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Since the first RNs earned orthopaedic certification in 1988, over 12,000 nurses have proudly held the ONC credential. Today, nearly 7000 orthopaedic-certified nurses, nurse practitioners, and clinical nurse specialists demonstrate excellence in the care of persons with musculoskeletal health concerns. Why did they choose certification? A representative sample of over 300 orthopaedic-certified nurses responded to a survey from the Orthopaedic Nurses Certification Board (ONCB) to confirm why they value their credentials and maintain specialty certification. Their answers offer compelling reasons for nurses to get, and keep, orthopaedic nursing certification.

Ethics in social science experimentation and data collection are often discussed but rarely articulated in writing as part of research outputs. Although papers typically reference human subjects research approvals from relevant institutional review boards, most recognize that such boards do not carry out comprehensive ethical assessments. We propose a structured ethics appendix to provide details on the following: policy equipoise, role of the researcher, potential harms to participants and nonparticipants, conflicts of interest, intellectual freedom, feedback to participants, and foreseeable misuse of research results. We discuss each of these and some of the norms and challenging situations of each. We believe that discussing such issues explicitly in appendices of papers, even if briefly, will serve two purposes: more complete communication of ethics can improve discussions of papers and can clarify and improve the norms themselves.

The purpose of this paper is to outline what we believe to be promising a strategy for developing a scalable behavioral intervention to encourage teachers to adopt teaching practices that support a growth-mindset classroom culture. We first briefly review the most widely-implemented current policies and programs aimed at influencing teachers' instructional practices and consider, based on the available research, how effective those approaches are likely to be for encouraging growth mindset-supportive teaching practices. We then lay out what we believe to be the most important psychological forces currently at play, either facilitating or hindering teachers’ adoption of such practices. On the basis of this analysis of existing psychological forces, and drawing ideas from the research literature in four complementary disciplines, we propose an “intervention toolkit”—candidate intervention ideas that we suggest should be considered for inclusion as components of a larger intervention. Throughout, we identify additional issues for consideration in designing the intervention and important questions for future research.

The next step in promoting growth mindsets in youth is to develop supporting classroom cultures in which students both experience a high-quality student intervention and have teachers who received a growth mindset training program. Developing high-quality measures is an important step in the development and testing process of such an intervention and realizing the full promise of growth mindset research. High-quality measures provide insight into questions such as, for whom an intervention is effective and why it is effective, providing important lessons that can be used to better help teachers create a growth mindset classroom culture more reliably and across contexts. This paper introduces a framework and research agenda for developing valid, scalable measures of growth-mindset culture, and describes the challenges researchers need to overcome to create this set of high-quality measures.

This paper conceptualizes that a human mind consists of three components: (1) rational self (2) emotions (3) an automatic system that memorizes habits. Based on anthologists’ research, I posit that rational self is used only in the occasions that the return of using it is high, which serves human genes’ purposes of saving vital energy of physical strength for production and fighting against ferocious animals in ancient times. In other occasions, rational self is in a dormant mode, with habits determining human behaviors. The switch from dormant to active state of rational self is through the spur of emotions. For example, in ancient times, when an individual’s peers obtain something valuable, it is usually a good opportunity for him to try to obtain it as well. Therefore, human genes create the emotion of jealousy, which yields psychological pain to spur the rational self to find the best way to get it as well through learning from his peers. When an individual makes a serious mistake, human genes create the emotion of regret, which generates psychological pain to spur the rational self to learn the lesson. When humans feel contended and their energies are under-used, human genes create the emotion of greed and boredom, which yields psychological pain to spur them to act… In contemporary times, however, these emotions may often only yield tremendous human suffering while bringing no benefits to the survival of the gene. To mitigate pains or to utilize the pleasure mechanism that human genes create, rational self may choose illusions, sexual promiscuity, taking drugs, addiction to video games, or even suicide, all of which can be conceptualized as a “principal-agent problem” between human genes and rational self. Moreover, religions may be a way to reduce human suffering. The goal of rational self is to maximize the individual’s lifetime happiness by trying to be fully aware of all of the desires and emotions that human gene creates and imposed on the individual and striking an optimal balance among them. This goal can be interpreted as the “meaning of life”, which often amounts to the satisfactions of biological needs and/or the continuous pursuit of the sense of “winning” in some aspects of life.

Background: Two papers about hospitalizations in patients with COVID-19 that were published in the Lancet and the New England Journal of Medicine were retracted soon after being published because the authors were unable to make the data used in the papers available for audit. The possibility that the data were fabricated was raised in the media but no evidence to refute or confirm this speculation has been presented. Methods: We did an analysis of the numeric data in the two papers to assess their conformance with “Benford’s law,” which states that, for a determined set of “natural” numbers, those whose first digit is 1 will appear more frequently (30.1%) than those beginning with other digits, following in order from 2 to 9 (17.6%, 12.5%, 9.7%, 7.9%, 6.7%, 5.8%, 5.1%, and 4.6%, respectively). Conformance with Benford’s law is evidence that data have not been fabricated since it is difficult to “fake” data. Findings: In both retracted papers, there were statistically significant deviations of the numeric data in the papers from Benford’s law. Interpretation: Violation of Benford's law for first digits is not proof of data falsification or fraud. Whether the retracted papers contained fabricated data, data obtained fraudulently, or data that could not be made available for audit will probably never be known. Funding Statement: This research was not funded. Declaration of Interests: Guido Schuepfer, Jacqueline Mauch, and Diana Petitti declare that they have no financial or personal relationships that create a conflict of interest.

Spanish Abstract: El sindrome de burnout o de desgaste profesional es el resultado de la exposicion a un estres prolongado. Este sindrome ha sido ampliamente estudiado en profesionales de la salud, aunque puede afectar a trabajadores de diferentes sectores. Este es un estudio sobre la aplicabilidad, en el mundo y en Colombia, de los instrumentos para medir el sindrome de burnout a partir de nueve criterios: caracteristicas, validez, confiabilidad, profesiones, costo, idiomas, duracion, ventajas y desventajas. Para tal fin, se realizo una busqueda en las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science de articulos que evaluaran la confiabilidad y validez de los instrumentos mas utilizados. Este documento esta dirigido para todo aquel que quiere evaluar el sindrome de burnout, ya que se dan pautas de los instrumentos mas usados de tal forma que pueda identificar cual podria aplicar en su organizacion o investigacion segun su necesidad, ya que tienen un validez y confiabilidad similar. Palabras clave: Burnout, confiabilidad, instrumentos English Abstract: Burnout syndrome is the result of exposure to prolonged stress. This syndrome has been widely studied in health professionals, although it can affect workers in different sectors. This is a study on the applicability, in the world and in Colombia, of instruments to measure burnout syndrome based on nine criteria: characteristics, validity, reliability, professions, cost, languages, duration, advantages, and disadvantages. To this end, a search was made in the Scopus and Web of Science databases for articles that evaluated the reliability and validity of the most used instruments. This document is intended for anyone who wants to evaluate burnout syndrome since it provides guidelines of the most commonly used instruments so that you can identify which instrument could be applied in your organization or research according to your needs since they have similar validity and reliability

This paper makes some perennially relevant points about the distinction between effects that are intended and effects that are foreseen [i.e. side] effects]; about the way my knowing what I am doing differs from my observing what I am doing; and about the real possibility (not least because of the reality of conditional intentions) of pursuing more than one plan in a single item of behavior. It was delivered as a comment on Dr. Thomas Finegan’s unpublished paper ‘Describing and Delineating Effects,’ at a symposium on ‘Double effect’ organized by the Anscombe Bioethics Centre, Oxford, at Blackfriars, Oxford, in July 2016.

Quality of work life (QWOL) has been considered important to motivate employees, enhance their commitment towards the organization and also a tool to improve their performance. QWOL. The paper reviews twenty articles from various backgrounds and enhances the understanding of the concept of QWOL. The article also attempts to recognize the numerous factors affecting QWOL. The paper identifies that leadership style, pay, nature of job, job security, assistance programmes and interestingly total quality management (TQM) practices affect QWOL. The paper also identifies various behavioural outcomes of QWOL result in harmony, less stress and conflict among the employees.

Emotional Intelligence is a set of qualities and competencies that captures a broad collection of individual skills and dispositions, usually referred to as soft skills or inter and intra-personal skills, that are outside the traditional areas of specific knowledge, general intelligence, and technical or professional skills. Emotions are an intrinsic part of our biological makeup, and every morning they march into the office with us and influence our behaviour. Work-Life Balance is a challenging issue for IT leaders, managers and has also attracted the attention of researchers. Work/life balance, in its broadest sense, is defined as a satisfactory level of involvement or ‘fit’ between the multiple roles in a person’s life. In this climate managing the boundary between home and work is becoming more challenging. Organizations need to ensure they not just encourage but mandate a practical and workable work/life balance policy, benefiting and meeting the needs of both the organization and its employees. Organizations not providing real opportunity for employees work/life balance are opening themselves up to increasing numbers of dissatisfied and unproductive employees and hence increased attrition rates. Merely creating a work/life policy framework is not enough; fostering an organizational culture that supports the use of available policies is also of great importance. Further there is a need for employers and employees alike to find flexible and innovative solutions that maximize productivity without damaging employees well-being, their family relationships and other aspects of life. This term paper is through light on impact of emotional intelligence on performance of employees and the next objective is to know how to become an EI organization. Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions. Some researchers suggest that emotional intelligence can be learned and strengthened, while other claim it is an inborn characteristic. To do the research thoroughly, review of literature is being taken with twenty articles. Through this study, it is concluded that emotional intelligence has greater impact on performance of employees. Secondly an emotionally intelligent organization is based on an organisational strategy to improve business performance.

Most large-scale ongoing face-to-face surveys which began using pen and paper interviewing (PAPI) face an eventual shift to computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI). In preparation for such a shift in the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, a trial of the CAPI collection mode was undertaken in the 2007 test sample. This involved a split-sample test of 764 households, where interviewers rather than households were randomly assigned to the PAPI or CAPI mode. This paper reports on the findings of this split sample test, both in terms of the fieldwork operations and the quality of the data collected. Apart from some concerns about the length of the interview, few differences were identified in the data collected by the two modes. Where CAPI differed from PAPI, it was generally in the direction thought to enhance data quality rather than reduce it.

Good soldiers must possess courage and fearlessness to trudge forward when faced with danger. Good soldiers must also be assertive; have nerves of steel; be focused; tenacious; fierce, brutal when needed; ferocious; relentless; and even austere. While helpful and almost required in combat theaters, these same characteristics and behaviors may also be manifestations of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Mild Traumatic Brain Disorder (MTBI); and when exhibited by a member of a combat unit outside of the battlefield, these characteristics and behaviors may lead a soldier down a speedy path to a “bad paper” discharge, as evidenced by more than one hundred thousand service members being separated from the military within the last 10 years with “bad paper” discharge characterizations. With an increasing number of service members being discharged with “bad paper”, the crisis of this situation lies in the increased number of service members having either delayed or no access to veteran’s benefits as a result of their discharge characterizations; this includes but is not limited to the mental health care needed to treat PTSD and MTBI. Furthermore, this delay in treatment or complete lack of treatment results in a schism between the service member and one of the best qualified well resourced “reservoir of combat PTSD and MTBI expertise, the Veteran’s Administration.” While there is an administrative process that service members with “bad paper” discharges may use to challenge the characterization of their discharge and thereby seek benefits that were denied because of their discharge characterization, and while President Obama signed into law the Fairness for Veterans Act of 2016 to help facilitate these administrative processes, these administrative processes are still very lengthy and difficult to navigate, especially for services members who are already burdened by PTSD and MTBI. Without the ability to use veteran health benefits to access needed mental health treatment, service members with “bad paper” discharges find that their mental health worsens; may become criminalized; may render them homeless; may estrange the service member from their families; may result in substance abuse and addiction; may result in suicide and may result in the death of innocent members of our communities. It is the contention of this author that left unaddressed, the consequences that result from the behavior and actions of untreated service members who suffer from PTSD and MTBI on the civilian community will quickly progress from an individual in need of treatment to an overwhelming public health concern. This article suggests that the United States Government via the Department of Defense and the Department of Veteran Affairs, owes a duty to its service members. This duty includes the provision of mental health services to all service members who develop PTSD or MTBI during their tour of duty, regardless of their discharge characterization. Section I of this article introduces the public health crisis that is created when combat unit service members who have been active participants in war theaters are separated from the military with untreated PTSD or TBI and as a result of the “bad paper” discharge have no ready access to mental health treatment once they have returned to civilian life. Section II of this Article provides a brief history of the origins of the duty that the United States Government has to care for its service members; and a review of how the government provided this care. Section III explains how difficult it is for service members who are discharged with “bad-paper” to access mental health services. Section IV of this Article suggests that there be a 6th discharge characterization of “General-Pending”. This “General-Pending” discharge characterization should be assigned to all service members that are eligible for separation under an “Other Than Honorable” discharge characterization, if there is reason to believe that the character and behavior of the service member that makes them eligible for an “Other Than Honorable” discharge can be the result of PTSD or MTBI. During this pending period, the service member is ordered to seek evaluation and treatment; and after a specified period of time, no less than 12 months, the service member is then eligible for a “General” discharge, provided they are cooperative in their mental health treatment. Ultimately, this article is saying that all service members are deserving of at least, as a minimum health care benefits that include mental health wellness. Allow this discourse to serve as a call to arms and to transformative realizations that yield preventative and prescriptive actions for the benefit of service members that go beyond what is provided in the Fairness for Veterans Act. And while on December 29, 2016 the Defense Department announced that it is reviewing and potentially upgrading the discharge status of veterans who might have been improperly discharged for reasons related to post-traumatic stress disorder , this too is too late for so many. This article is intended to remind the United States Government that, above all it has a duty to care for those who have borne the burdens of war . From this duty, the United States Government has a moral obligation to analyze, reflect and implement best methods to serve service members in need.

This paper presents theory and practice of Constructive Conversation Analysis, when applied into therapeutic settings—such as psychotherapeutic, counseling and assessment sessions, client-therapist interactions or even client’s written memoirs. In particular, through the individuation of the linguistic construction, it is possible to put in evidence the felicity conditions of the speech act and hence to facilitate the setting itself, e.g., obtaining conversations free from obstacles and misunderstandings. The results of the analysis performed by the linguist let the therapist to assess—or repair—the therapeutic alliance with the client in order to let emerge insights, ‘good hours’, restructurations, more quickly and precisely. Finally, if applied to more case studies, e.g., different clients, it can improve the therapist’s conversational style in the therapeutic interaction as well as the comprehension of clients’ memoirs.

It is my contention that all the harms suffered by a child whose parent is being punished through imprisonment have their origin in prison culture and stigmatisation relating to the parent’s imprisonment, and consequently these harms are different to those suffered due to parent and child separation experienced for any other reason, for example marital breakdown or bereavement. Drawing on Comfort’s work I suggest that the harms raise particular concerns and have ‘corrosive’ damaging impacts on children because their origin is in punishment within the criminal justice system: the criminal justice system is distinct… in that it is charged with exacting control and distributing punishment, and hence a spillover effect is inherently more corrosive to bystanders than that of an institutional process concerned with providing a social good, such as medical treatment or education. I offer the suggestion that harms which children of imprisoned mothers experience come from two different social acts and attach to children in two specific ways. Children experience the first group of harms because the prison’s reach extends into their lives through ‘secondary prisonisation’ and they attach to the children through the prison’s regulation of their relationship with their parent and the demands which the physical separation and limited contact place upon them. The second group of harms is attributable to the stigmatisation of children and their carers by society due to the mother’s imprisonment. Drawing on the work of a number of theorists I argue that in the same way that a prisoner is stigmatised and socially isolated, a label attaches by way of courtesy stigma to the children of prisoners and to those who care for them during the parents’ imprisonment. Such stigmatisation leads not only to isolation, but also to discrimination against that group of children. This briefing paper focuses on the way in which these harms affect children's wellbeing and their relationships with their mothers.

This-a purely review article-has reviewed Indian studies published from 2005 to 2017, on school-based Life Skills Intervention.It is an attempt to ascertain whether there were any studies that evaluated the efficacy of this approach. Popular databases and Web-cites have been consulted to locate the studies published. The same is reviewed by adopting content analysis method. Almost two School-Based Life Skills Intervention programs per year are reported; studies conducted on mixed groups of a male and female student adolescents are preponderant; the researchers considered the programs to be effective and had a positive impact on the adolescents’ attitudes and behavior. Majority of the studies are short term intervention studies conducted by researchers with a narrow perspective of ascertaining the impact of LSE on adolescents; Studies examining sustaining the impact of LSE, Studies on rural, tribal, non-student adolescents and studies exclusively on girls or boys are sporadic; Studies, despite mixed samples, lack analysis from a gender perspective; Studies evaluating Government programs/schemes on LSE are practically nil.

Felix Oberholzer-Gee and Koleman Strumpf recently responded in these pages to some of my negative assessments of their influential 2007 piracy article. In this article, I analyze their responses to my assessments. Several of their responses have the appearance of being plausible, if they are read without reference to the content of my assessments. A careful reading of my assessments and Professors Oberholzer-Gee and Strumpf’s responses, reveals that Professors Oberholzer-Gee and Strumpf generally misrepresent or ignore my arguments, while making numerous factual assertions that are clearly refuted by the data, when tested. My negative assessments are only further enhanced by the weakness of their response.

Miller and Sanjurjo (2015) suggest that many analyses of the hot hand and the gambler’s fallacies are subject to a bias. The purpose of this note is to describe our understanding of their main point in terms we hope are simpler and more accessible to non-mathematicians than is the original.

Project management is a challenging profession as project managers need to be multi-skilled i.e. both technical and people oriented in handling all the scarce resources and minimizing risk to accomplish quality deliverables within deadlines set (PMI, 2008). However, there is still lack of understanding or research on how overconfidence, critical and creative thinking skills had influenced project managers’ decision making skills. This research model is based on “input-process-output” approach of General Systems Theory (Bertalanffy, 1968; McGrath, 1984) in which overconfidence, critical and creative thinking are hypothesized to influence project managers’ decision making skills. Research contributions are also included in this paper.

There is still lack of understanding or research on how the combined presence of overconfidence, risk aversion, critical and creative thinking skills had influenced students’ academic achievement. Hence, a research model is developed based on constructs mentioned above and underpinned on “input-process-output” approach of General Systems Theory (Bertalanffy, 1968; McGrath, 1984). This conceptual model is meant for further empirical research. The outcome of this research can further provide evidence on how overconfidence, risk aversion, creative and critical thinking skills can influence academic achievement among undergraduate/postgraduate students. Moreover, this research might enable education institutions to provide guidance how to manage these constructs accordingly to improve the student’s academic achievement.

Why does the Fourth Amendment distinctly mention “papers” as well as “effects”? Why should we care? This Article suggests that we should care because modern doctrine’s equation of “papers” with other “effects” produces increasingly disturbing results in an age of dense concentrations of intimate personal information stored on small, portable devices like cell phones and flash drives. The Fourth Amendment says “papers” because the founders perceived the seizure of papers as a grave abuse distinct from the abuse of general warrants or writs of assistance. The evidence for this claim is traced from the 1760’s through the famous but largely unstudied Supreme Court decision in Boyd v. United States in 1884. The evidence suggests that the modern equation of “papers” with “effects” conflicts with both the text and original understanding of the text. The Article also suggests that Boyd’s per se prohibition of seizing papers solely for use as evidence, while not historically implausible, is not historically inevitable either. History has left the door open to the imposition of structural safeguards on the collection of documentary evidence, including digital evidence, so long as those safeguards prevent the indiscriminate, expropriating, unregulated and inquisitorial seizures that were justly condemned at the founding.

In More Than Cool Reason Lakoff and Turner offer a global reading of “To a Solitary Disciple” (by William Carlos Williams) in terms of conceptual metaphor theory (CMT). The reading itself is independent of CMT; any competent literary critic could have done it. Their attempt to explain the relationship between that reading and the poem using CMT is at best problematic and does not seem to be metaphoric as specified by the terms of CMT. Rather, their reading takes the form of little narrative that has the same form as one they attribute to the poem. Beyond the critique of Lakoff and Turner, this paper makes some observations about the poem and suggests that it has a ring form: A, B, C, D, C’, B’, A’. Two sentences by Hemingway and a poem by Dylan Thomas are discussed in counterpoint with “To a Solitary Disciple.” Two appendices discuss ontological cognition in relation to Williams’ Paterson, Book V and Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy.

This paper is a critical comparison between the human behavior disciplines of anthropology, psychology, and sociology. This assessment is an observation of a social, political and cultural conflict that can be solved with compromise. The issue will analyze behavior using the social science perspective of anthropology, psychology, and sociology as a multimedia presentation. It emphasizes the importance of cultural diversity and reflects the values of Respect and Community for people of other cultures.

Commentary on the Mort et al. paper. Assume that you are handed a paper randomly selected from an academic journal in your field. What is the likelihood that it contains useful knowledge?

Many lawyers, judges, law clerks, and legal scholars feel unprepared to make or evaluate claims about the original meaning of the Constitution based on the Federalist Papers. The typical law school curriculum acknowledges the importance of the Federalist Papers - usually by assigning Supreme Court cases which cite them - but does not treat the essays in depth. As a result, many law students and graduates still need accessible information about the creation, content, and distribution of the essays, manageable summaries of the theories under which the Federalist Papers might provide evidence of the original meaning, and instruction on possible grounds for impeaching claims about the original meaning based on the Federalist Papers. I hope to address these needs in this guide to the Federalist Papers. The guide provides the essential background that lawyers, judges, law clerks, and legal scholars ought to have before advancing, contesting, or evaluating claims about the original meaning of the Constitution based on the Federalist Papers. I have tried to keep the guide concise in the hope that the intended audience will have time to read it. At the same time, I believe that the guide is sufficiently analytical to promote critical thinking, careful judgment, and judicious evaluation of arguments that rely on the Federalist Papers.

The 'juvenile delinquency' has become a major 'law & order' problem for the law implementing agencies in India. The J.J. Act of 2000 through which the cut-off age for a male juvenile was increased from 16 years to 18 years has proved to be ineffective. The attainment of age of maturity by a male person in our society has decreased in last few decades; now, a male person of 15-16 years of age is considered mature enough to comprehend and understand the consequences of his acts. The issue of settling the cut-off age for a male juvenile in our criminal justice system must be re-examined while taking care of the present day ground realities; and views of those who actually deal with juvenile offenders must be made part of this task.

Project management is a challenging profession as project managers need to be multi-skilled i.e. in both technical and people oriented skills. Technical skills are normally associate with science or critical thinking skills whereas people oriented skills are associate with arts or creative thinking skills. It is unclear how critical and creative thinking skills can help project managers in their skills to achieve positive project performance which is the objective of this study. In this study, research questions, conceptual framework and hypotheses are derived based on literature reviewed. Research method inclusive sampled survey questionnaire as well as research contributions are also included.

Ontological cognition is about the cognitive apparatus we use to organize the world into different kinds of things according to their powers and capacities: animal, vegetable, mineral; living, non-living; human, non-human; etc. As such it differs from the philosophical discipline of ontology, which is about the world itself, not our thoughts about the world. As ontological cognition snakes through many disciplines these reflections run from Wittgenstein through literature and the Great Chain of Being to computation and knowledge representation (KR).

The problem of sexual abuse of children is one which has become rampant in our world today. The occurrence appears to be on the increase. In the United States, statistics have shown that approximately one out of four American women have been sexually abused as children. Due to the lack of proper documentation and record keeping, one cannot easily give accurate statistical figures with regards to the number of children who are victims of sexual abuse in Nigeria but there is no doubt that quite a large percentage of children are being sexually abused. However, despite its prevalence, it is rarely talked about in our society and when it is eventually discussed it is done in hushed tones. The issue is usually kept under wraps. We turn a blind eye and pretend that the problem does not exist. In the long run the children are the ultimate victims who eventually grow up with the emotional and psychological scars from the trauma of being sexually abused. This paper shall take a look at among others who a child is ,what constitutes sexual abuse, various places where sexual abuse of children takes place, existing legislation with provisions on sexual abuse in Nigeria and other jurisdictions as well as the way forward for Nigeria in curbing the prevalence of sexual abuse.

My area of expertise is delayed or historic prosecutions of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Many, although not all of these cases involve rape. The vast majority of these complainants will be adults at the time of trial. It is difficult, therefore, to separate out these cases from rape prosecutions involving incidents which occurred when the complainant was an adult. In this response I argue in favour of the recommendations made in Chapters 4 and 5 of the consultation paper, with the exception of the limitation in Chapter 4 to rape cases, which unfairly discriminates against victims of sexual assault and sexual abuse who were not raped.

It is well known, that the presences of children lower parental happiness. That is based on psychological and economical reasons. The effect holds on for micro data of the GSOEP. The number of children affects an inverse u-shaped curve on happiness. Even an enlargement of the dataset with macroeconomic variables offers the same results. The effect disappears only after generating terms of interaction for catching some effects of macroeconomic uncertainty. Children turn to be positive. This result could be interpreted as consumption utility of children. Considering these factors, children might be a source of joy.

Auditors were required to review two working-paper areas (accounts) and, twenty-four hours later, recognize if information items had been present in the working papers and express how willing they would be to rely on their memory for each item (i.e., whether they would refer back to the working papers to verify the truth or falsity of each item). The results indicate that: (1) the accuracy of auditors' memories is positively related to the level of audit risk of the area and the degree of importance of an information item within the area; (2) the auditors' willingness to rely on memory is negatively related to the degree of information importance but not related to the audit risk of the area; and (3) the auditors' willingness to rely on memory is positively related to the accuracy of auditors' memories, and this positive relationship increases with the degree of information importance.

This study aimed to know the effect of the Online vs Paper-Based Instruction module in teaching reading and to know how high the students’ motivation after using Online and Paper Based Instruction was in reading class. The study was done in the academic year of 2018/2019 in one of High School in Tegal. The population was ten grades of science students. The technique of sampling used was a random sampling technique. We took two classes as the sample. There were 30 students from each. The first class as an experimental group (students of Science 5 who were taught by Online Based Instruction), and the second group as a control group (students of Science 6 who taught by Paper-Based Instruction). Each group received six meetings to get the treatment. Data from the pretest and posttest from two groups were utilized to analyze the result of significant effect. Besides, to strengthen the data, we used a questionnaire to know the students’ responses after they were treated by Online and Paper Based Instruction. The results indicated that the use of Online Based Instruction performed a significant effect on students’ reading comprehension. It is also found that 46.7% of students were motivated while using Online Based Instruction. The finding of this study can be used by the teacher as a source of materials for teaching reading.

This position paper examines the uptick in online cheating. Academic integrity issues were a major problem before the pandemic, but the panic of COVID-19 contributes to students' sense of panic. Such pandemic only motivates many to cheat.

Background Academic bullying is a topic of significant interest of late, with high profile cases featured in scientific journals. Our aim is to document the nature and extent of academic bullying behaviors, examining who are the primary targets and perpetrators as well as the responses to and outcomes of bullying. Methods We developed a cross-sectional global survey aimed primarily at those in academic science institutions. The survey was administered via Qualtrics and data were collected (between November 2019 and July 2021) from 2006 individuals whose participation was solicited through various means including advertisements in Science and Nature magazines and the American Chemical Society. Findings Among the 2006 survey participants, the majority of targets were graduate students or postdocs. An overwhelming proportion of participants reported either experiencing (84%) or witnessing (59%) abusive supervision, or both (49%). While a majority of perpetrators were male, they were proportionately no more likely to abuse than females. Perpetrators were more likely from the highest-ranked institutions and they were most likely PIs. Females were more likely to report being bullied but their scores on the Tepper abusive supervision scale and the contextual behavior checklist we developed were not greater than male targets. Male targets actually reported higher levels of certain bullying behaviors. While international scholars were no more likely to report being bullied, the severity of the behaviors they reported was significantly greater. Targets (64%) were most likely to use avoidant tactics (not reporting and relying on family/friends for support) in response to bullying due to fear of retaliation (61%). The small percentage that did report the abuse (29%) overwhelmingly reported unfair and biased (58%) outcomes. Additional qualitative analysis of open-ended comments revealed similar patterns. We also noticed that the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated academic bullying and changed the patterns of behaviors possibly due to the remote nature of interactions. Open-ended responses from targets are analyzed with examples provided. Interpretation Our results elucidated the various forms of abuse, the most likely perpetrators and targets, as well as the typical reactions of targets and witnesses. We investigated the results of targets’ actions following chronic bullying. Our findings highlight the domain, extent, and dynamics of academic bullying to hopefully motivate the scientific community to take action. Funding None.

Background: Quantifying the risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 associated with community exposures, may provide an evidence base for implementing preventive measures. Here, we investigated potential determinants for infection in Denmark in a situation where society was only partially open. Methods: We conducted a national matched case-control study. Cases were recent RT-PCR test-positives, while controls, individually matched on age, sex and residence, had not previously tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Questions concerned person contact and community exposures. Telephone interviews were performed over a seven-day period in December 2020. We included 300 cases and 317 controls and determined odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) by conditional logistical regression with adjustment for household size and country of origin. Findings: Contact (OR=4·9,95%CI:2·4-10), and close contact (OR=13, 95%CI:6·7-25), with a person with a known SARS-CoV-2 infection were main determinants. Contact most often took place in the household or work place. Community determinants included: events with singing (OR=2.1, 95%CI:1·1-4·1), attending fitness centre (OR=1·8, 95%CI:1·1-2·8) and consumption of alcohol in a bar (OR=10, 95%CI:1·5-65). Other community exposures appeared not to be associated with infection, these included shopping at supermarkets, travel by public transport, dining at restaurants and private social events with few participants. Interpretations: Events with singing and fitness centres were associated with transmission risks. Other than that, the restrictions in place at the time of the study appeared to be sufficient to reduce transmission of disease in the public space, which instead took place following direct exposures to people with known SARS-CoV-2 infections. Funding Information: None. Declaration of Interests: All authors have nothing to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: The study was performed as a national disease surveillance project, registered with the Danish Data Protection Agency (reg no 20/10133) and approved regarding legal, ethical and cyber-security issues. Participation was voluntary and participants received information about the selection procedure, risks associated with participation, data security, legal rights, including the right to withdraw from the study, and the use of their information at the start of the interview. The collaboration with the polling company was regulated by a data processing agreement and carried out on commercial terms.

Full paper is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2816969 This Appendix contains additional methods details and results for Moghtaderi, Farmer, and Black, Damage Caps and Defensive Medicine: Reexamination with Patient Level Data (working paper 2018).

Karla’s dissertation research will include an investigation of: 1) how foster parents mediate foster teens’ technology use at home, 2) how foster youth experience sexual risks online, and 3) foster youth’s designs for effective interventions that can protect them from serious online risks. Thus far, I interviewed 29 foster parents on their experiences with mediating their foster teens’ technology use. In conducting this research, my advisor and I have encountered several challenges related to: 1) recruitment, consent, and assent, 2) sensitive data, 3) confidentiality and privacy, and 4) embedding inclusivity in design. My goal in attending this workshop is to find a support network of researchers that can mentor me on actionable ways to incorporate new research practices to address the challenges outlined in this position paper.

Full Paper is available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3201919 This Appendix contains additional methods details and results for Black, Hyman, and Lerner, Physicians with Multiple Paid Medical Malpractice Claims: Are They Outliers or Just Unlucky?

Background: Development and implementation of effective family-based intervention and treatment strategies during COVID-19, and future public health crises, will require a detailed understanding of the ways that COVID-19 has affected parents, children, and families. Qualitative and mixed-methods research is an important means of gaining such detailed information, particularly in the early phases of the pandemic, when the research community continues to explore the meaning of this experience. Methods: We employed thematic analysis to identify themes in parents’ and children’s reflective writing about COVID-19, and explored how citation of certain themes mapped onto quantitative measures of distress commonly used in past psychosocial research on pandemics. Data were collected from N = 56 parents and N = 43 children between April to May 2020.Findings: Analysis of parent and child written reports revealed positive and negative thematic content, though parents expressed more positive themes than children. The most common themes identified from parent reports surrounded concerns about the impact of COVID-19 on their children, health concerns for others, and the stressful balancing act of parenting, schooling, and working from home. In addition, many parents reported gratitude for what they had, and reflected on the upsides of the pandemic for family relations. For children, the most common themes identified surrounded missing school and social relationships. When children expressed positive themes, they tended to be more egocentric reflections (e.g. learning to ride a bike). Both parent and child thematic content mapped onto parent-proxy and parent-self reported quantitative dimensions of parent and child distress. Finally, we observed that parents who reflected on gratitude in their written reports exhibited a decrease in negative affect pre- to -post-writing.Interpretation: Both parents and children are suffering from reduced wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly with the burdens imposed by the closure of in-person schooling. The psychosocial impact of the pandemic on families would likely be even greater in magnitude within less advantaged populations. Future research and policy should focus on identifying how to fulfill children’s social needs and lessen the caregiving burdens during this time.

The personal experience of events such as financial crises and natural disasters can alter economic preferences. We administered a repeated cross-sectional preference survey during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, collecting three bi-weekly samples from participants recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. The survey elicits economic preferences, self-reported fear of the pandemic, and beliefs about economic and health consequences. Preferences varied over time and across regions, and self-reported fear of the pandemic explains this variation. These findings suggest caution about the generalizability of some types of experimental work during times of heightened fear. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40881-021-00111-x.

While a considerable number of employees across the globe are being forced to work from home due to the COVID-19 crisis, it is a guessing game as to how they are experiencing this current surge in telework. Therefore, we examined employee perceptions of telework on various life and career aspects, distinguishing between typical and extended telework during the COVID-19 crisis. To this end, we conducted a state-of-the-art web survey among Flemish employees. Notwithstanding this exceptional time of sudden, obligatory and high-intensity telework, our respondents mainly attribute positive characteristics to telework, such as increased efficiency and a lower risk of burnout. The results also suggest that the overwhelming majority of the surveyed employees believe that telework (85%) and digital conferencing (81%) are here to stay. In contrast, some fear that telework diminishes their promotion opportunities and weakens ties with their colleagues and employer.

Background: The child marriage burden remains high in Indonesia, affecting young people’s wellbeing and education, as well as community prosperity. Indonesia is seventh in the world in incidence of child marriage, with South Sulawesi province having one of the highest burdens in the country. The study explored the determinants of child marriage in Bone, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, in particular the differences between adolescents and their parents or caregivers. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using a quantitative survey, undertaken as part of an intervention in Bone, South Sulawesi, managed by Tulodo on behalf of UNICEF Indonesia. A total of 1,004 respondents participated, consisting of 500 parents and caregivers with children aged 13-15 years, as well as 504 adolescents aged 13-15 years, recruited between August and September 2019. Findings: A total of 25.8% of parents and 26.0% of adolescents agreed that a girl is ready for marriage once she starts menstruating. Around 57.8% of parents and 53.6% of adolescents agree that parents would look down on adolescent girls if they get pregnant before they get married. About 29.6% of parents and 33.4% of adolescents agreed that marrying girls can help protect the family’s honour or reputation. A total of 23.2% of parents and 26.0% of adolescents agreed that marrying girls young can help resolve financial problems in the family. 28.2% of parents and 31.4% of adolescents agreed that early marriage of boys can help prevent sexual violence, assault and harassment. Around 26.0% of parents and 26.6% of adolescents agreed physical changes are a sign that a girl is ready for marriage. A total of 25.6% of parents and 32.6% of adolescents agreed that girls aged over 18 who are not married are a burden to their families. using the U-Mann Whitney Test, statistically significant differences were found between parents and adolescents, such as whether menstruation is a sign that a girl is ready for marriage; and that unmarried girls aged over 18 are a burden to their families. Interpretation: The positive perceptions towards the benefits of child marriage were still high among parents and adolescents in Bone. This indicates that social norms supporting child marriage are still strong. There is a need to develop comprehensive interventions to address this issue, based on local cultural contexts and evidence on intervention efficacy. Funding Statement: This study was conducted by Tulodo with funding from UNICEF in partnership with UNFPA, Government of Indonesia and the Government of Canada as part of the “BERANI,” or Better Reproductive Health and Rights for All in lndonesia Program. Declaration of Interests: We declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by The Research and Community Engagement Ethical Committee of Faculty of Public Health University of Indonesia.

The Golden Elite track and field club has added new members to its coaching staff for the 2019 outdoor track and field season. With these new additions, preparations need to be made to adapt to the various learning needs and disabilities that some of the club's athletes may have. In this short paper, the athletes that have emotional and behavioral disorders (EBDs) will be discussed. Along with this discussion, recommendations will be made on how to provide learning accommodations to these athletes as well.

In a series of experiments, we test the relative efficiency of persuasion and commitment schemes to increase and sustain contribution levels in a Voluntary Contribution Game. The design allows to compare a baseline consisting of a repeated public good game to, respectively, four manipulation treatments relying on: an information strategy, a low commitment strategy, a high commitment strategy and a promise strategy. We confirm the advantages of psychologically orientated policies as they increase the overall level of contribution and for some, that is commitment and promises, question the decreasing trend traditionally observed in long term contributions to public goods.

This white paper, prepared for the American University School of Public Affairs’ Justice Programs Office, is meant as a guide for lawyers representing clients with mental disabilities, especially in the context of drug courts. It argues that the task of improving the skills level of defense counsel in this representation of persons with mental disabilities in drug courts has to be approached simultaneously on two parallel, interlocking tracks:1. Education about mental disabilities and their impact on defendants in the criminal justice system, especially those in drug courts, and2. Education about those factors that contaminate the entire criminal justice process: sanism, pretextuality, heuristics, and the use of false “ordinary common sense”.Unless the second track is included, education – standing alone – is not a sufficient predicate for systemic meaningful change. In this paper, I discuss (1) the appalling statistics as to the percentage of persons in the criminal justice system who have a mental disability (including psychosocial disabilities [commonly referred to as “mental illness”] and intellectual disabilities [previously referred to as “mental retardation”]), (2) the key definitional criteria as to some of these disabilities, (3) some key factors to consider in how these disabilities are significantly different (although they are all too often commingled by judges, jurors and lawyers) from each other, and (4) some of the areas of criminal defense practice in which the presence of one of these disabilities is critically important. Lawyers must understand that a client’s mental health and cognitive impairment matter at every stage of the lawyer client relationship, from the first meeting to case strategizing to the plea/trial decision to the sentencing process and beyond, and must take seriously the full range of legal issues and behavioral issues that are presented. These issues include (1) the omnipresent “fear of faking” that plagues this system, (2) the impact of prescribed medications on client behavior and interaction with counsel, and (3) the likelihood of undiagnosed or misdiagnosed disabilities, I argue that it is critical that defense lawyers understand the differences between different disabilities, and how these differences may be critical in the representational process, whether the case involves the incompetency status, insanity defense, mitigation in a death penalty case, mitigation at sentencing, diversion to a problem-solving court, or, simply, as part of the entire “toolkit” that a lawyer brings to the representation of a “regular” criminal case in the context of plea negotiations or trial.

Perfectionism can be healthy: striving for perfection requires the ability to selfregulate, namely willpower. This paper formalizes the intuitive relation between healthy perfectionism and willpower in the presence of temptation. The value of a menu of options for an individual with limited willpower corresponds to the lower bound of the value assigned to the same menu by a perfectionist, when temptation and perfectionism intensities are free to vary. Moreover, the higher the perfectionism strive, the higher the willpower. The relation between overwhelming temptation and the Strotz model is a particular case of the result. When there is uncertainty about temptation, we generalize Dekel and Lipman (2012) providing conditions such that a preference is represented by a random willpower representation, if and only if, it has an equivalent random perfectionism representation.

This paper considers the influence of patients’ characteristics on their evaluation of a health system’s responsiveness, that is, a system’s ability to respond to the legitimate expectations of potential users regarding non-health enhancing aspects of care (Valentine et al. 2003a). Since responsiveness is evaluated by patients on a categorical scale, their selfevaluation can be affected by the phenomenon of reporting heterogeneity (Rice et al. 2012). A few studies have investigated how standard socio-demographic characteristics influence the reporting style of health care users with regard to the question of the health system’s responsiveness (Sirven et al. 2012, Rice et al. 2012). However, we are not aware of any studies that focus explicitly on the influence that both the patients’ state of health and their experiencing of pain have on the way in which they report on system responsiveness. This paper tries to bridge this gap by using data regarding a sample of patients hospitalized in four Local Health Authorities (LHA) in Italy’s Emilia-Romagna region between 2010 and 2012. These patients have evaluated 27 different aspects of the quality of care, concerning five domains of responsiveness (communication, social support, privacy, dignity and quality of facilities). Data have been stratified into five sub-samples, according to these domains. We estimate a generalized ordered probit model (Terza, 1985), an extension of the standard ordered probit model which permits the reporting behaviour of respondents to be modelled as a function of certain respondents’ characteristics, which in our analysis are represented by the variables “state of health” and “pain”. Our results suggest that unhealthier patients are more likely to report a lower level of responsiveness, all other things being equal, while patients experiencing pain are more likely to make use of the extreme categories of responsiveness, that is, to choose the category “completely dissatisfied” or the category “completely satisfied”. These results hold across all five domains of responsiveness.

This paper describes a dynamic system for the interrelationships between happiness and health that considers three main attitudes to life: α, β, and γ for Aristotelian, Epicurean, and Stoic, respectively. All variables that have been shown by empirical and theoretical studies to affect individual health and happiness are included (i.e., employment, occupation, education, ethical freedom, equity in achievements). Three main approaches are considered: behavioural and statistical ex-ante, and ex-post behavioural. A model is developed to rank the three attitudes in terms of health for a given happiness level, and consequently, provide insights into which attitude should be adopted by each individual, according to their characteristics: individuals in Protestant and non-Protestant Christian societies should adopt β and γ attitudes, respectively; educated individuals should adopt a γ attitude; and poor individuals should adopt an α attitude. Based on this analysis, this paper provides insights into which attitude actually is adopted by each society by comparing predicted health and achievement levels with the observed life expectancy at birth and per capita gross domestic product levels in 107 countries, thus providing an empirical test of the analytical model. This analysis revealed a prevalence of β attitudes in Protestant Developed Countries, with larger γ shares in less income-unequal countries; a prevalence of γ attitudes in non-Protestant Christian Developed Countries, with larger β shares in more income-unequal countries; a prevalence of α attitudes in Muslim Less Developed Countries, with larger γ shares in more educated countries; and a prevalence of β attitudes in more educated atheist and Jewish countries.

Full paper available at : https://ssrn.com/abstract=3239523 This is a one page slide with a description of an in-class activity related to appraisal for the Executive Education session listed above.

This paper presents an analytical model of the dynamic interrelationships between education, creativity, and happiness based on both theoretical insights and recent empirical neurological studies. In the model, the outcome is conditional on individual intelligence and risk aversion. Specifically, it focuses on two main determinants of creativity (divergent and convergent thinking), and compares two main educational policies (scholarships vs. training) in terms of their impacts on the happiness gained from creativity in the general and healthy population. An empirical test is provided by matching the model’s predictions with the results of recent neuroscience research. Numerical simulations suggested that improving convergent thinking is more important than improving divergent thinking for creativity to generate happiness throughout an individual’s life, provided both divergent and convergent thinking have achieved a sufficiently large degree; and that unstructured training in divergent thinking (e.g., in accounting schools) is necessary to reach richer but less intelligent people, whereas scholarships or unstructured training in convergent thinking (e.g., in art schools) are necessary to reach more intelligent but less rich people.