art 8 of the ECHR and its fused Anglo-American and Continental European privacy jurisprudence. It is the latter jurisprudence in particular that highlights the tensions arising from trying to marry the two privacy traditions, or merge data protection and ‘privacy’ law. Yet those very tensions also offer, as encounters with the ‘Other’, insights and opportunities.

Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, the West has been intensively discussing its support strategy. Hawkish positions of strengthening Ukraine via armaments, financial resources, and sanctions against Russia compete with dovish views of avoiding further escalation of the military and geopolitical conflict. News from the war became a dominating factor for international politics and the world economy. In this paper, we analyse howinternational financial markets perceived this news, especially on Western positions. We create a comprehensive data set of news related to the war and measure reactions of five key financial markets. The results show that stronger support for Ukraine had a negative impact in the first weeks of the war. Thus, financial markets seem to have perceived it as a risk of further escalation threatening global economic activity. However, we find the perceptions strongly changed when the Ukrainian position in the war improved. Since that time, a hawkish line was a positive signal for financial markets. The results also confirm that the war and escalation in general had harmful effects on international financial markets., IAB-Discussion Paper

Replacing car travel with walking and cycling lowers emissions, improves air quality and makes communities healthier. Rates of active travel typically increase when dedicated infrastructure is implemented. But policymakers in multiple countries regularly contend with two obstacles: designing infrastructure that people will make use of and securing public support for implementation. This paper reviews and synthesises relevant research from behavioural science that shed light on how these two obstacles can be overcome. We find that research on moderators of the success of active travel initiatives points to the importance of connectivity and safety perceptions, particularly among women and older adults. We then review empirical findings on how to design active travel infrastructure to ensure both safety and perceptions of safety, which are influenced by design decisions. With respect to public support, we review research from behavioural economics and psychology that may help to counter misperceptions of the effects of active travel infrastructure. We also draw on evidence regarding support for climate policy and opinion formation more generally. The paper offers an evidence-based guide for policymakers to design and implement active travel infrastructure, seen through the lens of behavioural science. It also highlights fruitful avenues for future research.

This paper seeks to situate an understanding of the long-term implications of Smart Contract (SC) technologies as a cluster of technologies that together with AI (shorthand for software applications) and 5G (shorthand for networked ICTs) will prove important for enabling a future wherein any task may be automated. Although the "any task can be automated" future is far off and AI, 5G, and SC technologies are still evolving rapidly, this paper argues for timely consideration of the policy implications for SCs. Like those other technologies and to a perhaps even greater extent, SC technologies (which include cryptocurrencies, blockchain, and smart contracts as distinct elements) have been the focus of excessive hype that has given rise in the academic and mass media press to misconceptions about what is important about SCs that this paper seeks to identify and dispel. In an effort to start to understand the challenges and likely trajectory for SC regulation, this paper focuses on FINTECH and the policy challenges that are emerging there related to SCs. The overall conclusion is that lots more needs to be done, and while it is clear that SCs will play an important role in FINTECH's future and the regulation of that future will require significant focused research attention, it is unclear how useful such research will be as a template for addressing the challenges that will emerge as SCs migrate to other sectors where the economic implications are expected to be much larger. The paper concludes with speculations about where key trends in SC technologies seem to be going.

The Bihor and Hajdú-Bihar counties, from both sides of the Romanian – Hungarian border, are, in different degrees, monocentric administrative units, as it is shown in this paper. Each one has an administrative centre that is demographically and economically dominant. They were important urban centres in most of their history and have remained important during the communist era that has dominated Eastern Europe for almost half a century. In that period, polycentrism was a debated concept revolving around political autonomy and control (citation). In this century, Polycentricity is another debated concept, promoted by the European Union as a means of achieving territorial cohesion throughout the EU. In this paper, the main question revolves around how much the permeable borders of the EU, though sometimes confronted with the national interest, can pave the way to polycentric areas. After a look at the speciality literature to explain the concept and to identify ways to measure it, empirical research will provide an answer to the question of whether the Bihor - Hajdú-Bihar Euro-region is or can be a polycentric urban area.

This paper investigates the impact of dark pools on price discovery (the efficiency of prices on stock exchanges to aggregate information). Assets are traded in either an exchange or a dark pool, with the dark pool offering better prices but lower execution rates. Informed traders receive noisy and heterogeneous signals about an asset's fundamental. We find that informed traders use dark pools to mitigate their information risk and there is a sorting effect: in equilibrium, traders with strong signals trade in exchanges, traders with moderate signals trade in dark pools, and traders with weak signals do not trade. As a result, dark pools have an amplification effect on price discovery. That is, when information precision is high (information risk is low), the majority of informed traders trade in the exchange hence adding a dark pool enhances price discovery, whereas when information precision is low (information risk is high), the majority of the informed traders trade in the dark pool hence adding a dark pool impairs price discovery. The paper reconciles the conflicting empirical evidence and produces novel empirical predictions. The paper also provides regulatory suggestions with dark pools on current equity markets and in emerging markets., Dark Pool, Market Fragmentation, Price Discovery

The COVID 19 pandemic has forced the education sector to switch to online learning. To make the transition a success, there is a need to understand students’ perception towards online learning and design a learning experience around it. Thus, the aim of this paper is to identify students’ perceptions towards online learning in terms of motivation, task engagement and acceptance. The systematic literature review method was used to search for relevant papers and synthesize the findings. 40 articles from the year 2020 obtained from Google Scholar. It is found that the most used method in studying students’ perception is the quantitative method and students’ acceptance was the most discussed topic. It is also found that the primary factors influencing motivation and acceptance are sense of ownership and accessibility respectively. In terms of task engagement, only half of the findings reveal that students are engaged in online learning. In summary, the three main constructs are important items that should be taken into consideration when teaching an online course to ensure the success of the course. Through this systematic review, future research can identify and explore different areas and perspectives on this topic.

Large-scale shocks directly affect some firms and households and indirectly affect others through general equilibrium spillovers. In this paper, I describe how researchers can directly estimate spillovers using quasi-experimental or experimental variation. I then argue that spillover estimates suffer from distinct sources of mechanical bias that standard empirical tools cannot resolve. These biases are particularly relevant in finance and macroeconomics, where multiple spillover channels and nonlinear effects are common. I offer guidance on how to detect and overcome mechanical biases. An application and several examples highlight that the suggested methods are broadly relevant and can inform policy and multiplier calculations. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.

This paper proposes a general equilibrium model for multi-passenger ridesharing systems, in which interactions between ridesharing drivers, passengers, platforms, and transportation networks are endogenously captured. Stable matching is modeled as an equilibrium problem in which no ridesharing driver or passenger can reduce ridesharing disutility by unilaterally switching to another matching sequence. This paper is one of the first studies that explicitly integrates the ridesharing platform multi-passenger matching problem into the model. By integrating matching sequence with hyper-network, ridesharing-passenger transfers are avoided in a multi-passenger ridesharing system. Moreover, the matching stability between the ridesharing drivers and passengers is extended to address the multi-OD multi-passenger case in terms of matching sequence. The paper provides a proof for the existence of the proposed general equilibrium. A sequence-bush algorithm is developed for solving the multi-passenger ridesharing equilibrium problem. This algorithm is capable to handle complex ridesharing constraints implicitly. Results illustrate that the proposed sequence-bush algorithm outperforms general-purpose solver, and provides insights into the equilibrium of the joint stable matching and route choice problem. Numerical experiments indicate that ridesharing trips are typically longer than average trip lengths. Sensitivity analysis suggests that a properly designed ridesharing unit price is necessary to achieve network benefits, and travelers with relatively lower values of time are more likely to participate in ridesharing.

Estimating the average treatment effect (ATE) from observational data is challenging due to selection bias. Existing works mainly tackle this challenge in two ways. Some researchers propose constructing a score function that satisfies the orthogonal condition, which guarantees that the established ATE estimator is "orthogonal" to be more robust. The others explore representation learning models to achieve a balanced representation between the treated and the controlled groups. However, existing studies fail to 1) discriminate treated units from controlled ones in the representation space to avoid the over-balanced issue; 2) fully utilize the "orthogonality information". In this paper, we propose a moderately-balanced representation learning (MBRL) framework based on recent covariates balanced representation learning methods and orthogonal machine learning theory. This framework protects the representation from being over-balanced via multi-task learning. Simultaneously, MBRL incorporates the noise orthogonality information in the training and validation stages to achieve a better ATE estimation. The comprehensive experiments on benchmark and simulated datasets show the superiority and robustness of our method on treatment effect estimations compared with existing state-of-the-art methods., This paper was accepted and will be published at the 19th Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (PRICAI2022)

Is the existing legal framework suitable for “algorithmic bosses”? What if technology ends up disrupting the traditional limits of the legitimate managerial powers? The overarching goal of this paper is to determine whether digital automation has resulted in the augmentation of the organisational, control and disciplinary prerogatives of employers, managers and supervisors. Prior to validating the hypothesis of the magnification of powers, which gives rise to what we call boss ex machina, it is worth examining the spectacular extravagance of the contract of employment. If viewed through the lens of power, the employment relationship is structurally ambivalent because it both enables a condition of employer supremacy and tones it down through mandatory provisions, process-based restraints and collectively negotiated counterweights. This entire system of “controlling factors” is currently experiencing sustained stress. Using plain language, this paper is structured into four sections. Section 2 reflects on the apparent aims of the employment relationship by disentangling the meaning of the dominant position held by employers. Building on this, Section 3 catalogues the most widespread technologies currently invading the workplace and argues that, despite their heterogenous usages, the common denominator is the possibility of capturing and elaborating information that can be used to support managers in making executive decisions. Section 4 establishes the perils of the augmentation of managerial prerogatives through the adoption of automated decision-making. Taking a multidimensional approach, it also introduces remedies from data protection and non-discrimination law that could be read in conjunction with employment legislation to tame these rampant algorithmic bosses. Section 5 wraps up the chapter and offers some concluding remarks

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s) This paper presents the finite element level validation of the anisotropic Jiles–Atherton hysteresis model. Numerical analysis of a round rotational single sheet tester is performed using the 2D finite element method. Anisotropic extension of the Jiles–Atherton hysteresis model is coupled with the 2D finite element method. The finite element simulations are performed for the cases when the magnetic field alternates and rotates in the lamination plane. The simulated results for alternating and rotational flux density excitations agree with the measured data. The measured data used in this paper corresponds to the M400-50A nonoriented silicon steel.

Fingerprinting a host's operating system is a very common yet precarious task in network, asset, and vulnerability management. Estimating the operating system via network traffic analysis may leverage TCP/IP header parameters or complex analysis of hosts' behavior using machine learning. However, the existing approaches are becoming obsolete as network traffic evolves which makes the problem still open. This paper discusses various approaches to passive OS fingerprinting and their evolution in the past twenty years. We illustrate their usage, compare their results in an experiment, and list challenges faced by the current fingerprinting approaches. The hosts' differences in network stack settings were initially the most important information source for OS fingerprinting, which is now complemented by hosts' behavioral analysis and combined approaches backed by machine learning. The most impactful reasons for this evolution were the Internet-wide network traffic encryption and the general adoption of privacy-preserving concepts in application protocols. Other changes, such as the increasing proliferation of web applications on handheld devices, raised the need to identify these devices in the networks, for which we may use the techniques of OS fingerprinting. Fingerprinting a host's operating system is a very common yet precarious task in network, asset, and vulnerability management. Estimating the operating system via network traffic analysis may leverage TCP/IP header parameters or complex analysis of hosts' behavior using machine learning. However, the existing approaches are becoming obsolete as network traffic evolves which makes the problem still open. This paper discusses various approaches to passive OS fingerprinting and their evolution in the past twenty years. We illustrate their usage, compare their results in an experiment, and list challenges faced by the current fingerprinting approaches. The hosts' differences in network stack settings were initially the most important information source for OS fingerprinting, which is now complemented by hosts' behavioral analysis and combined approaches backed by machine learning. The most impactful reasons for this evolution were the Internet-wide network traffic encryption and the general adoption of privacy-preserving concepts in application protocols. Other changes, such as the increasing proliferation of web applications on handheld devices, raised the need to identify these devices in the networks, for which we may use the techniques of OS fingerprinting.

This paper contributes to the literature on fiscal decentralization by presenting a formal model of the interaction between the central and local governments (CG and LGs, respectively) where LGs may differ in their degree of political alignment with CG. The non-cooperative optimal behaviour of the agents reveals that optimal tax increases with the extent of fiscal decentralization (FD), political unison and spillovers across localities, while LGs’ optimal tax collection effort is negatively associated with all of these parameters. The first novel finding of our study is that both welfare peaks and income distribution are more equitable at a lower level of FD in the case of spillovers than in the case of no spillovers, which supports the decentralization theorem. The second novel finding is that both the amount of redistributable income and central government utility increase with the degree of political unison. © 2022, University of Economics - Prague. All rights reserved.

The object of research is methods and approaches to improve storage efficiency and optimize access to large amounts of data. The importance of this study consists in the wide dissemination of big data and the need for the right selection of technologies that will help improve the efficiency of big data processing systems. The complexity of the choice is caused by the large number of different data storages and databases that are available now, so the best decision requires a deep understanding of the advantages, disadvantages and features of each.And the difficulty lies in the lack of a universal algorithm for deciding on the optimal repository.Accordingly, based on the experiments, analysis of existing projects and research papers, a decision-making algorithm was proposed that determines the best way to store large datasets, depending on their characteristics and additional system requirements. This is necessary to simplify the design of the system in the early stages of big data processing projects. Thus, by highlighting the key differences, as well as the disadvantages and advantages of each type of storage and database, a list of key characteristics of the data and the future system, which should be considered when designing. This algorithm is a theoretical proposal based on the studied research papers. Accordingly, using this algorithm at the design stage of the system, it would be possible to quickly and clearly determine the optimal type of storage of large datasets.The paper considers column-oriented, document-oriented, graph and key-value types of databases, as well as distributed file systems and cloud services.

Faced with a series of COVID-19 related lockdowns in Australia across 2020 and 2021, and anxious about the safety of our research participants, we developed a novel approach to body mapping, an arts-based research method typically undertaken in-person. We produced a facilitated body mapping workshop hosted via an online videoconferencing platform. Workshops brought together 29 participants with disability, mental distress and/or refugee background who used body mapping to represent their embodied experiences of stigma and discrimination. These workshops generated rich data, and participants reported a high level of satisfaction with the process. In this paper we describe our novel approach to body mapping, and share practical tips for others who wish to undertake body mapping remotely. We outline strengths associated with this method: increased accessibility, enhanced connection between participants, the formation of a space to explore challenging subject matter, the production of rich data, and the creation of diverse body maps. We also discuss shortcomings and challenges which those considering the method should be aware of: increased logistical burden, demands related to space, IT difficulties, the danger of over-sharing, and diminished cohort sizes. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to report on body mapping facilitated via web-based workshops. Here, we seek to provide practical advice and useful insights for others hoping to utilise body mapping online.

Einstein’s Special Relativity (SR) is an ambiguous theory and cannot describe the behavior of a particle after doing more work on it at the speed of light. The paper uses the quantum structure of the electromagnetic waves to propose a new structure and new movement path of the particle after doing more work on it at the speed of light. The key point is converting the three-dimensional structure of the particle to a four-dimensional structure and increasing the capacity for absorbing and carrying more energy. In the quantum structure of the electromagnetic waves (QSEW), each period of the electromagnetic waves and the smallest three-dimensional part of a particle is like a virtual box its maximum capacity is equal to the Planck’s constant. The capacity of absorbing quanta energy in each dimension is c times the capacity of the previous dimension. Each box can carry 89875518173474223 one-dimensional quanta energies (k constant); however, it is not filled. The condition for upgrading the structure and starting oscillation in the upper dimension is occupying the total free energy positions of the particle. Hence, In the Advanced Special Relativity (ASR) the reason for converting the structure to an appropriate structure of the upper dimension is to provide more capacity for absorbing and carrying more quanta energies. On the other hand, the paper claims speed and temperature of the particle are two different sources of increasing the energy of the particle. Hence, the paper claims to increase the temperature of the particle forces it to convert its structure to the appropriate structure of the higher dimension at speeds less than the speed of light. In part one of the ASR theory, the paper introduces a new equation for studying the relationship between the temperature and speed of the particle for providing conditions and converting to the structure of the higher dimension. We anticipate our assay to be a starting point for more sophisticated new theories for describing the multidimensional universe. Predicting the shape of the galaxies, the size of the universe, and finding the story of the energy during traveling in space are other usages of the ASR theory.

Considering the influence of economies of scale and ship capacity on empty container repositioning, using foldable containers and container leasing may be effective ways to save the operating costs of liner shipping companies. Considering the minimization of the transportation costs of empty and laden containers, this paper studies a liner shipping hub location problem with empty container repositioning (LSHLPECR) considering foldable containers. We propose a mixed integer linear program (MILP) for the formulation of the LSHLPECR. In terms of the optimal solution of our MILP, this paper further explores the container leasing pricing problem (CLPP), where our aim is to obtain perceived container leasing prices (PCLPs) utilizing the inverse optimization technique. Numerical experiments verify the effectiveness of the studied problems.