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Memory deficiency is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), and conventionally, α-synuclein is considered to be an important biomarker for both motor and cognitive characteristics attributed to PD. However, the role of physiological α-synuclein in cognitive impairment remains undetermined. Ginsenoside Rb1 has been shown to protect dopaminergic neurons (DA) from death and inhibit α-synuclein fibrillation and toxicity in vitro. Our recent study also revealed that ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates motor deficits and prevents DA neuron death via upregulating glutamate transporter GLT-1 in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD. Whether Rb1 can improve memory deficiency and the underlying mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we found that Rb1 can prevent the spatial learning and memory deficits, increase long-term potentiation (LTP) and hippocampal glutamatergic transmission, and protect hippocampal neurons from death in the MPTP mouse model. The underlying neuroprotective mechanism involves Rb1 improving hippocampal CA3 α-synuclein expression, restoring the glutamate in the CA3-schaffer collateral-CA1 pathway, and sequentially increasing postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) expression. Thus, we provide evidence that Rb1 modulates memory function, synaptic plasticity, and excitatory transmission via the trans-synaptic α-synuclein/PSD-95 pathway. Our findings suggest that Rb1 may serve as a functional drug in treating the memory deficiency in PD. Funding Statement: This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81870991 and U1603281 to SQ, No. 81704130 to YZ), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (No. 2017J05139 to YZ), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (No. 2017A030310643 to YZ), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2016M590598 to YZ). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: All experiments were conducted according to the National Institute of Health guidelines on the care and use of animals (NIH Publications No. 8023, revised 1978) and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Guangzhou Medical University.

This paper will review the role of neuroscience and psychology in the criminal justice system. Law and Neuroscience (Neurolaw) is a relatively new and highly interdisciplinary field that brings together researchers from the legal sector, social sciences, mind sciences and brain sciences, to examine the potential for neuroscientific discoveries and techniques to address a range of legal issues. The present criminal justice system has begun to utilise advances in neuroscience and psychology in criminal trials, sentencing options for offenders, rehabilitation treatment of offenders, and risk assessment for probation. It is with these recent developments, this paper will discuss three main areas in which neuroscience and psychology may be utilised in the criminal justice system. These are: (a) establishing the truth of the facts and evidence presented in a criminal law case; (b) effective judicial sentencing guidelines of offenders; (c) rehabilitation treatment and probation (both for actual offenders and supposed offenders), in order to reduce recidivism and subsequently ensure public safety.

This paper, prepared for the “State of the Art” Law and Neuroscience Conference at the Rutgers (Camden) University School of Law, has two goals. One is to describe comprehensively the current court cases, scientific research, academic literature, and controversies about the potential use of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) for detecting deception in court and other forensic contexts. The other is to suggest that the question of the admissibility of fMRI deception evidence in court cannot be thought of as an exclusively scientific question. The appropriate use or non-use of science in the legal system involves inevitably normative questions about the appropriate levels of accuracy, reliability and validity, questions that must be answered in light of the goals of the legal system and the particular purposes to which the science would be put. The answers require getting the science right, and thus require the involvement of science and scientists, but the ultimate question of when and how the scientific conclusions so produced will be used is a question of legal policy as to which neither scientists (nor, for that matter, lawyers) should be given exclusive authority. Thus, although explicitly focused on law and neuroscience, the paper implicitly addresses a pervading issue in science policy generally – is the use to which science shall or should be put an exclusively, or even partially, scientific question?

This Review article gives you important information of the different qualitative and quantitative composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) & how it play a vital role for the proper function of the brain. This paper is also shows how ECM has interact with central nervous system & its association with various Neurological Disorders.

This article examines some key outcomes of researches on the human brain related to language learning in particular; and, then it highlights the role using literary texts can play, while employed as stimuli, for achieving success in the field of EFL. To narrow down further, the aim of this paper is to propose: by implementing literature-based course materials in different teaching methods like Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), Task-based language teaching (TBLT)and Cooperative learning (CL), EFL teachers can actually help their learners to learn the language more effectively, as it is more compatible with their brain functions.

Animal’s innate avoidance behavior is crucial for its survival. It subjects to modulation by environmental conditions in addition to the commanding sensorimotor transformation pathway. Although much has been known about the commanding neural basis, relatively less is known about how innate avoidance behavior is shaped by external conditions. Here in this paper, we report that Drosophila larvae showed stronger light avoidance at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures. Such negative regulation of light avoidance by temperature was abolished by blocking two pairs of central brain neurons, ACLPR60F09 neurons, that were responsive to both light and temperature change, including cooling and warming. ACLPR60F09 neurons could be excited by pdf-LaN neurons in the visual pathway. On the downstream side, they could inhibit the CLPNR82B09 neurons that command light induced reorientation behavior. Compared with at warm temperature, ACLPR60F09 neurons’ response to light was decreased at cool temperature so that the inhibition on CLPNR82B09 neurons was relieved and the light induced avoidance was enhanced. Our result proposed a neural mechanism underlying cross-modal modulation of animal innate avoidance behavior.

Music therapy is a frequently used tool to treat cardiac and neurological diseases. It has been proven that music impacts human body as well as mind. The reason behind such impact of music on humans is because of the release of a chemical agent inside the brain known as dopamine also known as the happy hormone. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is reactive to the chemical stimuli which comprises of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. In this paper, we present the effect of Bengali folk music on ANS. The signals were taken while the subject is listening to music and also during normal resting condition. In time series analysis, multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA) is used for determining the statistical self-affinity and highly chaotic behavior of a signal. Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis is used as a quantifying parameter to detect the effect of Bengali folk music on ANS. Our experimental result shows a satisfactory result in this context.

Despite several attempts to provide a definite pattern regarding the effects of personality traits on performance in higher education, the debate over the nature of the relationship is far from being conclusive. The use of different subject pools and sample sizes, as well as the use of identification strategies that either do not adequately account for selection bias or are unable to establish causality between measures of academic performance and noncognitive skills, are possible sources of heterogeneity. This paper investigates the impact of the Big Five traits, as measured before the beginning of the academic year, on the grade point average achieved in the first year after the enrolment, taking advantage of a unique and large dataset from a cohort of Italian students in all undergraduate programs containing detailed information on student and parental characteristics. Relying on a robust strategy to credibly satisfy the conditional independence assumption, we find that higher levels of conscientiousness and openness to experience positively affect student score.

Hypoxia is a situation which indicates low level of oxygen content in the cells. The majority of the tumour treatments contain chronic and acute radiotherapy and chemotherapy. It is important to estimate the proportion of hypoxic regions in tumours to improve clinical prognosis of treatment .In this paper we are going to develop another machine learning based philosophy to computerize this estimation, where the primary test is the way that the clinical explanations accessible for preparing the techniques comprise of the aggregate number of normoxic, incessantly hypoxic and intensely hypoxic areas with no sign of their area in the picture. The proposed methodologies indicate high connection esteems as for the clinical explanations. The result will be to detect whether a cell is affected with hypoxic condition.

In the present environment people are over burden themselves by indulging in various things, which are harmful to our brains. When brain is constantly working or exposed to the toxic environment, it will shut down the pineal gland. So there is a need to measure brain waves and sustain the energy at a high level. In this paper we are presenting about EEG, which is capable of capturing brain waves by attaching electrodes to the scalp which in the form of waves, so BCI is used to translate these waves into commands for these purpose it uses classification algorithm.

It was proposed that consciousness to result from quantum computations supported by nested well controlled oscillatory cortical activity, which may be disclosed by analysis of EEG activity. Oscillatory activity is easily entrained by external stimulation; e.g. periodic stimuli or well parsed verbal sound packs. These two concurrent cortical computations (e.g., click perception and language understanding) may share different degrees of entrainment, depending on stimulus properties and the nature of the task to be solved. This entrainment may promote interference between the concurrent conscious computations. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate this possible interference, by asking people to correlated click occurrence to the words being listened in order to force phase locking between cyclic cortical activity involved in click analysis and language decoding. EEG was recorded while volunteers solved the task. Results confirmed the computational cross taking errors because both text understanding impoverished and sensory perception errors increased as cortical activity entrainment enhanced. Event Related Analysis pointed to some EEG components that may be involved in the process.

This paper explores the role of cheap excuses in product choice. If agents feel that they fulfill one ethical aspect, they may care less about other independent ethical facets within product choice. Choosing a product that fulfills one ethical aspect may then suffice for maintaining a high moral self-image in agents and render it easier to ignore other ethically relevant aspects they would otherwise care about more. The use of such cheap excuses could thus lead to a “static moral self-licensing” effect, and this would extend the logic of the well-known dynamic moral self-licensing. Our experimental study provides empirical evidence that the static counterpart of moral self-licensing exists. Furthermore, effects spill over to unrelated, ethically relevant contexts later in time. Thus, static moral self-licensing and dynamic moral self-licensing can exist next to each other. However, it is critical that agents do not feel that they fulfilled an ethical criterion out of sheer luck, that is, agents need some room so that they can attribute the ethical improvement at least partly to themselves. Outsiders, although monetarily incentivized for correct estimates, are completely oblivious to the effects of moral self-licensing, both static and dynamic.

Background When the Zika virus outbreak became a global health emergency in early 2016, the scientific community responded with an increased output of Zika-related research. This upsurge in research naturally made its way into academic journals along with editorials, news, and reports. However, it is not yet known how or whether these scholarly communications were distributed to the populations most affected by Zika. Methodology/Principal findings To understand how scientific outputs about Zika reached global and local audiences, we collected Tweets and Facebook posts that linked to Zika-related research in the first six months of 2016. Using a language detection algorithm, we found that up to 90% of Twitter and 76% of Facebook posts are in English. However, when none of the authors of the scholarly article are from English-speaking countries, posts on both social media are less likely to be in English. The effect is most pronounced on Facebook, where the likelihood of posting in English is between 11 and 16% lower when none of the authors are from English-speaking countries, as compared to when some or all are. Similarly, posts about papers written with a Brazilian author are 13% more likely to be in Portuguese on Facebook than when made on Twitter. Conclusions/Significance Our main conclusion is that scholarly communication on Twitter and Facebook of Zika-related research is dominated by English, despite Brazil being the epicenter of the Zika epidemic. This result suggests that scholarly findings about the Zika virus are unlikely to be distributed directly to relevant populations through these popular online mediums. Nevertheless, there are differences between platforms. Compared to Twitter, scholarly communication on Facebook is more likely to be in the language of an author’s country. The Zika outbreak provides a useful case-study for understanding how scientific outputs are communicated to relevant populations. Our results suggest that Facebook is a more effective channel than Twitter, if communication is desired to be in the native language of the affected country. Further research should explore how local media—such as governmental websites, newspapers and magazines, as well as television and radio—disseminate scholarly publication.

Previous studies suggest a significant role of language in the court room, yet none has identified a definitive correlation between vocal characteristics and court outcomes. This paper demonstrates that voice-based snap judgments based solely on the introductory sentence of lawyers arguing in front of the Supreme Court of the United States predict outcomes in the Court. In this study, participants rated the opening statement of male advocates arguing before the Supreme Court between 1998 and 2012 in terms of masculinity, attractiveness, confidence, intelligence, trustworthiness, and aggressiveness. We found significant correlation between vocal characteristics and court outcomes and the correlation is specific to perceived masculinity even when judgment of masculinity is based only on less than three seconds of exposure to a lawyer’s speech sample. Specifically, male advocates are more likely to win when they are perceived as less masculine. No other personality dimension predicts court outcomes. While this study does not aim to establish any causal connections, our findings suggest that vocal characteristics may be relevant in even as solemn a setting as the Supreme Court of the United States.

Our brain is a significant part of our body that is in charge of various functions and activities of the body. Normal brain functioning implies that every nerve cell connecting the brain with the rest of the body is transmitting signals and commands properly. These nerve cells control thoughts, movement, sensation and behavior. However, neurological disorders, brain injury and diseases lead to several forms of disability that affect normal brain functioning (Luria, 1963). This paper tries to analyze the different parts and functions of the brain along with the different kinds of brain injury that affects the regular functioning of the brain.

Astrocyte endfoot processes could play a prominent role in brain synergy. This is possibly derived from organization and structure for communication and coupling behavior that would help to coordinate multiple pathways and complementary mechanisms, like synaptic and extra synaptic activity, synchronization backbone based on water behavior in brain and effects from endogenous fields and signals. This couples with cellular and extracellular processes for coherent consciousness. The role of the physiological syncytium in coordination of synaptic and extra synaptic activity is well established. Their coupling behavior and role related to complementary mechanisms like endogenous electric effects and water movement in biological channels and nanopores and volumes is not well delineated, though there is scattered reference to it and evidence in literature. This paper highlights this role based on available evidence .Moreover, it is pointed out that the ultra structure of Astrocyte processes could reveal possibilities for signaling communication given the electrostatic micro-environment and endogenous electric field and signal effects in the endfoot processes and its immediate vicinity.However, this would require more studies to be confirmed despite indicative reference in literature which are brought to fore, in this connection. The role of astrocytes endfoot processes in mediating multiple mechanisms and multi modal pathways in brain for synergy and coherence, through their structure and organization is highlighted for their crucial role in consciousness and its brain complexity.

This paper presents findings from neuroscience, neuro-finance, neuro-economics, behavioral finance, and behavioral economics in the context of a two-system model of human decision-making, labeled as the “rider” and the “elephant”. The rational “rider” system is characterized by overconfidence and deficiencies in speed and endurance. The emotional “elephant” system is characterized by time preference myopia, emotional marker processing, and loss aversion. Application of this neural model of financial decision-making results in a variety of effective and practical suggestions for financial planners.

This paper is a presentation given on September 17, 2010 at the conference on Neuroscience in European and North American Case Law sponsored by the Court of Milan and the European Center for Law, Science, and New Technologies at the University of Pavia. It extends the analysis of Steven Goldberg, of Catholic University Law School Professor, who argues that cases in which neuroscience testimony has been used in legal commitment proceeding to invalidate a putative claim of religious belief hold significance (beyond their formal legal meaning) for the use of neuroscience in religious free exercise cases. Like Goldberg, I believe such cases are important for thinking about the future of neuroscience and law in the area of religious free exercise. In this presentation, I argue that while neuroscience testimony may not be used to invalidated the truth-claim of a purported religious belief, it might be admissible to determine the sincerity of a belief or to evaluated the mental state of the believe for consistency with religiousness. While much more work needs to be done in this area, there is promise for enriching the jurisprudence of religious exercise with the insights of the neuroscience of religious belief.

In this paper, we highlight several historical developments in the neuroscience of ethics as well as recent advances that forecast the experimental research to come. We argue, in particular, that our understanding of the moral brain will benefit from the further use of a formal, mathematical approach to the construction and testing of alternative theories, such as that found in the field of neuroeconomics. The use of economic modeling to understand the psychological processes underlying distributional preferences and charitable giving is reviewed to illustrate this potential. We also consider some obstacles to such an approach, notably the challenge of capturing substantive moral values within a mathematical model.

In this paper, the physiological features associated with the different stages of REM sleep and with what information processing researchers have called “effort” and “arousal” are compared. It is suggested that tonic REM sleep and effort involve an increase in the metabolism of cerebral glycogen, and phasic REM sleep and arousal involve the transfer of glucose from the body to the brain. Both stages of REM sleep seem to elevate cerebral glucose levels and likely result in increased ATP generation in some part(s) of the brain. It is noted that the functioning of the hippocampus depends heavily on ATP, and that this part of the brain becomes especially active during REM sleep. From this, although many details remain to be clarified, it seems clear that the primary function of REM sleep is to re-energize the brain.

Every student of the law knows that changed circumstances are grounds for changing the law. Although changes in social relations are the most common form of changed circumstances, changes in beliefs about the world can also spur legal change. Among the changed beliefs about the world that can result in changed laws, is changes in scientific beliefs, including medical theory. This paper argues that such changes are now needed for laws governing the involuntary commitment and treatment of individuals with severe psychiatric disorders. Recent advances in the understanding of the neurobiology of these disorders have rendered obsolete many assumptions underlying past statutes and legal decisions. This is illustrated by using schizophrenia as an example and examining two influential situations: California's Lanterman-Petris-Short Act (1969) and Wisconsin's Lessard v. Schmidt decision (1972). It is concluded that laws governing involuntary commitment and treatment need to be updated to incorporate the current neurobiological understanding of severe psychiatric disorders. In reaching these conclusions, we consider moral justifications for our suggestions, and sketch changes in constitutional law, statutory law, and public policy that are generated by the arguments we deploy.