Search

Paper Industries Corporation of the Philippines, popularly known as PICOP, is a multi- billion-peso wood-based industry operating the only fully integrated pulp and paper mill in Southeast Asia in 1963. Its timber and paper products are known both in local and international markets. It has also the biggest share of forest concessions among other timber and paper corporations in Mindanao. It operates of about 182, 682 hectares in the eastern cost of Mindanao. PICOP’s establishment in 1963 and its productive years of operations through the years had significantly contributed to the development of the socio- economic conditions of the municipality of Bislig. Thus, Bislig City’s development was and end result of PICOP’s corporate design to give the local community economic and social equity through local employment, infrastructural development and long-term livelihood. However, PICOP’s productive years was beleaguered by both external and internal problems--- natural calamities; national economic and political instability; high fuel costs in the international market; unfavorable national market conditions due to market globalization; subtle effects of full privatization; emergence of poachers, smugglers and other unscrupulous illegal log buyers within PICOP’s areas of concessions; and the legal and environmental constraints, affected PICOP’s operation, production, and financial standing that forced PICOP to shut down in 2006. PICOP, now PRI Resource Incorporated (PRI), shutdown in 2006 is a great loss to the community, especially to the local economy of Bislig City, which became almost dependent to PRI’s operations, and the problem of unemployment surfaced. Until this time PRI’s condition is still a national issue that warranted the attention of many policy makers. Furthermore, Bislig City’s local government never lost hope that the national government will find a more feasible solution to redress the problem.

The year 2008 witnessed failure of major banks in USA and Europe fueling liquidity crisis and generating unprecedented depression worldwide. Countries across the world applied coordinated remedial efforts such as low interest rate and pumping stimulus money into the economy. The response was hesitant and more based on intuition and it fortunately revived the situation. With globalization in full swing coming years will throw more challenging problems such as global financial market failure (not not just Banking system failure -as we witnessed now) and we need to be prepared as to how to response to such a crisis confidently and boldly. To simulate the situation, an experimental set up by a consortium of Universities is suggested here. Primarily it is an idea generation paper inviting participation and active collaboration with organizations and Universities interested in such a venture. I feel American Finance Association (AFA) forum is the best place to moot such an initiative. Basic outline of the proposed effort is discussed in this paper. First stage of the program will be chalked out during the face to face discussions during conference.

SMEs and sound financing of SMEs are latest trends in Pakistani educational and banking scenario. Although, the concept got importance during Bhutto regime of 70s, but never gained much strength especially to financial sector, until SMEDA and SME bank had not emerged during last decade. Pakistan, as we know it today, is a developing country with a GDP per capita ranking, recently shifted from Low income countries to Middle income countries, contains a lot to SMEs. Furthermore, SMEs existing in Pakistan are contributing a 30% of national GDP, 25% in export earnings, & employing about 78% of non-agricultural labor force. So, it is right time to develop and implement a sound, comprehensive, and coherent policy for all SMEs working in the country. While also right time for government, to develop a practical solution to problems and difficulties of this important, but neglected sector of the past. I want to tell you when I started analyzing this policy; I worked on following main lines, to have a critical analysis for this policy paper of SMEDA, given below: 1. I made a basic research, & studied some basic theories about global emergence/background of SMEs. 2. Then, I moved to discuss the basic introduction of SMEDA policy, my analysis of Pakistani SME sector and need for this policy, in form of quick review. 3. Then I made a critical analysis of policy objectives/scope/ principles, recommendations, implementation, & monitoring mechanisms. 4. Finally, I made a final conclusion of all above mentioned working of mine with some additional informative links, as well for my report's reader. Conclusion: After analyzing this policy paper, I think that this policy paper is not sufficient towards very complex needs and changing requirements of Pakistani SMEs, especially in its implementation part. Recently, in Pakistan we heard that hundreds of businesses have been closed due to shortage of Electricity, water, Sui gas (natural gas), or due to law and order situation (like assassination of Ex-Prime Minister of Pakistan in Rawalpindi). It is also heard that every day million of assets are being transferred to near Persian Gulf countries by existing business community, in such a scenario no SME can prevail and grow with reasonable level of certainty. Moreover, economically, this policy is viable but not focused for some excellence sectors in future, like a widely acclaimed adopted one village, one product model for microfinance and SMEs, this policy shall be focused on some specific businesses and product lines, instead of forming a mass of unplanned and less cost-effective SMEs, in today world of globalization and specialization.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been an increasingly important issue for private and non-government businesses to consider when investing in countries. The paper specifically addresses transnational corporations and how they can negatively affect the development of countries when socially irresponsible and notes the increasing consumer awareness of corporate irresponsibility. It argues that better relationships between governments and corporations need to be established to reduce low living standards, exploitation, poverty, and unemployment, which would contribute to overall sustainable development. The paper recommends having CSR indicators for measurement, addresses why CSR should matter to business corporations, and gives insight into how the ILO can act and relate to CSR. This paper was written as an insight into the work of the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization 2004 that aims to provide a fairer globalization for all.

Using a large panel for 95 countries and the 1972–2014 period, this paper analyses the interactions among globalization, political & civil rights and economic convergence, through a simultaneous estimation technique. We use a multi-dimensional, de facto, and continuous measures of Freedoms and Globalization. We find a two-way positive relationship between civil liberties & political rights and economic, political and social Globalization, as well as significant two-way relationships with the economic convergence (using as a proxy the ratio of GDP per capita to the US). In this way, we extend the test for the two-way relationship between Democracy and Globalization put forward by Eichengreen and Leblang (Econ Politics 20(3):289–334, 2008). Overall, we also find a virtuous cycle between Globalization, Freedoms and Economic convergence, except for non-OECD countries at early intermediate stages of development. This positive systemic effect can be put into question by the recent negative shocks on Globalization and Freedoms related to the Covid-19 pandemic.

I revisit the 1918–20 pandemic and ask whether it led to a reversal in the rise of trade and financial globalization that preceded it. Using annual data for 17 countries for the 1870–1928 period, a variety of tests and techniques are used to draw some robust conclusions. Overall, the pandemic a century ago interrupted, but did not put an end, to the first globalization of the twentieth century. However, two blocs consisting of combatant and non-combatant countries, experienced significantly different consequences. Globalization was sharply curtailed for the combatant countries while there were few, if any, consequences for globalization in the non-combatant group of countries. That said, there was considerable resilience especially in trade openness among several of the combatant economies. Perhaps changes in the make-up of economic blocs, post-pandemic, is a fallout from shocks of this kind. While there are lessons for the ongoing COVID pandemics differences between the 1920s and today also play a role. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10368-021-00526-1.

Here I describe what marketing management is? I took the help of the marketing management book and class lectures in this regard.To complete the middle part of my term paper I have conducted a survey from two points of views. I have taken the interviews of ten entrepreneurs as well as ten buyers to know their valuable opinion about the performance of our business organizations.There are my recommendations also in the last part of this term paper.The answer of various people may be different about the question "Would you think that our business organizations run properly to face global competition? Majority must be granted - based on this philosophy I would like to get the actual result of my survey. To make it easy to understand I use many statistical diagrams and graphs. With explanation to support the opinion of mine there are some recommendation also. Objectives To know - 01. Is our business organization run properly?02. Are our native products capable to face free market competition?03. What can be done to improve the performances of our native business?

In this paper the focus of the research is arbitration and conciliation in industrial dispute and its legal provisions. As we see in the current scenario industries are booming and have reached their paramount stage of development and still continue to grow. However with the development industrial disputes have also increased. The disputes and conflicts between the employees and the employers have caused adverse effects to the commercial development of these industries. With globalization and increase in complexities the responsibilities have shifted to the state to find an amicable way where the disputes are resolved quickly and efficiently with consuming a lot of cost. Thus here the alternative dispute resolutions came in the play; the legislation had enacted these provisions to solve the same. Here in this paper we will look into the provision of ADR in labour legislation and also see recent judgments, amendments and the different aspects of arbitration and conciliation in the labour legislation in India.

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration that embodies a transformation in the organization of social relations and transactions, which generate a transcontinental or interregional flow of communication, technology, knowledge, and opportunities. Globalization has transformed several aspects of the global system and influenced almost all dimensions of human lives. We now not only have greater economic dependence and trade networks, but institutions like the UN, European Union, NATO, World Bank, WTO, and IMF have overstepped their authority by promoting universal standards for everything, which has thus changed the traditional perspective of sovereignty. Now the question arises of what traditional sovereignty is, the common notion states that sovereignty is the central attribute of a state as a form of political organization. The very core of sovereignty is the power of self-determination, the power to determine for and by oneself and not the command of others. No external body has the right to command or order a sovereign state to act in a given manner about matters of fundamental concern to it. Many people believe that the idea of state sovereignty is in imminent danger, the idea of an independent entity is being collapsed by the monetary union, global television, the internet, governmental and non-governmental organization. Though many have proclaimed the demise of sovereignty under the pressure of globalization yet few believe that sovereignty is the basis of state interaction, state laws are adaptive in nature and they evolve by the standardized norms of the global system. In this paper the researcher shall discuss the traditional perspective of sovereignty and does the Westphalian concept of sovereignty has ever existed. The primary focus of this paper shall be on the impacts of globalization on the state authority, their territorial control, and monopoly, and find out how the sovereignty of the state is affected by this global system. The researcher will critically analyze the transformation of sovereignty in response to globalization and its complexities.

The organized crime as the special of it is developing very fast in the contenting and a special in the pour countries. It is all complexity because is becoming a serious threat not only to the security of many states but also to international security. It manifests itself in different forms depending on the development of social and economic life in the conditions of globalization. In this paper we’ll researcher and presentation for some of the forms of organized crime as: -Trafficking in narcotics, - Trafficking in human beings, - Trafficking in weapons and ammunition, - Corruption, - Cybercrime, - Smuggling of legal goods, - Money laundering, - Counterfeiting money, - Trade in works of art and national culture, etc. The paper is in Albanian language.

This paper revisits the discussion of the determinants of the declining labour share in industrialised countries. We select a panel of 20 OECD countries with the most advanced industrial capabilities and explore the effects of technological progress on the labour income share. We incorporate a full range of variables to cover the fundamental determinants. Our analysis extends previous studies by examining various proxies for technology which are significant drivers of the labour share. The paper expands the assessment by testing the labour share by skill level and shows that among the leading drivers of the declining labour share are the capital prices and ICT capital, driven by the effect of these variables on the labour share of low-skilled workers. Capital intensity, financial integration and trade globalisation shrink the aggregate labour share.

Globalization and Nationalism have often been evoked as the two defining features of the modern world (Sabanadze, 2010). Globalization has largely made the world less pluralistic, and the homogenization of the world community as a whole has had large effects on 21st-century nationalism as stated by Erwin (2017). The increased flow of capital, people, and customs due to Globalization has placed the role of contemporary Nationalism into question. At this premise the core purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between Globalization and Nationalism in the contemporary era. There is a vast literature dealing with globalization and nationalism both separately and in connection with each other as stated by Sabanadze in 2010.The thrust areas of this paper are concept and understanding of Globalization and Nationalism and the changing relationship between Globalization and Nationalism. The paper advocates the concept of ‘Neo-Nationalism’ that is associated with Globalization in the present context. Further, the paper makes an attempt to shed some light on the reality of Globalization and Nationalism in present Indian context.

Beyond gaining an overview of the forces driving change, a vital part of preparedness for the future of work is assessing the time horizon, as detailed in a paper published by the International Labour Organization. The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provides the framework for inclusive global sustainable development efforts for the coming decade. Among the 2030 targets of Goal 8 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, “Decent work and Economic Growth,” are to achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities and equal pay for work of equal value. When reflecting on the world of work and the future, differences in economic and social development between and within countries must not be overlooked. Employment opportunity is influenced by factors like digitalization, demographic transition, environmental change and globalization. Digitalization and globalization, for example, have sparked radical shifts in how we live and work. The coronavirus crisis has accelerated these beyond anything we could have imagined, as detailed in a publication by the OECD. This paper provides perspectives into the future of work in terms of incremental and disruptive changes to the workplace. It also presents key insights and policy implications to promote sustained, inclusive, full and productive employment. The methodology employed is robust and evidence-based approach, involving an extensive literature review and an analysis of trends, innovations and disruptions. The findings point to an inclusive approach that fosters global collaboration and flexible working arrangements coupled with regenerative and lifelong learning.

The primary objective of this paper is to examine the western relationship with the Muslim world. More importantly to trace western encounters with the Muslim world briefly. This paper highlights the importance of developing a strong mutual trust, understanding and cooperation between the west and Muslim world to promote peace. Multiculturalism and pluralism are part and parcel of modern-day life. Modern digital technologies, information explosions and globalization have made this planet as a virtual world. Humanity lives in a borderless world. Therefore, promoting peace and inter-community harmony is imperative in this volatile world. This paper presents a historical survey on Muslim encounters with west briefly with some solid suggestions to enhance this inter-community relations further.

I discussed in this paper the role of accountancy in country economy and historical aspects and historical back ground. I discussed in this paper all the reality with special references and possible all the covered area of accountancy in this era of modernization and globalization.

China’s rising ambitions as a global power and US retrenchment as a hegemon has redefined international politics over the past few years. This development has generated considerable scholarly attention on the sources of Chinese foreign policy. This paper contributes to .to this body of scholarship. The US-China dynamic in the international system is currently being mediated by the global human and economic toll of the COVID pandemic. China’s international reputation has been undermined by allegations of perfidy and opaqueness in its handling of the COVID-19. A dominant section of the international community led by the US is currently at loggerheads with China. Long-term discontent with globalization, mostly in advanced industrialized states, had already laid the groundwork for their antipathy towards China. The current contours of the “China versus the rest” dynamic in the international system are being shaped by China's struggle and the other major powers to dominate future technologies. This paper outlines these systemic changes and connects them to China’s domestic contestation over its foreign policy.

Brexit, the current position of Great Britain to withdraw from the European Union is envisaged as an opposition to the globally accepted neo-functionalist idea and rather seeks to project regional disintegration as a more effective and efficient way of socio-economic and political development strategy to be adopted. In view of this antagonist structure which is clearly not what a world that deems globalisation as the best way to improve human existence and wellbeing; thus far, it is within the findings and the research of this paper to project the likely economic impact of disintegration on a sub-region in Africa which is enthusiastic about the subject of regional integration. This paper substantiates the possible economic effects of Brexit on West Africa (ECOWAS); focusing on EU’s effect on ECOWAS countries and UK’s withdrawal from the EU, and the likely spill-over effect on West Africa. Notably, British application for EU membership had been prohibited two times by France in 1963 and November 1967. Some activists are of the view that this veto has a direct association to the British vouch for Brexit referendum of 2016. African activists already demand a genuine African debate and a referendum on these issues similar to the Brexit vote. More generally, the Brexit will also impact negatively on acquired ethics concerning popular participation, both in Europe and in Africa.

Bhutan’s survival as a sovereign nation rests, in part, on its unique cultural identity in the absence of military might or economic advantages. Despite the advent of globalization and modernization, Bhutan has managed to keep this unique cultural heritage in-tact as this heritage is considered a binding force that unites every Bhutanese. Bhutan is at an important crossroad – taking a break from the past, the country is unapologetic in its choice of tourism management and development, yet it also treads carefully towards globalization and in the preservation of its national imperatives. In the past, Bhutan existed on its own, isolated from the outside world to secure its sovereignty and survival. Today, Bhutan is much more than just an isolated, small country; the rarely visited country that we used to be. These changes are steps forward at this time, when globalization has become a necessity rather than a choice. Bhutan’s doors are open to tourists from around the world and this increases the significance of preservation and protection of cultural heritage – especially in light of the increasing number of tourists visiting and exploring the tiny nation. The continuous influx of foreigners also has a fair share of challenges, along with its significant advantages, and suggests a need for the strong measures to mitigate any adverse impacts. The main objective of this paper is to provide insight into how tourism impacts cultural heritage and whether the existing laws effectively regulate these influences in Bhutan. This paper will further suggest effective ways to mitigate negative impacts of tourism through analysis and synthesis of relevant articles and journals related to tourism and culture.

Kenya instituted a blanket ban on films containing homosexual content through the Kenya Film Classification Board Classification Guidelines of 2012. The guidelines informed the decision to ban the film Rafiki, on April 2018 which was upheld by the High Court on 29 April 2020. This paper argues that the blanket ban violates important constitutional freedoms from discrimination, expression and the rights to receive, impart information, intellectual property, human dignity and equality. Intolerance of homosexual content in films reflects the discrimination faced by Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual individuals in Kenya. The stigma they face reduces labor productivity, tourism and Foreign Direct Investment that denies economic growth to individuals, businesses and the country. Individual and societal development relies on questioning dominant narratives on issues such as homosexuality which is a function performed by films. The development of the internet, reactance factor in psychology, cultural dynamism and globalization have made the blanket ban futile. This paper recommends removing the blanket ban and only instituting ‘adult-only’ restrictions on films containing homosexual content if there are graphic scenes of sex and violence. It uses an interdisciplinary approach by reviewing economic, psychological and legal sources to identify qualitative and quantitative information to prove its thesis.

This paper discusses epistemic aspects of populism – especially its link with radical uncertainty and the tribal construction of facts – that have so far received relatively little attention. We argue that populism is less a backward-looking phenomenon feeding off existing grievances than a narrative-based reaction to an increasingly unsettled future. Many economic factors isolated as causes of populism – especially rapid technological innovation, deregulation, and the globalisation of networks – entail a high degree of indeterminacy in social systems; and the corresponding uncertainty facing voters is a catalyst for many of the pathologies of populism isolated in the literature. In particular, uncertainty undermines the credibility of experts, while the disorientation and anxiety it induces increase reliance on simple narratives to structure expectations. The paper explores the role of narrative entrepreneurs, the relationship between narratives and power, and the dynamics of narrative coups designed to create alternative facts and perform a new reality.

The impact of globalization on women’s reproductive health can be felt all around in relation to equity and access. Neglect of women's reproductive health, perpetuated by law, has been often talked about as a part of larger, systematic discrimination against women. While certain laws obstruct women's access to reproductive health services, laws protective of women's reproductive health are rarely or inadequately implemented. The paper begins by introducing the reader with the definition of globalization and reproductive rights and in the subsequent paragraphs seeks to evaluate the impact of globalization on women’s overall health and wellbeing, the evolution of the idea of pro-choice/pro-life perspective towards abortion, how religions play a heavy influence in framing laws, rules and regulations around women’s health issues and how these laws changed due to the impact of globalization, as governments liberalize and deregulate the economy. The prime motivators of the decision making behind women choosing their own life over that of the fetus, the most crucial of them being financial independence brought about by the era of globalization in general have been discussed, focussing more narrowly on the aspect of economic independence and the active role of media outlets. The paper also discusses the negative aspects of globalization on women’s reproductive rights as pointed out by some researchers. Case laws adjudged in the United States have also been brought forth to show how they influenced the attempts of various countries to resolve their own abortion disputes. It is concluded by the presentation of an outline conceptual framework published in the WHO Bulletin of 2001 which shows multiple direct and indirect linkages between globalization and the proximal determinants of health, identifies major gaps in our knowledge of the relative strength and the nature of linkages in different economic and geographical contexts, and how these need to be filled by further research.

India and Japan have a strong trade partnership, where Japan ranks in top five investors in terms of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India. This investment has injected funds into many developmental projects, helping India in strengthening its infrastructure and resource base. However, after exiting the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in 2018, India had a major trade agreement with Japan and South Korea namely, the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA). This paper is an attempt to study the mutual benefit claim in International Economics, taking the case of India and Japan. The paper aims to review the (1) Japanese Investment in India and (2) the Trade Opportunities due to CEPA.

The globalization of COVID-19 pandemic and its economic impacts is set to run havoc across all economies in the world, throwing many into recession and possibly economic depression. As the numbers of infected and death cases rise sharply and recovery from the pandemic remains uncertain even in developed countries, evidence of shocks across economies including China, the Europe, and the US are already emerging. The aim of this paper is to provide an overall understanding of the likely macroeconomic shocks of the pandemic, covering economic activities or areas including demand, supply, supply chain, trade, investment, price level, exchange rates, and financial stability and risk, economic growth, and international cooperation. The paper first presents a general and theoretical mapping of the likely macroeconomic impacts of the pandemic on an affected economy and then reviews the emerging evidence in relation to the impact mapping to understand the nature of the impacts. The paper then illustrates the likely impacts using a standard macroeconomic AD-AS model and outlines some necessary features that needs to be considered while designing policy responses by governments and international institutions in mitigating the economic shocks. Assessments of this paper are broadly in line with the limited studies available on the economics of COVID-19.

The rise of an extreme movement, which has consistently produced violence and hatred in Kosovar society for more than fifteen years, undoubtedly increases the curiosity of any researcher of social problems to deal with the study of this issue. Of course, the study of social problems is extremely complex, especially in this time of globalization and extraordinary social mobility, therefore, each time, the opportunities for debate remained open. The paper addresses a very problematic topic, but that belongs to the social topicality, and not only in Kosovar society as one of the societies in transition, but also quite prominent in the most developed countries, and with a long democratic tradition. It should be noted that Kosovo is not only going through an economic transition, but more than that, the political and cultural transition has taken a special place. It should be noted that society's approach to the state and politics is crucial and has a tremendous impact on the process of economic transition. The paper deals precisely with the tools and methods that Kosovar political parties have used and are using to seize power, where the focus is on populism and the spirit of hatred created during the two decades after the war in Kosovo.

This paper talks about why the brick and mortar model of business was dominant in the world for so long and why in this post modern and global era some customers prefer to stick to the traditional brick and mortar business model while the others have shifted to the e-commerce model of business. This paper will analyze how the phenomena known as globalization has helped the e-commerce model of business grow and now how this model is now helping to make the worldwide market more global, put in other words, how this model is helping in increasing the global-ness of the global market. This paper will also analyze and try to find out what the customers have gained and what they have lost when they shifted from the brick and mortar business model to the e-commerce business model.

Much emphasis appears placed on the alluring spoils of the interplay of globalization and emerging technology. With our fast-paying, speed-receiving and borderless commercial bubble, this is not farfetched. Nonetheless, we must not squeeze out the corresponding increase in commercial disputes or ignore the relevance of national and international legal architecture that underpins their resolution. Private international law rules and their relevance to commercial disputes is more critical than before considering the tech-facilitated cross-border commercial interconnectedness than now underpins trade and investment. However, questions concerning international cooperation in the resolution and enforcement of commercial disputes have become apparent; especially concerning countries with global economic significance in this case, the People’s Republic of China’s (“China”). China’s sensitivity towards national interests and sovereignty is critical to it. While this seems trivial given that countries more often than not have similar attributes, China’s case stands out. Its transition from a planned economy into an open world economic player with an “unparalleled economic growth” raises questions cornering how this relates to its sub-systems. A crucial discussing point is the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements (“REFJ”) in china which has gained more significance in recent times. Overall, “China has been cautious” towards REFJ. Thus, this paper considers its REFJ, albeit regarding 'reciprocity' because it is the primary yardstick used by the Chinese Courts to refuse the REFJ in China. This paper aims to clarify that despite seeming so and as argued by some Chinese scholars , the recent developments concerning reciprocity, do not serve as a progressive step on China’s part towards overall ease of the Sino-foreign impasse in REFJ but rather, as a progressive strategy for China’s economic ambitions.

It is today commonplace to claim that state borders are undergoing change. In the age of globalisation borders have acquired new characteristics that do not fit in with the traditional understanding of them. Many believe that this signifies a break away from the modern conception of state borders, which saw them as institutional lines that set the spatial extension of state sovereignty. This viewpoint can be challenged, however. On the one hand, the importance of state borders in international politics has been increasing over the last few years. On the other hand, the idea that globalisation is changing the very nature of state borders needs closer scrutiny. As a matter of fact, legal scholarship has paid little attention to the concept of border in the last few decades, and this is one of the reasons for the lack of clarity regarding the contemporary transformation of state borders. This paper tries to contribute to fill this gap by looking at the phenomenon of border walls, i.e. the construction of impenetrable barriers to safeguard state territory. Does the proliferation of border walls around the world simply indicate a revival of the territorial sovereignty of the states, or is it a phenomenon with quite different characteristics? To answer this question I proceed as follows. I first consider the debate on the transformation of state borders in the literature on globalisation. I then looks at the distinctive features of modern borders from a historical and theoretical point of view. This helps clarify whether the features of border walls make it necessary to update the traditional concept of public border. The paper shows that it is not possible to provide an univocal answer to this question and distinguishes four kinds of border walls having different institutional characteristics.

The objective of this paper is to present comprehensive principles of language spread that are applicable in post-globalized scenarios, by expanding upon and consolidating our already-published works in which had we studied different aspects of diachronic and synchronic linguistics and language dynamics including language dynamics in India. Admittedly, these principles and theories cannot be comprehensive, inclusive or wide-ranging enough to account for all dimensions of language spread in all possible scenarios at this juncture. However, we recommend a repository-type and a nomothetic approach which will allow for principles drawn from new and varied case studies and fieldwork from different contexts around the world to be generalized and extended to other contexts, with suitable annotations and clarifications regarding their anticipated general or context-specific use. These approaches are particularly relevant in post-globalized scenarios which we expect to be the norm, barring exceptions, given that the factors working in favour of a global long term, political, economic and technological socio-cultural integration are expected to outweigh those working against it. Thus, non contact-based scenarios are expected to be over-arching in the twenty-first century, and are expected to take precedence over contact-based scenarios in many cases, even though the latter can both directly and indirectly impact the former. Therefore, this paper takes into account work already done in the field of sociolinguistics, applied sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology and applied linguistics, and recasts them and reassesses them in such a way, that their relevance to post-globalized scenarios is brought out. It also merges them with our theories and approaches in the field of linguistics, and brings them in line with our philosophy of the ‘Globalization of science’. Thus, the approach and emphasis of this paper is quite different from other vital publications in this field.

The paper explores ethical aspects of design from a normative perspective. It develops a set of ethical principles for design against the theoretical backdrop of moral philosophy and the specific characteristics of design as a creative, function-oriented field. The paper provides a systematic ethical approach and critically reflects on ethical assumptions of prominent design approaches, such as user-centred design, green or sustainability design, and design addressing societal issues. The paper develops an encompassing perspective on the complex ethical aspects of modern design and considers users, stakeholders, society, nature, people around the world, and future generations. It specifically focuses on the role of design for addressing crucial challenges of the 21st century, such as sustainability, globalization, and inclusion, and proposes a reconstruction of professional responsibilities for functionality and creativity in this context.

The rapidly expanding corona pandemic in 2020 has largely brought the world to an economic stagnation. The impact on the environment, especially on air quality, from almost suspended air traffic, idle industry and economic lockdown is enormous, but also the economic and social consequences of the crisis. This state of stagnation hardly appears to be economically and socially sustainable. However, we should ask ourselves right now what we can learn from the situation in order to question globalization, better intercept future comparable crisis situations and take the step towards more sustainable development on an ecological, economic and social basis. The paper identifies the areas of externality management to improve environmental quality, digitalization and network expansion as well as basic income as central concepts that need to be addressed in and after the crisis. Concrete concepts are suggested and discussed at the end of the paper.

The paper addresses the status of regulation of Standard Essential Patents (SEPs) in the era og globalisation and the diversity of ways in which FRAND (Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory) principles are being applied, the world over. SEPs represent the core innovation in an industry and protect innovation that has taken extraordinary effort to develop. Smart phones, tablets, connected cars, smart home applications, smart retail, gaming technologies and connected healthcare are some of the examples entailing use of SEPs. Reaching consensus regarding application of FRAND terms at the global level, is a utopian view of scholars and practitioners alike. However, the manner in which FRAND terms are being applied in the US and within the EU are different. Therefore, the task of arriving at a consensus is not straightforward. The paper, at first, presents the different views on application of FRAND terms. Thereafter, in the light of the recent case law – analyses the way in which FRAND terms are interpreted in different jurisdictions, specifically within the EU and the United States. In conclusion, the IP and competition law perspective is offered, as areas that potentially house some provisions that might assist in removing hurdles that stand in the way of achieving a common understanding.

The globalization of COVID-19 pandemic is en route to produce a chain of economic impacts worldwide through distortions in global trade and supply chain. The globalization of production and trade shocks in relation to China generate substantial threat to world trade. The aim of this paper is to provide a preliminary and broad-based understanding of likely trade implications of the pandemic. Beginning with an assessment on likely implications for trade between China and the rest of the world, the paper uses a standard trade analysis framework to explain the implications for world trade. The paper then presents a theoretical mapping that shows likely progression and span of trade implications and reviews emerging evidence to identify if real-life outcomes follow the map. The paper concludes that the pandemic is likely to not only introduce new patterns of world trade but also affect trade relations and globalization, making some economies winners and some losers. Given the scarcity of scholarly work on COVID-19’s trade implications, the paper contributes by offering a novel broad-based understanding, which could serve as a basis for advanced analysis. Assessments of the paper could help policy-makers in preparing for a new world order of international trade.

The purpose of this paper is to provide the growing range of literature review and offers a comprehensive review for new researchers with a specific focus on the relationship between knowledge management and succession planning at a higher education institution. This study will get a better idea of how higher education institutions deal with the danger of face the risk of knowledge loss due to long absence at the workplace. Most of the literature on succession planning was focused on healthcare and limited literature for the education sector. This paper is based on an extensive traditional literature review search of published articles that primarily address the concept of knowledge management and succession management. The study has categorized the literature representing knowledge management introduction, challenges facing by higher education for knowledge retaining, succession management, and linking relationship of knowledge management and succession planning. The changing role of the higher education system is all part of the globalization process. This study sets the global context which can help for new leadership processes in the higher education system. Today, higher education institutes are playing a big role to create university leaders. There are some challenges faced by knowledge management in terms of retaining leadership within the organization, which includes culture, knowledge retaining, technology, and directive leadership. This article approaches the topic of knowledge management in the context of succession management. The relationship between knowledge management and succession planning can improve the decision-making capabilities of academic leaders.

The term neoliberal has been a source of some controversy in recent years, with critics denying its usefulness. In response to those criticisms this paper analyzes neoliberalism--what is here referred to as Neoliberal Financialization--as an economic model, elaborating it and substantially contrasting it with the model that prevailed prior to it, Keynesian Fordism, likewise elaborated here. In doing so this paper contends that Keynesian Fordism stressed a state-managed and sustained output of assembly line-produced consumer durables, substantially through enlarged welfare and warfare states which also kept financialization in check. By contrast Neoliberal Financalization, sees the state retreat from significant areas of economic life (notably the nurturing of industrial development and concessions to social welfare via deregulation, privatization and "austerity"), and unleashes the financial sector Keynesian Fordism kept in check as an engine of growth. Completing the model are "creditism," "globalization" and "digitalization," which have enlarged the resources available for financial activity, broadened and smoothed the field for its operation worldwide, and accelerated and intensified its operations in a distinct, if often problematic, pattern of activity that has produced financialization, and a high stress on speculative activity and global labor cost arbitrage.

The process by which the principles of the fast-food industry is dominating more spheres of society has been coined as McDonaldization. It has become an overwhelming characteristic of ‘western’ globalization. As globalization is not limited to only a few regions, it has taken over the Asian continent as well. McDonaldization persists in different aspects of the Asian culture and has affected differently in various states. The paper dives into the culture of Bangladesh and Malaysia to understand how the trends have changed due to the new system. Moreover, the paper follows McDonadization with the perspective of ‘western’ globalization when explaining the cases. The paper follows the question “What are the impacts of McDonaldization in the perspective of ‘western’ globalization on the Asian culture?” Furthermore, the paper adopted the qualitative research methodology to answer the question.

In a realm of literature on influence factors on fertility rates; this paper innovatively introduces capitalism being associated with lowered fertility rates. Based on a 180 country strong worldwide data set and cross sectional correlation studies, this paper outlines that hallmark pillars of capitalism are all negatively associated with fertility rates. The 2017 Economic Freedom Index – comprising of input variables such as property rights protection, judicial effectiveness, government integrity, fiscal health, freedom of business, labor, monetary policy, trade, investment, finance, taxation, GDP freedoms as well as FDI inflows – is significantly negatively correlated with fertility rates around the globe. Based on a 139 country strong worldwide dataset on industrialization as measured by the UNIDO in the Industrialization Intensity Index of 2014 and fertility rates, a highly significant negative relation is found between industrialization and fertility rates around the world. Urban areas around the world tend to have higher fertility rates and access to markets within rural communities lowers fertility rates measured by the World Bank Rural Access Index for 64 countries around the world. The inverse relation of economic freedom and fertility was also found for 50 U.S. states based on the 2017 Economic Freedom Index and fertility rates in the United States. The historic examples of communism imploding giving way to free market mechanisms but also an Islamic regime changing towards a Western free market approach captures capitalism to crowd out fertility in a meta-analysis, which also finds higher education levels not being stringently related to fertility rates. Industrialization, globalization and capitalism lead to vanishing populations. Being occupied by production and consumption but also the entertainment of capitalist markets, economic mobility and international trade may distract societies to prosper regarding fertility. Focus on competing in markets may hinder from procreation. Equilibria und markets may have an undocumented negative effect on fertility. Unruled capitalism may lead to a falling rate of fertility, decimating the populace and eventually also the reserve pool of economic agents. The paper concludes with proposals how to use these novel insights as (1) birth control mechanism in those parts of the world, where overpopulation is currently demanding governments to find ways how to lower the fertility rate and (2) means to avert the falling rate of fertility in capitalist societies with a shrinking, aging population. Infusing capitalistic market freedoms in birth control needed territories but also taxing capitalist activities to fund parenthood through direct investment in social benefits and/or via subsidized parenthood to alleviate the tendency of the falling rate of fertility in the eye of capitalism is recommended concurrently, depending on the starting level on the overpopulation-low capitalism versus under-reproduction-high-capitalism spectrum. Revealing the found mechanism has also implications for advocacy to strengthen fertility and the intergenerational glue in light of vanishing populations in the Western world. In addition, the findings have innovative and futuristic prospects in the age of artificial intelligence. Robotics and artificial intelligence slowly taking over human capital labor activities but not being able to reproduce a human DNA is argued to increase the future value of humanness – and with that human fertility – in the artificial age.

Globalization and Development are two forces that have affected the growth and spread of Human Rights in recent times. They have come with trade liberalization, real-time information and communication technology and the privatization of state enterprises. It is to this end that this paper undertakes to examine the impact or effect of these forces on Human Rights Regimes in developed and developing Countries with the aim of creating an environment for sustainable peace and progress which is the crux of Human Rights activities. This paper posits that for third world countries like Nigeria, globalization and development has hampered our human rights. Striving for economic power has undermined the basic right to life. To make this argument, this paper is divided into four parts to wit: Part one will be a general discuss on globalization, development and human rights; Part two will treat the effect or impact of globalization and development on developing countries; Part three will treat the role of International Institutions in creating a balance between globalization and development; Part four will be a summary and recommendations.

Productivity growth has flat-lined in most economies despite rapid advances in technology. Economists suggest competing explanations for this paradox. Some argue the current stagnation will persist given deep structural challenges, arguing that recent technological advances are no match for those of the past. Others argue that the historical time-lag between technological advances and increased productivity means a productivity surge is just around the corner. The paper explores the implications of alternative productivity growth scenarios for the global economy, particularly for growth, labor markets and the flows of trade and capital. The paper explores the appropriate policy response under these alternative scenarios. It highlights the importance of productivity-enhancing reforms and the first-mover benefits that can flow to economies which move closer to the productivity frontier. It explores the factors that constrain an economy’s ability to reap the full benefits of any future productivity boom. It highlights the consequences of asymmetric increases in productivity across countries for both booming and non-booming economies and the role of monetary and fiscal policies, with particular warnings for the stability of the euro zone. Finally, it highlights the implications of asymmetric productivity changes across sectors and the importance of flexibility in labor, capital and product markets.

The retaining of profitable worker is based on the ability of an organisation to keep its profitable employees. (Jaime Mc dougall, 2018:1). One of the fundamental key that help an organisation to succeed is the act of physically keeping employee members in an organisation. The aspect of globalization has made the concept of employee retention complex and difficult to organisations especially in times of high turnover rates. In many cases, even engaged employees are sometimes dissatisfied with the outcomes of organizational performance which may lead them to look elsewhere. The purpose of this paper is to establish the factors that influence the retaining of profitable workers in the State Corporation of Cameroon. This paper therefore tackles certain factors such as, working environment, leadership style, job security, organizational culture and work life balance that are crucial in the retaining of profitable worker in the State Corporation of Cameroon. Despite the fact that the above factors can influence the retaining of profitable workers in State Corporation of Cameroon, the still exist a variety of factors such as financial insecurity, lack of satisfaction and commitment to the organization that can cause an employee to withdraw from the state corporation in Cameroon. However, at the end of the article the author propose several recommendations in order to improve the understanding and important of retaining profitable workers in the State Corporation of Cameroon.

The paper seeks to highlight the role played by customs administrators in the facilitation of trade in developing countries. It acknowledges that international trade cannot be avoided and countries need to adapt to the requirements of trade facilitation with reference to the Trade Facilitation Agreement. It seeks to clarify the ‘assumption that facilitating trade leads to loss of revenue and how trade facilitation can reinforce revenue collections at a lower cost. The paper explores further on trade facilitation benefits the private sector have as they seek to trade internationally. With the increase in trade volumes countries through their customs administration requires trade facilitation measures to ensure no non-tariff barriers hinder trade. There is also need to capacitate these customs administration in the adoption of these trade facilitation measures before any policy framework can be implemented at national or regional level. Major reasons put forward for trade facilitation measures are increased trade in finished products by developing countries, globalisation of manufacturing processes, proliferation of regional trade agreements and continued diversification of exports. In summary trade needs to be facilitated if developing countries are to benefit from international trade and the most influential actors are customs administrations. With trade facilitation measures developing countries might even collect more revenue than previously collected before these measures are in place.

This paper explores what Furceri and Karras in a 2011 article call “the Hines-Summers Hypothesis”: “the smaller the size and the greater the openness of the economy, the more it will rely on expenditure taxes and the less on income taxes” They confirm the hypothesis for the OECD countries over the period 1965-2007. But the original exploration by James Hines and Lawrence Summers in 2009 uses a different measure of size and was not confined to the advanced countries. This paper suggests that some of the patterns found by Hines and Summers do not extend into a more recent time period with a larger group of countries. Moreover, the most straightforward formulation of the hypothesis does not hold beyond the OECD.

De-globalization, now a distinct possibility, would induce a significant qualitative shift in strategies, structures, and behaviors observable in international business (IB). Coming to terms with this qualitative shift would require IB research to develop a much deeper integration of politics, the key driver of de-globalization. To support such integration, this paper introduces two relevant theories of (de-)globalization from political science, liberalism and realism. Both predict de-globalization under current conditions but lead to different expectations about the future world economy: liberalism suggests a patchwork of economic linkages, while realism predicts the emergence of economic blocs around major countries. This paper discusses the resulting opportunities in three areas of IB research: political strategies and roles of multinational enterprises (MNEs), global value chains, and the role of the national context. For political strategies and roles, there is a need to explore how regular business activities and deliberate political agency of MNEs affect the political sustainability of globalization. For value chains, questions include their future reach and specialization, changes in organizational forms, and the impact of political considerations on location decisions. Research opportunities on national contexts relate to their ability to sustain globalization and their connection with economic and military power.

Through the superpower of “globalization”, the smart cities in India have not only become digital but people also are in receipt of transforming themselves to the digital era. Citizens of the smart cities are not only consuming digital content on a daily basis but also the companies and the business world, in general, are starting to recognize the importance of getting into digital. Equivalently, it is very essential that marketing departments need to adapt to new environments and hire active professionals in the field of digital marketing. Digital marketing, on the other hand, can be defined as an umbrella term for the marketing of products or services using digital technologies, mainly on the Internet, but also including mobile phones, display advertising, and any other digital medium. The concept of digital marketing has become a fashion in companies to promote their products and services. While marketers with positive experiences would tend to believe that digital marketing works and some would disagree in India, but one would be sure that magnitude of its impact is increasing in the market, when compared to other markets. This paper studies and establishes the power of digital marketing in the smart cities of India. The study also probes into the learning of impact of digital marketing in Indian smart cities. Through research and analysis, the paper emerges some points which can be used as a blueprint criterion for the digital marketing strategies to be considered in the smart cities.

This paper argues that megaprojects are inherently tied to the logic of growth, development, urban qualitative transformation, wealth creation, competitiveness and prosperity. Megaprojects constitute the infrastructure of globalization and neoliberalism and they actively contribute to a situation of increased planetary urbanization. The causal context of megaprojects – the logic of development and competitiveness – has consequences for their planning, design and management. In order to meet the goal of contributing to urban and national growth and development, megaprojects are usually shaped as public-private institutional arrangements participated by elites and pro-growth coalitions at various spatial scales that are able to gather the necessary political support, funding and expert knowledge to implement these complex structures. The close links between megaprojects, development and competitiveness, and the increasing role of megaprojects in the configuration of megaregions worldwide, have an architectural reflection in the prominent importance of iconicity in megaproject design and construction. Thus, the paper analyzes megaprojects in a dual, interconnected way: as spatial settings and infrastructure units that obey specific planning, design and management priorities, and also as reflections or expressions – as consequences or crystallizations – of larger socio-economic forces. Megaprojects have multiplied around the world as an urban response to pressures for development, competitiveness and innovation in a context of globalization and neoliberalism.

The paper indicates a correlation between the investment dispute resolution crisis and the rise of populist movements in the example of Central Europe. Central Europe perfectly exemplifies the sources of the current global crisis of liberal democracy. Both in Central Europe and the larger world, the rise of populist movements reflects the frustrations of social groups that suffer from globalization and laissez-faire trends in the global economy. An increase of inequality fosters feelings of social exclusion among the “have-nots.” Rising antagonism between social groups is proportional to the expanding economic gap between them. In Central European Countries the problem was intensified when states opted out of redistribution policies of communist regimes. The rising antagonism fuels social polarization which is a vital element for populist movements. Economic nationalists will maintain their allegations that foreign tribunals favour foreign investors with detriment to domestic competitors and domestic social development. It is worth mentioning that this narration attracts not only the less-educated portion of the electorate, but also domestic small and medium businesses and sometimes even environmental activists. In parallel have-nots blame “elites”, neoliberal economic processes and globalization for their social degradation and grant their support to those who challenge this status quo. Current investment policy which focuses mainly on the protection of single foreign investor might be effective for these investors in the short term perspective, but it fails in the longer period. If the investment protection goal continues to be treated as paramount, economic nationalism will continue its triumphant march. The paper indicates modifications in investment treaty philosophy necessary to neutralize rising popularity of economic nationalism. In this context the text is strongly linked with current discussion on investment arbitration reform.

Gamosa represents one of the unique cultural identities of Assam while the usage of Gamosa in various rituals and ceremonies of Assam has a long traditional background. It highlights the unity amongst the diverse community groups in Assam since Assamese people from all groups and sub-groups irrespective of any religion, color, castes, gender, or any other such diversities are entitled to use it as their identity without any discrimination. As such it reflects the unity in Assamese tradition. This Gamosa is so deeply related to the Assamese blood that it is often used to enlighten the patriotic sentiments in the hearts of the local Assamese Community. The making of this Gamosa has a traditional backdrop which again depicts the rich cultural tradition amongst the people of Assam. It is so important that any disrespect to this Gamosa may lead to serious consequences in the entire state of Assam since the Assamese people possess deep sentiments towards this cultural identity. It has now become very important to study the significance of this Gamosa since it is a unique representative of the cultural diversity in India. At the same time due to the influence of globalization, similar artifacts of foreign companies are flooding the local markets of Assam. These products are machine-made produced by heavy power looms and are made available at a very low cost compared to those which are produced by the local manufacturers based on their traditional knowledge. Further, even the Indian companies are producing such products through modern technologies because of which the younger generations of Assam are getting ignorant about their tradition. It has therefore become very necessary to study the relevance of the traditional knowledge associated with this cultural identity and their utilization to protect such a rich cultural heritage of Assam in particular and also of India in general. This paper will focus on the legal recognition granted to this Gamosa and the protections available to the traditional knowledge associated with it to maintain the original identity of the Assamese Community from any sort of duplicity. This paper will further try to analyze the threats to this item and will attempt to draw certain probable suggestions for dealing with such threats.

With the thrill in globalization, the world is witnessing a greater challenge in the diverse facets of smart cities. Even though smart city is a designation given to a city that incorporates information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance the quality and performance of urban services such as energy, transportation and utilities in order to reduce resource consumption, wastage and overall costs to increase operational efficiency, share information with the public and improve both the quality of government services and citizen welfare. In the current scenario of globalization, the smart cities have not only become digital but people in the smart cities also are getting converted themselves to the digital era. Individuals are not only consuming digital content on a daily basis but also companies and the business world, in general, have recognized the importance of getting digital in smart cities. In smart cities, the most significant parameter of business progress happens to be attracting their stakeholders by designing irreplaceable advertisements or advertising strategies through digital media. Mobile shopping, on the other hand, can be defined as an umbrella term for the marketing of products or services using digital technologies, mainly on the Internet, but also including mobile phones, display advertising, and any other digital medium. The concept of mobile shopping has become a fashion in companies to promote their products and services. While marketers with positive experiences would tend to believe that mobile shopping works and some would disagree in rural India, but one would be sure that magnitude of its impact is increasing in the rural market, when compared to urban and other markets. This paper studies and establishes the impact of mobile shopping in smart cities. The study also probes into the learning of confronting & prospects of mobile shopping in smart cities. Through research and analysis, the paper emerges some points which can be used as a blueprint criterion for smart cities. As the paper is the foundation brick of the impact of mobile shopping in smart cities, the paper also ends with few insights on the impact of mobile shopping to be considered for smart cities.

In the context of a globalizing world, economic and trade policies are becoming more integrated than they were before. In spite of the gains that states were able to earn in terms of cooperation, there are issues that still need to be tackled on. One of these is the impact of food prices on food security, and its implications for attaining it. Another is the question on the role of trade as an activity in promoting food security, even if food prices are fluctuating at the global level. Despite the complexity of the situation, this paper posits that cooperation is regarded as one of the possibilities in overcoming food insecurity. In this regard, this paper seeks to probe into the rice trade in ASEAN. To probe into the phenomenon, these questions will be asked in the paper: how does food prices affect trade and food security; how does rice trade in ASEAN affect food security in the region; and who will gain and who will lose in making rice trade more integrated into the region. These questions were asked in the study in order to uncover the patterns of trade at the ASEAN level, to examine how trade affects food security at the regional level, and to understand the implications of a more integrated economy for the individuals belonging to these respective states. To conduct this particular study, the paper will utilize a case study of the ASEAN rice trade from 2013 to 2017. The data that the paper will use will come from available secondary data sources, specifically, data available from the ASEAN Food Security Information System, and available literature on the subject matter, which will be subjected to a content analysis, in order to answer the questions raised in the paper.

In this paper, we investigate how corporate social responsibility (hereafter CSR) practices of domestic Croatian mid and large size firms differentiate them on foreign markets. Still, in order for export organizations to realize benefits offered by CSR, export organizations need to identify their main stakeholder groups and interests, and adequately design their CSR activities. This paper provides an overview of the main CSR activities of export organizations in foreign markets and analyses their stakeholder’s management as well as the quality of relationships with their primary and secondary stakeholders on foreign markets. Results of empirical research on a sample of 78 medium and large Croatian export companies show that these export organizations invest significant efforts in implementation of different CSR activities, and into relationships with their primary stakeholders.

The rise of global cities has raised multiple questions regarding the governance of diversity. While they are often portrayed as spaces of ungovernable global flows and as catalysts of the disappearance of national identities, this paper aims to analyse these cities’ actions and strategies to govern their cultural diversity and defend a renewed conception of the national. I combine an analysis of outward-looking strategies that promote their cultural diversity on the global cultural field, and of inward-looking strategies that attempt to project their plural identity in the urban space. I compare two cities, Doha and Singapore, which have emerged as major centres of the global economy and offer a perspective that differs from the large Western cities where the notion of global city was initially coined. The affirmation of Doha and Singapore as global cities does not go along with a process of weakening of the nation-state, but on the contrary takes part in a logic of nation building and nation branding. The paper analyses how local actors negotiate this dialectic between the global and the national. Firstly, I show that they have put transnational regional networks and identities at the centre of the promotion of these cities as cultural hub. Secondly, I show that the recognition of these cities’ diverse heritage and its display in the urban landscape, go in parallel with an increasing spatial exclusion of recent migrants.