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In More Than Cool Reason Lakoff and Turner offer a global reading of “To a Solitary Disciple” (by William Carlos Williams) in terms of conceptual metaphor theory (CMT). The reading itself is independent of CMT; any competent literary critic could have done it. Their attempt to explain the relationship between that reading and the poem using CMT is at best problematic and does not seem to be metaphoric as specified by the terms of CMT. Rather, their reading takes the form of little narrative that has the same form as one they attribute to the poem. Beyond the critique of Lakoff and Turner, this paper makes some observations about the poem and suggests that it has a ring form: A, B, C, D, C’, B’, A’. Two sentences by Hemingway and a poem by Dylan Thomas are discussed in counterpoint with “To a Solitary Disciple.” Two appendices discuss ontological cognition in relation to Williams’ Paterson, Book V and Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy.

Ontological cognition is about the cognitive apparatus we use to organize the world into different kinds of things according to their powers and capacities: animal, vegetable, mineral; living, non-living; human, non-human; etc. As such it differs from the philosophical discipline of ontology, which is about the world itself, not our thoughts about the world. As ontological cognition snakes through many disciplines these reflections run from Wittgenstein through literature and the Great Chain of Being to computation and knowledge representation (KR).

In this paper we address the hard problem of search. Search is a pervasive phenomenon of biological and economic life. But search is hard—especially in uncertain and dynamic environments. We develop a generalized form of question-answer probing as a way of simplifying search, with implications for understanding biological and economic novelty. This form of search simultaneously constrains and enables search spaces in counterintuitive ways. Question-answer probing not only illustrates seemingly mundane search activity (such as foraging for food or looking for a lost item), but it also provides the foundation for explaining the emergence of both evolutionary novelty and economic value. An organism’s (or organization’s) directed search (especially the search for function) supplies a key mechanism for realizing adjacent possibilities and new niches. Our approach contrasts with extant evolutionary and computational approaches to search (such as brute-force, serial processing or Bayesian priors and updating), which lack organism-specific mechanisms. Our approach also contrasts with physics-oriented conceptions of mind, organism and consciousness. Throughout the paper we offer cognitive, biological (e.g., tool making), and economic examples to illustrate our points. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our arguments for economics and innovation.

This paper presents brief overview of the Character Reading from the Face using Deep Learning techniques. From the earliest ages to the present day character reading from the face, has had a fascination for mankind. As everyone is aware that Face is the Index of the Mind. Character-reading from the face ranks as a science, if based upon anatomical principles and a practical knowledge of the values and properties of brain, bone, nerve, muscle, blood tissue, and hair. In future many businesses use these techniques in promoting their sales and services to their customers/consumers. This technique is also used for education psychologist, family counselors, psychiatrist and doctors to study the psychological behavior based on face reading. It stands apart from palmistry, thought-reading or astrology, and does not presume to predict the future or dive into the past. This paper shows the forest of the Title, in later papers in depth analysis will be discussed. This paper briefly explains different tasks such as Image Captioning, Image Question Answering, Document Summarization and Machine Translation by integrating with science (physiognomy) and computers using deep neural network working architectures built for computer vision like Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN).

The emotions, set in basic words are what individuals feel. Passionate angles have tremendous effect on Social insight like correspondence understanding, basic leadership and aides in understanding conduct part of human. Human countenances give different data about feelings. Hence extracting and understanding of emotions has a high importance of the interaction between human and machine communication Feeling acknowledgment is demonstrated a well-known research territory point in couple of decades. The point of this paper is to report an illustrative and extensive investigation of most famous feeling acknowledgment strategies, which are commonly utilized in feeling acknowledgment issues. We are inspired by the absence of itemized investigation of every single imaginable system usage in accessible writing. This paper gives an exceptional exhaustive study of methods accessible for feeling acknowledgment.

Dualism was first proposed by Descartes circa 1650. It never gained support due it could not be proved. There being two main intellectual problems, first the body-mind problem, that is the operational link between the mind and brain. Second, the problem of reductionism in science, if the understanding of mind is not reducible to the neurological operation of the brain, then how does it work, and what are the implications for reductionism in science. Both problems are resolved within this intellectual position. This paper presents further detail on how the conscious awareness of mind applies our attention mechanism to intervene and alter the potential energy barriers to the flow of energy down some specific neural pathway and enable the flow when if left to its own devices, the energy would not have flowed into that path. Second, the paper shows how knowledge is not continuous and exists in domains. Each domain determined by a coherent variable, namely a variable that is not able to be resolved into simpler variables without loss of the descriptive qualities the coherent variable provides. The consequence is that some domains of knowledge are the mechanisms of others, with the conceptually higher domain irreducible to the mechanism without loss of the understanding offered by the coherent variable defining the higher domain.

The use of speech for organizing collective activity is the hall mark of our species. From this communicative point of view, the speaker's brain activity has to modulate that of the listener, what requires the sound the speaker produces to synchronize listener's brain activity. Linguists distinguish language communicative structure from regular grammar when analyzing language in the context of information transmission. Functional Grammar (FG) proposes that the communicative structure of any sentence combines a topic - is what is being talked about, to a comment- what is being said about the topic. The purpose of the present paper is to study the entrainment of listener's brain activity to the sound packs of a recorded text, taking into account FG rules. For such a purpose, we recorded the electroencephalogram of 20 (10 males and 10 females) individuals while they were listening to the text and used Event Related Activity technique to related this entrained activity to text decoding according FG rules. Results revealed an almost perfect entrainment of EEG activity triggered by the listened utterances that nicely correlates to text FG structure. This cortical entrainment supports the proposal that a Cortical Oscillatory Modular Processing (COMP) is in charge of handling human cognition. This is one of three papers exploring this idea.

Apart from being an audacious attempt and a masterpiece, Freud's Interpretation of Dreams has provoked controversy since its publication. After the neurological linkage between Rapid Eye Movement(REM) sleep and dreams, many hypotheses are proposed focusing on REM or its accompanied dreams. This paper reviews recent discoveries regarding the neuro-cognitive aspects of sleep, dreaming, and emotions as a dream ingredient. This paper assumes that a dream content is decomposable into a sequence of Timed Artificial Dream Actions (TADAs) and that dream interpretation resembles the ability of an expert system explaining HOW and WHY questions. Freud tried to answer WHY each dream ingredient is being incorporated. The inverse of this process is to answer HOW a TADA is formed, and it is the concern of this paper. Based on dream-contents, an operational model for dream ingredients is proposed. The proposed TADA generator, nicknamed Oneiros, is decomposed into three modules Morpheus, Phantasos and Phobetor. Morpheus is responsible for the lexical processing of memory contents, in order to perform tasks such as extracting objects, emotions associated with objects, and any object alterations. Phobetor is responsible for extracting viewer emotions, and phobetic-specific aspects. Phantasos is responsible for the actual generation of a TADA.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed technical protocol analysis of chess masters' evaluative expertise, paying particular attention to the analysis of the structure of their memory process in evaluating foreseen possibilities in games of dynamic equilibrium. The paper has two purposes. First, to publish a results chapter from my DPhil thesis (in revised journal article form) attending to the measurement of foresight in chess masters' evaluation process, testing alternative theories of cognitive expertise in the domain of chess; and second to provide the technical graphical analysis that corresponds to that measurement in order to preserve this protocol analysis for access in the academic domain for future studies of expert memory and foresight (e.g., Ericsson & Simon, 1993). The step-by-step protocol analysis consists of: (i) an introduction to foresight cognition as hypothesis testing, (ii) a theoretical review in the domain of chess masters' expertise according to the theoretical frameworks in that field purporting hypotheses relevant to chess masters' evaluative skill processes, and (iii) summary tables and non-parametric statistical analysis corroborating chunking theory frameworks of expert cognition (e.g., DeGroot, 1965; Newell & Simon, 1972; Gobet, 1998; Gobet et al., 2004) and refuting the alternative search-evaluation models (e.g., Holding & Reynolds, 1982). Moreover, the journal article espouses the preservation of the traditional protocol analysis method core to the field of expert cognition’s conception (DeGroot, 1969; Kotov, 1971). The protocol analysis takes the form of a specialist population study (e.g., detailed case study work; Luria, 1987). Thus the outline consists of a short introduction, a theoretical methodological review discussing protocol analysis methods for specialist population studies in cognition (with particular attention to the preservation protocol analysis methods for chess studies in cognition and expert memory with a fresh angle on the foresight process), and the full set of protocol analyses with corresponding problem behaviour graphs. A subset of the main results has been published elsewhere (e.g., Cowley & Byrne, 2004; Cowley 2006), receiving scientific and scientific journalistic acclaim (e.g., Nature Online News 2004).

Decision-making is a region of intense study in neuroscience, and cognitive neuroscience, In real, World decision processes, management decisions emerge from complexly interlinked, This paper explores how brain absorbs information, recognizes and frames problematic situations, and chooses appropriate responses, Brain structures suggest that brain considers various sources of information before making decision, Brain imaging technologies have stimulated neuro (managerial) studies of internal order of mind and its links with bandwidth of human decisions, How is (managerial) decision making processes carried out in brain? What are the limits of understanding thinking as a form of computing? How does previous experience alter behavior? Do we interpret research findings when neuro (managerial) logical results conflict? Imaging is an important aspect of dynamic capabilities and there is an increasing amount of evidence of how evolutionary patterns are shaped, There are yet unsolved problems in (managerial) cognition, although some of these problems have evidence supporting a hypothesized solution, and the field is rapidly evolving, What are the general implications of neuro (managerial) management? There are unsolved Research issues; how does Manager decide in a state of vacillation, Risk and Probability? How does Manager decide in state of VUCA (Uncertainty, Vulnerability, Complexity and Ambiguity? How do we make decisions? How do human brains compute and represent abstract ideas? What counts as explanation of how brain works (what are function, algorithm and implementation)? This paper attempts at addressing current pace of advances in methods (fMRI, BOLD, EEG, ECG, etc), where we are going, and what we ought to research next, This provides conceptual framework for understanding and conducting Neuro (managerial) management research at intersection of neuro (managerial) science, management and psychology, offer solution through measurements of brain activity at time of decisions, linking and spanning neuro(managerial) biological and psychological and management levels of analysis.

Technology has changed and still is changing our internal and external memory processes. The World Wide Web (Web) can function as an external transactive memory and can store and provide access to personal information for a very long time. The "right to be forgotten or erasure" (R2BFE), article 17 of the proposed General Data Protection Regulation, aims at helping individuals to control the availability of online accessible personal information. This paper takes the term "forgetting" in the article's title seriously and reviews the manner in which the R2BFE implements "forgetting" into the transactive memory on the Web. Exploring the concept of forgetting in this context shows that there is a far broader scale of options to implement digital forgetting than is offered today by the R2BFE. The analysis shows where the R2BFE is insufficient and risks affecting other interests at stake more than is necessary by the application of too narrow a notion of forgetting. This paper suggests that the R2BFE could be transformed into a more successful implementation of "forgetting" in the online transactive memory if it were to draw more heavily on the mechanisms of human forgetting.

In between the unending debate over the issue of whether if mind is material or not, there remain enough confusion regarding the material nature of consciousness and over how mind couples with the brain. The reductionist theorists seek for material identity of consciousness, claiming that it might be possible to create artificial mind which would rely on the material foundations of matter, whereas, the dualists claim for the opposite. Touching on the foundations of this mind-brain problem, this paper proposes, considering the viewpoints of both the dualists and monists, that mental states and conscious awareness could be assumed to be something as proximately immaterial, as a new-fangled version of the old-contingent immaterialism, and wherein my disposition is much reliant on the Kantian Philosophy. The paper further proposes that the concept of dualism is ― somewhat misconstrued, and proposes a hypothetical space for wherein our mind is born and takes up spatiality ― the “auenon.”

This paper introduces a series of working papers (Lockton 2011a,b and 2012a-f) providing a background literature review of different disciplinary perspectives on behaviour, informing the development of the Design with Intent toolkit (Lockton, Harrison and Stanton 2010a,b). In the first section of the paper, Herbert Simon's 'scissors' metaphor, and the relationship between context, cognition and behaviour are discussed, while the remaining sections introduce some ecological psychology perspectives relevant to design for behaviour change, including Barker's behaviour settings, ecological interface design and Gestalt psychology principles.

The paper proposes the design approach as a blueprint for building a sentient artificial agent capable of exhibiting human-like attributions of consciousness. The paper also considers whether if such an artificial agent is ever built, how it will be indistinguishable from a human being? Well, it is glowingly evident that the evolution of artificial intelligence is guided by us, humans, whose own mental evolution have been shaped by the passing years in the course of the phenomenology of adaptation and survival (Darwinian). Yet, the evolution of synthetic minds powered by artificial cognition seems to be quite fast. Yes, the artificial mind in robots, if we accept the analogy ‘mind’ in its fullest sense, that day is not very far when the mental embodiment of consciousness in machines would become reality. But prior to such a feat becoming reality, rhetoric debates have been taking shape as of, how to decode and cipher consciousness in machines, a phenomenon considered as often as ‘nonentity’, then, what would be the true essence of such an artificial consciousness? This paper discusses these aspects and attempts to throw some new light on the design and developmental aspects of artificial consciousness.

Despite the presence of valuable neural models of consciousness and the experimental evidence about neural correlates of consciousness and neural synchronies, there is still a gap to be adequately bridged in respect of our understanding of how to relate the domain of subjective feelings to the physical domain of brain, body and behavior..]Neuroscience needs to explain how the brain engenders the mental patterns that one experience as the images of the object and how the brain also creates a sense of a coherent self in this act of knowing. It has been pointed out that the transition to consciousness cannot possibly be explained based on the serial flow of information along neuronal chains, where the dynamics of neural networks with its electric synapses and ,algorithmic information-processing, as such may explain the fluctuations in the subjective cognitive context,or accommodate the aspect of feelings,within the neural framework. Neuronal activity is found to be more of a simple reflex in cases where brain states and systems can be distinguished based on information processing.There are however wide variabilities caused by fluctuations in the subjective cognitive context for a given stimuli.Subjective feelings continue to be a hard problem to explain. The paper discusses aspects of a physical base for feelings and transition to consciousness ,in the light of current literature,with reference to the physiological synctitium and the astroglial-neuronal network processes and mechanisms of interactions and cooperative communication for tandem operations ,enabling subjective-objective domain integration and possibly explaining transition to consciousness. Specifically,attention is drawn to the glial structure and processes in the hippocampus and Pre frontal cortical areas,in particular, in the regions that mediate the cognitive aspects of feelings and emotion,and thus influence the quality of feelings and enable transition to consciousness from mere information processing protocols in brain.The physiological synctitium formed by astrocytic processes and gap junctions are involved in regulatory and neuromodulatory functions rooted in the physiology of the organism and its metabolic substrates as well as life processes related to body regulation.Cognitive scientists have emphasized that a primitive self is fundamentally linked to bodily processes of life regulation and emotion. The paper examines, inter alia,how diversity of computational and communication processes and mechanisms in brain networks for their synchronization ,and the physical base provided by the glial cells and processes can possibly explain the mental patterns that brain engenders based on sensory inputs, and images while it also creates a sense of self with its subjective cognitive context. The non-neuronal network in synchrony with neural network seems to integrate the subjective domain with the physical domain ,respectively,thus explain self-consciousness.

The present paper builds on experimental data from earlier research to offer a new theoretical approach to a common problem in the study of music cognition – the way elementary musical concepts are constructed. Most literature on the conceptualization of music uses Conceptual Metaphor Theory as the framework of choice. While its cross-domain mappings based on embodiment are useful for targeting the possible motivation behind particular conceptualizations, this theory lacks clear mechanisms to explain underlying similarities among the seemingly disparate descriptions given by respondents from various cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Other theories, invoking conceptual primitives, offer a possible way to dismantle these responses into higher-order units, related at a more abstract level (Perceptual Meaning Analysis, Conceptual Semantics). However, when compared with the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, they seem to put less emphasis on either the emergent properties or the experiential grounding of the process in which the final (musical) concept is built. To reconcile the two contradicting tendencies, I propose the utilization of the four-space Conceptual Blending model, with a reinforced role of the generic space. In two sample analyses of typical conceptualizations obtained from the children I have worked with (musical pitches perceived as "high and low", "big and small" and "thick and thin"'; musical scales described as going "up and down", "forward and backward" and "to the goal and back"), I postulate that the generic space contains image schematic structures which may themselves be composed of conceptual primitives. The final conceptualization comes from blending the perceived physical properties of the music (input space 1) and the appropriate experiential, referential domain (input space 2). Both domains must comply with the image schematic structure of the generic space to produce an acceptable blend. In turn, all referential structures that are able to do so can be said to be based on the same set of conceptual primitives, since they are constrained by the abstract structure of the generic space. The paper discusses some candidates for conceptual primitives and image schemas in the two examples and others from my experimental work so far. If constantly supported by empirical data, the proposed model could: (1) help further clarify the notion of the image schema and conceptual primitive, (2) assist in the search for musical conceptual universals, by accounting for some cross-cultural and cross-linguistic differences in the conceptualizations.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to apply introspection and related thought to the study and theoretical development of projective techniques and introspective-projective exercises. Design/methodology/approach – The method involves the application of introspective-projective thought exercises.Findings – The thought exercises reveal a symbiotic introspective-projection connection. This connection provides a unifying framework for both in terms of introspective-awareness research on metacognition, social metacognition and reflexivity, as well as in terms of related links to other consumer research domains. Originality/value – The paper is to the first to apply introspective-projective thought exercises. A second contribution is to develop an introspective-projective framework which can help reshape the application and design of projective techniques. A final contribution is to link projection to other relevant but hitherto ignored marketing research such as that dealing with less conscious-automatic versus more conscious-deliberative-enabled responses to stimuli.

We replicated the procedure of Experiment 8 from Bem (2010), which had originally demonstrated retroactive facilitation of recall. We failed to replicate the result. The paper includes a description of our procedure and analysis as well as a brief discussion for some reasons why we obtained a different result than in the original paper.

This paper argues that education, at its best, is based on a combination of learning and unlearning. Learning involves the development of sensory intelligence, a dynamic form of knowledge that is anticipatory and orientating. This sensory intelligence is always stylised, i.e., it consists in relations formed, over a certain period of time, by the senses with specific features of the environment. Unlearning, on the other hand, is the process of challenging this stylised sensory intelligence. These styles of seeing (and experiencing) are challenged by encouraging and facilitating different kinds of relations with these specific (or other) features of the environment. The paper is structured into three parts. The first part illustrates the principal themes of the paper by working through a number of examples of seeing (and experiencing). The second part elaborates and organises these themes into the above two concepts of learning and unlearning. The third part then applies the model of education (i.e., the combination of learning and unlearning) to the legal academy by focusing on two commonly engaged in activities: first, reading legal texts; and second, providing (hypothetical) legal advice.

This paper addresses two central topics that concern the interplay between theatricality and cognition. The first is the intrinsic theatrical nature of human cognition, as it is traceable in human communication. The fundamental schemas that allow us to make sense of the world and of experience are based on human intersubjective exchange. The need to convey contents of the individual cognition, to share them with others generates highly creative conceptual strategies such as conceptual metaphor or blending. In the communication of these contents, humans often engage in scenarios of representation or theatricality, by which they dramatize the contents of mental spaces other than the one of their immediate reality.The second topic this paper addresses comes in the sequence of this first one: if theatricality is a constitutive feature of human cognition and communication, it is further enhanced in the experience of theater as genre, in the encounter with the aesthetic works of drama, both as text and performance. This idea is explored on the basis of a cognitive approach to Peter Weiss’ play Marat/Sade (1963).

This is a draft of chapter 1 of the Rhetorical Mind, a book project providing an answer to the question: What does it mean to say that Homo sapiens are "rhetorical beings"? Its method is to approach an answer by addressing several related questions, the first of which, and the topic of this working paper, is "What is cognitive about rhetoric?" In this paper, I present two stories, the first one charts the phylogeny of Homo rhetoricus; the second the ontogeny of a singular rhetorical being. The principal argument emerging from these two stories is that cultures are products of cognition and, more controversially, that hominid cultures cause language to emerge rather than language causing cultures to emerge. Symbols and "webs of symbols" by themselves are not what turned Homo sapiens into H. rhetoricus, or what turn one particular baby into a great orator. It is conscious experiences in perception and action, joint attention, episodic memory, mental imagery, metacognition, pretense, and empathy -- all processes facilitated by greater executive control over body movement and expression, leading to greater interest in other minds that makes us rhetorical beings. Our capacity for mimesis -- the capacity to represent experiences and states-of-affairs in iconic and indexical formats under strict bodily control -- molds later symbolic thought and action. Culture is not the initial product of language, language is the product of a particular manifestation of Mimetic Culture that eventually gives rise to Rhetorical Culture, or cultures defined by symbolic action and social ontology.

The paper inquires into the paradox of complexity, the unity of variety, in order to first ask how a system may be able to unfold that paradox and then to look at two features informing the system to self-organize its complexity, which are the features of the social and the temporal. The paper refers to G Spencer-Brown's calculus of indications as a suitable notational tool to both denote, and to inquire into, the form of a complex system.

Neuroeconomics draws attention to motive forces that have no room in the standard framework of economic theory. The present paper develops a conceptual approach that tackles the issues at the systemic level of the brain, i.e. by analyzing and modeling the brain processes that decide on behavior. It takes as the basic unit of analysis potential stimulus-response actions which - when selected - become actual behavior. These potential stimulus-response actions have intentionality and emotional strength. At any moment of time several of these potential actions compete with each other for the privilege of becoming actual behavior, where this competition can be modeled on the basis of economic principles. The behavior that materializes may cover the range from the rational to the foolish depending on which of the potential responses gathers the greatest emotional strength, which in turn is determined by the individual's past experience and capacity for rational action. Therefore, while it can normally be expected that the rational dominates the foolish, this need not always be the case. Which potential actions become behavior in a concrete instance is decided by a mechanism implemented by the basal ganglia, a real structure in the brain. The insights provided by this approach afford coherent explanations of behaviors at the level of the individual that are not readily explicable by the standard approach. The paper is organized as follows: 1 Introduction, 2 Background from the cognitive sciences, 3 View from economics: a model, 4 Using the model for economic analysis, 5 Summary and concluding observations.

There is no question that something goes on in the head, which has been called consciousness. But is it consciousness? Over the last fifty years, there has been a concerted attempt to show how consciousness can be physical, of the brain. The diversity of views is characteristic of a Kuhnian pre- normal science revolution: but the revolution has not arrived. This is because the assumption that consciousness exists is wrong. In this paper consciousness (with e.g. its subjective/objective distinction) is characterized as a pre-scientific theory. The biological ontology of the phenomenon is revealed, and its placement in organismic biology explained. The phenomenon will be termed brain-sign, as appropriate to its biological function. The nature of this function completely reconstructs our view of ourselves, and other creatures in which it is manifest. The detail and ramifications cannot be addressed at length in a paper, but a research program is outlined briefly.

The exploration of the driving force for venture creation and perpetuation on thermodynamic and kinetic terms provides a new way to understand entrepreneurial actions. Thermodynamic forces explain many natural phenomena from biological, chemical and physical mechanisms. This same thermodynamic mechanism can be used to express and to determine the directionality of entrepreneurial emergence and the pathway. The key difference between the physical and chemical reactions with that of entrepreneurial actions or human action is free-will, freedom of action including nonrationality of the agent. Free-will multiplies the stochastic probabilities of outcomes. The relationship between thermodynamic potentials and fluxes is not limited to questions of directionality but also affect the kinetics of reactions and interactions through the flux- force interplay. Entrepreneurs act in response to signals and stimuli. Entrepreneurial actions therefore emerge as a result of such stimulations. Opportunities or prospects of profit are such stimulations. Among the various constraints and enablers that shape the structure of entrepreneurial pathways, this paper is arguing that thermodynamics forces feature prominently and shape pathway architecture and emergent events. Thermodynamic forces play a central role in the synthetic pathway design by identifying the most promising candidate pathways while collapsing the unlikely ones bringing about generative emergence.

In this paper, I present an informational approach to the nature of personal identity. In ‘‘Plato and the problem of the chariot’’, I use Plato’s famous metaphor of the chariot to introduce a specific problem regarding the nature of the self as an informational multiagent system: what keeps the self together as a whole and coherent unity? In ‘‘Egology and its two branches’’ and ‘‘Egology as synchronic individualisation’’, I outline two branches of the theory of the self: one concerning the individualisation of the self as an entity, the other concerning the identification of such entity. I argue that both presuppose an informational approach, defend the view that the individualisation of the self is logically prior to its identification, and suggest that such individualisation can be provided in informational terms. Hence, in ‘‘A reconciling hypothesis: the three membranes model’’, I offer an informational individualisation of the self, based on a tripartite model, which can help to solve the problem of the chariot. Once this model of the self is outlined, in ‘‘ICTs as technologies of the self’’ I use it to show how ICTs may be interpreted as technologies of the self. In ‘‘The logic of realisation’’, I introduce the concept of ‘‘realization’’ (Aristotle’s anagnorisis) and support the rather Spinozian view according to which, from the perspective of informational structural realism, selves are the final stage in the development of informational structures. The final ‘‘Conclusion: from the egology to the ecology of the self’’ briefly concludes the article with a reference to the purposeful shaping of the self, in a shift from egology to ecology.

Biosemiotics deal with the study of signs and meanings in living entities. Constructivism considers human knowledge as internally constructed by sense making rather than passively reflecting a pre-existing reality. Consequently, a constructivist perspective on biosemiotics leads to look at an internal active construction of meaning in living entities from basic life to humans. That subject is addressed with an existing tool: the Meaning Generator System (MGS) which is a system submitted to an internal constraint related to the nature of the agent containing it (biological or artificial). Simple organisms generate meanings to satisfy a “stay alive” constraint. More complex living entities manage meaningful representations with more elaborated constraints. The generated meanings are used by the agents to implement actions aimed at satisfying the constraints. The actions can be physical, biological or mental and take place in the agent or in its environment. The case of human agency is introduced with meaningful representations that may have allowed our ancestors to become self-conscious by representing themselves as existing entities. This paper proposes to use the MGS as a thread to address the above items linking biosemiotics to constructivism with relations to normativity, agency and autonomy. Possible continuations are introduced.

This paper discusses about origin and evolution of subjects—the subject ontogeny, and the changes in it that gets reflected in indexing language. We argue subjects originate from ideas that are products of intellectual efforts. The function of indexing language is to make access to knowledge of subjects easier through scientific mechanisms (schemes) and methodologies that give users much freedom and convenience in their search for information. We undertake a formal discussion on the theory of subject ontogeny linked to intellectual history of idea generation and how changes in its ontogeny are captured and retained through indexing languages.

The QBIT theory is an attempt toward solving the problem of consciousness based on empirical evidence provided by various scientific disciplines including quantum mechanics, biology, information theory, and thermodynamics. This theory formulates the problem of consciousness in the following four questions, and provides preliminary answers for each question: Question 1: What is the nature of qualia? Answer: A quale is a superdense pack of quantum information encoded in maximally entangled pure states. Question 2: How are qualia generated? Answer: When a pack of quantum information is compressed beyond a certain threshold, a quale is generated. Question 3: Why are qualia subjective? Answer: A quale is subjective because a pack of information encoded in maximally entangled pure states are essentially private and unshareable. Question 4: Why does a quale have a particular meaning? Answer: A pack of information within a cognitive system gradually obtains a particular meaning as it undergoes a progressive process of interpretation performed by an internal model installed in the system.This paper introduces the QBIT theory of consciousness, and explains its basic assumptions and conjectures.

Our socio-cognitive evolution has allowed us to develop those skills necessary for navigating the complexities inherent in social situations, permitting us to understand, among other things, another’s state of mind. While recent research from the neurosciences suggest that reading fiction may improve our socio-cognitive abilities, what is known as theory of mind (ToM) processing, no studies have identified the specific textual features that recruit these processes. (Dodell-Feder & Tamir, 2018; Kidd & Castano, 2013; Kidd, Ongis, & Castano 2017; Tamir, et al., 2017). Discovering those textual features that activate our ToM processing is of interest to the field of library and information science since it may be used for collection development purposes, especially in the practice of bibliotherapy. To test this hypothesis, this paper employed a mixed-methods approach in order to identify those specific textual features that engage our ToM processes. This study found that a small group of texts known to activate ToM processing shared certain textual features, and that these textual features can then be used to locate previously unidentified books useful for bibliotherapy.

Despite several attempts to provide a definite pattern regarding the effects of personality traits on performance in higher education, the debate over the nature of the relationship is far from being conclusive. The use of different subject pools and sample sizes, as well as the use of identification strategies that either do not adequately account for selection bias or are unable to establish causality between measures of academic performance and noncognitive skills, are possible sources of heterogeneity. This paper investigates the impact of the Big Five traits, as measured before the beginning of the academic year, on the grade point average achieved in the first year after the enrolment, taking advantage of a unique and large dataset from a cohort of Italian students in all undergraduate programs containing detailed information on student and parental characteristics. Relying on a robust strategy to credibly satisfy the conditional independence assumption, we find that higher levels of conscientiousness and openness to experience positively affect student score.

This paper examines the following three interlinked aspects of repetition. To start with, biologically speaking, human life is only possible through repetition. Second, human beings develop into human beings only through cultural learning. Human development through cultural learning takes place essentially in mimetic processes, for which repetitions are constitutive. Thirdly, ritual repetitions play an indispensable role in the production and transformation of communities and the creation of social life.

In this paper, I provide Fred Dretske’s semantic externalism thesis. He uses his thesis to propose a higher-order theory account of metacognition, that is, how do we know that we are not zombies? Then I provide Michael Potter’s views on the problem of mathematical knowledge. Using Potter’s work, I show that mathematical concepts like numbers escape the conditions on which semantic externalism is propounded. Furthermore, I argue that the evidence that our mind can understand and formulate mathematical concepts like abstract numbers and geometry shows that the metacognition in humans might be reflexive in nature. If not, then the higher-order theory account provided by Dretske needs revision or some additional explanation to accommodate mathematical knowledge.

Legal studies are at an interesting empirical, and more specifically, psychological turn. Cognitive science reveals more of the psychology behind moral and legal decision making, with sometimes unexpected and sometimes commonsensical results. Some speak about a “New Legal Realism”. This paper explores one of the normative questions posed by these developments: Do findings about psychological processes underlying legal decisions afford to infer anything about its correctness? Should they provide grounds to challenge (review, appeal) decisions? These questions are addressed through a case study on judgments by the proverbial hungry judge. That “justice is what the judge ate for breakfast” was a trope of Legal Realism. And, evidently undercomplex, it was not infrequently turned against it: how ridiculous the Realist ideas! However, a recent study by Shai Danziger and colleagues found precisely that: Decisions of an Israeli parole board, staffed by professional judges with a mean expertise of more than twenty years of judging, varied significantly in relation to the time of the last meal break. Chances of a positive outcome for applicants were less than half as high in the three last decisions after a meal break than in the first three decisions. Thus, provided that cases were distributed randomly and no other confounding factors were at work, the time of the meal seems to have causally affected judgments in these cases. This makes one wonder about the normative implications of such a finding: How do such influences relate to the correctness of decisions – do they falsify it, should they give grounds for review, or could decisions, in the terminology of contemporary debates in philosophy, be “debunked”?

The paper discusses ways of modeling the conceptual domain “sociocultural threats”, represented in the texts, included in purposely elaborated THREATCorpus. The results of the research present the process of cognitive categorization of the domain, determination of the levels of the cognitive category and rationale for its borders. The thesaurus, elaborated on the basis of the THREATCorpus, is regarded as a knowledge representation structure for sociocultural threats. It is proved that both the category “sociocultural threats” and the thesaurus are mental and language representations of the domain.

The goal of this paper is to present a plausible path to immortality. The aim is therefore of a medical nature, though the means to that end is decidedly multidisciplinary – using physics, cosmology, geometry, topology and electronics besides medical concepts. Achievement of such an ambitious goal as immortality would appear to require input from many aspects of science. Those other concepts may make it unsuited to a medical journal devoted to clinical practice, but it’s publishable in a journal about hypotheses. The article starts by suggesting the entire universe could be composed, at the most fundamental level, of electronics’ binary digits. These enter a natural or artificial time-warp in the distant, far advanced future to produce the Mobius strips, figure-8 Klein bottles, adaptive Wick rotation, and “vector-tensor-scalar geometry” that make up the past and present cosmos. Then the article says the basics of mammalian cloning have been understood since Dolly the sheep’s birth in 1996. How can an adult mind be “downloaded” into a cloned brain? It’s proposed that individual cells and synapses in the original brain can be connected with their counterparts in the cloned brain via space-time warping. Since space-time and brains may be composed of binary digits, all the information in one organ could be successfully downloaded into the other – transferring each brain area’s memories, perceptual abilities, creativity, etc. Einstein's General Relativity says gravity is a push caused by the curvature of space-time (gravitation therefore is space-time). This means the space-time warping referred to a couple of sentences ago is gravity. Gravity thus establishes a permanent connection between patients and any form of treatment (including cloning). Such a permanent connection may help explain the placebo effect that occurs when no known treatment is applied. To the relief of many, the article finishes by suggesting gravity – and the "surfing" of gravitational waves – will make the prospect of human cloning completely unnecessary. This is because the final section, CREATION OF THE COSMOS USING BITS, PI AND IMAGINARY TIME, shows that the human mind generated by the brain has an essential role in creating the universe and, therefore, in our interactions with physical reality – leading to the repairing of every minor (even microscopic) defect in the body and brain as it occurs. Space-time (gravity) connections allowing downloading of minds will one day be extended to everyone who ever lived, resulting in resurrection of loved ones to eternal life and health.

This paper draws on biology, evolution and cognitive science to formulate a mechanistic and consequentialist explanation of human behavior that resolves the traditional conflicts between behaviorism and cognitivism. Animals are biological information processing systems that input environmental data through their senses, interpret it, and output behaviors that advance their goals. Communication extends the capabilities of individual organisms by serving an input (sensing) function for receivers and an output (manipulating) function for senders. Higher animals build internal models of the physical world that are collections of representations of, or truth claims about, its contents and its cause-and-effect rules, which they use as guides to manipulating the world to induce desired physical effects. They use other animals as agents by sending them truth claims intended to influence their behavior selection. Humans (at least) also selectively accept and reject truth claims to manipulate their own affective states. Sensory and cognitive restrictions limit the completeness and accuracy with which our internal representations can mirror their physical referents. These impediments to faithful representation, along with functional biases, make representational errors and omissions resistant to correction and enable latitude in the construction of social reality (the shared models of the world that govern the distribution of social rewards and penalties). The displacement of unmediated physical effects in the human environment by anthropogenic effects over the course of social and technological evolution reduced the general frequency with and degree to which truth claims need to be true in order to lead to effects intended by their claimants.

This article reviews notable influences on the detail understanding on Experiential Learning for which the theory was proposed by psychologist David Kolb who was influenced by the work of other theorists including John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, and Jean Piaget. How experiential learning does plays vital role in enhancing the retention of knowledge among the knowledge receiver and further helps in recalling the knowledge in long term in life as and when required. The intent of this Research paper is to explain the methodological approach where, how experiential learning help in bringing the solution in the first attempts, which works in performing experiential learning, and its benefits in terms of the findings. Finally reaching to conclusion with the experiential approach.

“Metaphors often allow us to express subtle nuances of thought and feeling that would otherwise be inexpressible” (Ritchie, 2006, p. 2).Inspired by this citation and the latest developments of cognitive science, in this paper we shall attempt to analyse the cinematic representation of the conceptual metaphor “Time Passing Is Motion”. The principle tools in this study are the theory of Conceptual metaphor and the Conceptual Integration model. We will discuss the editing of film frames as ‘montage of mental spaces’ whose interaction and integration leads to the emergence of concepts, ideas and feelings in the spectator. The cases examined are extracts from two films, “The Last Laugh” by F. Murnau (1924) and “I Am Twenty” by M. Khoutsiev (1965), and serve as examples of research that seeks to explain the emergence of time metaphor in cinema. We attempt to give a response to the question how the cinema can communicate abstract signification to the observer. This article argues that the metaphorical transfer of abstract thought is possible in the cinematic medium, by means of image schemata and via the activation of cognitive mechanisms of the spectator. Could the theory of Conceptual integration help us to untangle and understand the process of film metaphor construction, and its impact on the spectator?

Korean Abstract: 신경과학의 놀라운 발전은 다른 학문분야에도 많은 영향을 주었으며, 신경과학의 방법론을 마케팅에 과학적으로 적용하는 뉴로마케팅이 등장하였다. 본 연구에서는 신경세포의 연결과 기억의 형성 과정, 인지와 의사결정 과정에 대한 최신 신경과학 연구결과를 정리하고, 160편의 해외 뉴로마케팅 연구결과와 42편의 국내 뉴로마케팅 연구결과를 종합하여 재무설계에서 활용할만한 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구 결과 다음과 같은 활용방안을 도출하였다. 첫째, 최종 의사결정에 감정이 아주 중요한 역할을 수행한다는 점을 이해해야 한다. 둘째, 적절한 보상이 재구매를 유도하므로 고객에게 적절한 피드백을 제공한다. 셋째, 고객의 신뢰를 얻으려면 상당한 시간이 필요하다는 점을 이해하고 기다릴 수 있어야 한다. 넷째, 스토리텔링과 긍정적인 메시지를 고객에게 전달하는 것이 중요하다. 다섯째, 재무설계 소비자에 대해 차별화된 접근이 필요하다. 여섯째, 고객의 건강한 인생설계를 위해 운동의 중요성을 인식해야 한다. 뉴로마케팅 연구방법을 좀 더 세밀하게 적용한다면 소비자 행동에 새로운 통찰력을 제공할 것으로 보이며 고객의 진정한 마음을 확인하여 고객에게 편안한 재무설계가 이뤄질 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. English Abstract: The amazing advances in neuroscience have affected many other fields of study, and neuromarketing is the scientific application of neuroscience methodologies to marketing. This study first checks the latest findings on neuronal cell connection and memory formation, cognitive and decision-making processes in neuroscience research, and combines the results of 160 international neuromarketing studies with 42 domestic neuromarketing studies. This paper attempts to suggest a method that can be used in financial planning. As a result of the research, the following application methods were derived. First, it is important to understand that emotion plays a very important role in the final decision. Second, proper rewards drive repurchases, thus providing appropriate feedback to customers. Third, you need to be able to understand and wait for a considerable amount of time to gain customer trust. Fourth, it is important to communicate storytelling and positive messages to customers. Fifth, a differentiated approach is needed for financial planning consumers. Sixth, it is necessary to recognize the importance of exercise to design a healthy life for customers. More sophisticated application of neuromarketing research methods will provide new insights into consumer behavior, and we expect that comfortable financial planning will be established by confirming consumers' true mind.

The canonical model of neuroeconomics centres on the notion of subjective value and analyses choice along the lines of neoclassical economics. Recently, this model has been challenged by approaches that introduce selectionist models of parallel and distributed neural networks. This perspective was already developed by Hayek in his book ‘The Sensory Order’ which is recognized as a precursor to modern theories of neuronal selectionism, such as Edelman’s ‘Neural Darwinism’. This paper argues that Hayek’s approach offers an alternative philosophical and conceptual basis for neuroeconomics and elaborates its basic features based on recent developments in the brain sciences. Starting out from empirical evidence for selectionism, I sketch a framework in terms of Marr’s methodology for the cognitive sciences and take a closer look at the concepts of the ‘predictive brain’ and the ‘social brain’. Evolutionary neuroeconomics pursues two main explanatory strategies: The first is analysing choice as a dynamic selectionist process, and the second is grounding neurobiological hypotheses about behaviour on the evolutionary history of the human species. These two are linked by exploring co-evolutionary linkages between internal neurobiological processes and external cultural evolution, thus relating evolutionary neuroeconomics with the subdisciplines of social and cultural neuroscience.

Organizational life is multi-focused symbolic reality today, new and existing employees learn, transfer and transform in working experience. Managerial actions give both real and symbolic results. Symbolic contexts, like influence, commitment, shared values, mission clearance in project teams and others, create challenges. The paper discusses symbolic imprinting and symbolic triggers in organizational life, and shares the first cut results of the study through the metaphoric mechanics among business school students with fresh working experience. Symbolic imprinting constitutes stamping in memory some transferring values and meaning interpretations, and symbolic triggers are the external environment signs and images, which make imprints work out in specific thinking, behavioral, and communication mechanisms. Transformational processes – learning, growing, development, - are realized within the symbolic context. Symbolic imprints and triggers transfer specific concept of the organizational life, freeing up the meanings and important orientations for ‘homo symbolicus’. KEYWORDS: symbolic management, transformational processes, organizational life, organizational symbolism, symbolic imprints, symbolic triggers

The Brain mapping technique is the branch of Neuroscience which deals in the spatial representation of the Human Brain. It is an ultra modern Biological Computational technique which makes use of various constituent areas like Computational biology, Engineering principles, Resonance imaging for unveiling the functioning & complex structures of the Brain. It involves study of the structural anatomy of the Brain & the brain sensory nerves by using the inter-operative, noninvasive Bio Medical & the Cellular biology with the involvement & use of modern Computational Techniques like 4-D Imaging, Cognitive Sciences, Fuzzy Logic etc. It reveals the physiological & anatomical changes that occur in the Brain due to the passage of time or due to some mental illness caused. The ongoing research in this area has enhanced the understanding of various Brain learning deficiencies. The research in Brain mapping technique has shown that learning of a skill changes the Brain‘s composition structure & these changes revert when practice of the skill ceases. So, In this paper we have carried out a survey based on the work performed by various researchers in the area of the Brain mapping technique. After conducting the survey, we can conclude that Human brain mapping has helped the Neurologists to enhance their understanding & improving their knowledge base of the Human Brain in improving the learning capabilities of the Homo sapiens.

Discussions about emergence have traditionally been structured around the dichotomy between strong (ontological) and weak (epistemological) emergence. Those focusing on emergence as an epistemological problem, understand it as metaphysically innocent, indicating an insufficient (perhaps temporarily so) knowledge of the world. Ontological emergence, on the other hand, admits new levels of reality and causal powers. It emphasizes that emergence is incompatible with reductionism. This position has faced the problem of dealing with explanatory gaps, and accusations of having recourse to esoteric forces to overcome such gaps. This paper explores the possibilities offered by process philosophy - where the nature of reality is one in which becoming has priority over being - to redefine emergence. From a process perspective, emergence has an ontological dimension in which that it may entail new causal powers, but this does not mean that emergent phenomena cannot be explained or understood. By focusing on the key process concept of the Event, we investigate emergence as an onto-epistemological experience. Building on the Deleuzian work on the assemblage and on the Jamesian concept of experience, we show that organization needs to be understood as the locus of causality in emergent phenomena. We present abduction, which gives room for intuition, imagination and speculation, as the ground to develop knowledge coherent with this perspective., Philosophy Kitchen - Rivista di filosofia contemporanea, N. 11 (2019): Parti, insiemi, sistemi. Il concetto di emergenza in filosofia

Symmetry is a fundamental concept in modern physics and other related sciences. Being such a powerful tool, almost all physical theories can be derived from symmetry, and the effectiveness of such an approach is astonishing. Since physicists do not actually believe that symmetry is a fundamental feature of nature, it seems more likely it is a fundamental feature of human cognition. According to evolutionary psychologists, humans have a sensory bias for symmetry. The unconscious quest for symmetrical patterns has developed as a solution to specific adaptive problems related to survival and reproduction. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that some fundamental concepts in behavioral economics necessarily involve symmetry. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the role of symmetry in decision-making and to illustrate how it can be algebraically operationalized through the use of mathematical group theory.

In human social life, "the ability to learn faster than your competitors" is "only sustainable competitive advantage" (de Geus). This statement may concern not only humans, but also artificial intelligence systems, learning ability of which is considered a most important feature by most researchers. Yet a general law of competition is that a participant of competition can gain competitive advantages by two ways: (a) increase of its own potential, and (b) premeditated decrease of competitors' potential. So, paradoxically, possible directions of artificial intelligence systems development can be design of systems that are able to: (a) counteract other systems' learning, decrease their learning abilities and conduct their "Trojan horse" teaching; (b) learn and increase level of their leaning abilities and general "intellectual level" in conditions of counteraction to their learning. In the paper, distinguishing between control of learning and control of learning ability is introduced. An approach to construction of models of the learning ability control and of agents' mutual teaching/learning is described. Effects of unpremeditated and premeditated Trojan horse teaching in agents' interactions are discussed. The aim of future researches is design of competitive environments, in which struggle for higher levels of learning abilities is presented explicitly as a key parameter and which provide with an opportunity to generate and select the agents with maximal learning abilities.

Building on an overview of various kinds of dual systems/process theories in psychology and economics, the paper proceeds with a methodological assessment in terms of the mechanistic or constitutive explanations framework that has gained prominence in philosophy of science recently, especially in the context of the neurosciences. I conclude that the existing dualist theories fail to meet the standards of proper causal explanations as established in this research. I suggest an alternative ‘dual functions’ view based on Marr’s celebrated methodology of computational neuroscience, and show that recent results in psychological and neuroscience research on dualities undermine the case for a simple categorization of processes in terms of properties such as relative speed and computational load, and point to alternative models available in the literature that highlight the role of higher-order levels of cognitive organisation in selecting specific mechanisms of choice and behaviour. In conclusion, I recommend a competing mechanisms framework along the lines of Edelman’s Neural Darwinism which concurs with recent approaches to parallelism in action preparation and selection in psychology.

We explore whether a body of knowledge for the mind based on ancient Buddhist psychology is computer programmable and could add value to the field of computational cognitive science. This system composed of the mechanics of human consciousness and cognitive processes is appealing because of its root in meditation, a rare non-intrusive method to examining the mind. In this paper, we design and develop a computer program that embodies the key components of the system, including consciousness, mental states, sense-based and mind-based cognitive processes in the Python programming language. By utilizing timed events, individual queues for each of the five senses that are regulated by a central queue for the brain, feature and object memory, and a concurrent sense and mind architecture, our prototype simulates a tick’s life cycle to depict its population growth curve as it learns to survive by refining its choices under varying arrival frequency of prey. The program could be of interest to artificial intelligence and robotics as it offers an alternative way to modeling and mimicking human cognition

This paper highlights the structural and computational features of generative grammars supporting first the translation of propositions about a complex, dynamic and contingent social phenomenon into the form of patterns of sequences of decision-making events, then the refinement of such model regarding the hypothesized contextual conditions, grounded on empirical data.

This paper explores the role of cheap excuses in product choice. If agents feel that they fulfill one ethical aspect, they may care less about other independent ethical facets within product choice. Choosing a product that fulfills one ethical aspect may then suffice for maintaining a high moral self-image in agents and render it easier to ignore other ethically relevant aspects they would otherwise care about more. The use of such cheap excuses could thus lead to a “static moral self-licensing” effect, and this would extend the logic of the well-known dynamic moral self-licensing. Our experimental study provides empirical evidence that the static counterpart of moral self-licensing exists. Furthermore, effects spill over to unrelated, ethically relevant contexts later in time. Thus, static moral self-licensing and dynamic moral self-licensing can exist next to each other. However, it is critical that agents do not feel that they fulfilled an ethical criterion out of sheer luck, that is, agents need some room so that they can attribute the ethical improvement at least partly to themselves. Outsiders, although monetarily incentivized for correct estimates, are completely oblivious to the effects of moral self-licensing, both static and dynamic.