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The scope of this research paper deceptive marketing practices in electronic media of Pakistan protecting the business interests of competitors is basically an attempt to provide guidelines to both of the regulators CCP and PEMRA, to establish rules, regulations and guidelines enforcing competition in Electronic Media Industry specifically related to the doctrines of “information lacking reasonable basis” (‘ILRB’) and “inconsistent comparison of products” (‘ICP’) which are extracted from the doctrine of “deceptive marketing practices”. The contentious area of this research paper is that, “whether directly or indirectly harming the business of competitors in the Industry of Pakistan by disseminating information lacking reasonable basis and inconsistent comparison of services constitutes deceptive marketing practice. Furthermore, resolving procedural implications shall also clear the depiction for the Industry and PEMRA that to what extent CCP has been mandated and empowered to ensure and enforce competition law.

Does the #MeToo movement affect the gender orientation of ideas and who develops which types of ideas? We examine these questions in the context of Hollywood. Since #MeToo affected the entire industry, we use variation in whether producers had past collaborations with Harvey Weinstein to discern the movement’s impact. We find that relative to non-associated producers, there is, on average, no significant change in the likelihood of developing female-protagonist stories by Weinstein-associated producers after #MeToo versus before, despite the fact that they now work substantially more with female writers. This is because, among projects by Weinstein-associated producers, female writers are significantly less likely than male writers to work on female-protagonist stories after #MeToo. Moreover, compared to their non-associated counterparts, the depiction of female protagonists by Weinstein-associated producers after #MeToo is less traditionally feminine. Overall, our findings suggest that #MeToo may have helped mitigate the frictions and biases that prevent female talent from exploring parts of the idea space that are typically associated with men and may have shaped the nature of female-oriented works.

This paper will argue that in depictions such as the Netflix series, Unorthodox, the Jewish Mother appears as a result of the unique form of anti-Semitism that is targeted towards Ultra-Orthodox Jews as they are often stereotyped as the antithesis to liberal values. This shall be done in three-fold; first, it will be demonstrated how the depiction of women in the Hasidic community in Unorthodox fulfils the historic stereotypical representation of the Jewish Mother. Second, it will be elaborated upon how this image has been created through the lens of the contemporary dominant culture, that is liberalism. Third, an analysis using literature on stereotypes will seek to divulge the implications of such portrayals.

The study of Artificial Islands in The Law of the Sea with the evolution of the topic dating from The 1930 Hague Codification Conference, to the 1982 United Nations Conference on The Law of the Sea. The study follows with an examination of the status of „natural islands,‟ as well as that of „ships and vessels‟ in relation to artificial islands. This is of importance in order to discern those elements which are common to the particular nature of artificial islands. The process of assimilation, however, leaves much to be desired and an attempt is made to take advantage of this investigation as well as the study of the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention so as to recommend the creation of a separate legal category for artificial islands. In the wake of giving the reader an elucidation of what constitutes an artificial island, a specialized examination of the physical decent variety in frame and task of artificial islands is given. This stretches out to those artificial structures which are under development and will be conveyed in the coming years. The locale pertinent to artificial islands is considered in the light of the distinctive oceanic zones found in the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention. Extraordinary concentration is given to the high oceans, which raises worry as for the control of artificial islands. The dialog of the high oceans continues with a depiction of the clashing employments of the high oceans in connection to artificial islands. Qualification is made between those opportunities of the high oceans which are 'customary' in nature rather than those of a later birthplace. The creator of this investigation touched upon the distinctive flexibilities of the high oceans by offering thought to the different premiums included. It is noticed that the down to earth legitimate ramifications of artificial islands which are not accommodated by lawful arrangement are probably going to build up training by States which discovers criticalness in standard universal law.

Subsequently ages, researchers like Smith, Katherine T.; Smith, L. Murphy; Smith, Jacob L(2011), Cindy J. Smith; Sheldon X. Zhang (2011), Paternoster (2011), Schell and Melnychuk (2011), Alex Kigerl 2010, 2011, Bradford W. Reyns (2012), E. Gabriella (2012), Jean, Brody, Richard G.; Mulig, Elizabeth, Redins (2012), Ngo, Fawn T, McMahon, Richard; Bressler, Martin S.; Bressler (2016), Williams, Aditi Phadnis /Business Standard reports National Crime Records Bureau, Analysis: IndiaSpend (2016), Vivina Vishwanathan (2017), Teen Jose et al (2017) have talked the perceptions of cyber integrities, wrongdoings and sanctuary facets with the progression in the drifts of technology and traffic from outmoded to an online approach. Through the literature review from multiple magnitudes, it bounces a clear portrait that computer / cyber safekeeping or associated apprehensions are historic in nature. Over the literature assessment from several scopes, it gives a vibrant depiction that computer / cyber safekeeping or associated anxieties are historic in nature. It is also used to include outmoded crimes in which computers or networks are rummage-sale to empower the illegitimate commotion. This study is based on secondary data and primary data collected from the Twitter platform of social media and application on R package has been implemented to retrieve outcome. Thus, helps to understand the amount of discussion made on Twitter for motivations factors behind cybercrime.

Popular culture presents new dimensions for cultural and social studies through several artistic products. Different themes and symbols in literature and movie studies provide fresh materials for cultural studies and literary criticism. The issue of violence in American popular culture, in particular, is depicted in many artistic works of fiction. This article focuses on the depiction of violence in Chuck Palahniuk’s novel Fight Club (1996) and Sam Ismail’s television series Mr. Robot (2015). More specifically, it analyzes the depiction of violence in these two narratives through the myth of the vigilante, a theory developed by the American critic John Cawelti. To reach its final results, this article attempts first to investigate the reasons and origins of violence as caused by postmodern conditions. Second, it draws a conclusion on the development of violence in American popular culture by studying the evolution of the myth of the vigilante from Fight Club to Mr. Robot.

The core part of freedom of expression lies in the capacity to imagine and converse unreservedly and to obtain knowledge from others in the course of various publication and civic discussion without any fear of punishment, limitation or suppression by the government. It is through freedom of expression that populace strengthens their morality and helps others to become moral and enlightened citizen. Derived from the Latin word ‘obscaenus’, obscenity can defined as any remark, comment or action that robustly offends the established integrity of time. As a legal term it refers to graphic depiction of people engaged in erotic & excretory activity. “Obscenity is a function of culture- a function in the mathematical sense, I mean, its value changing with that of the variables on which it depends”. Indecency is one term that is confused with obscenity, indecency includes anything that would be disgusting and revolting in the eyes of a decent man or women, indecency is a wider concept than obscenity, i.e. something, if it is obscene has to be indecent but indecency may be something which may not be obscene always, in the sense of tendency to corrupt the mind of the reader. In case the court succeeds in acknowledging the indicative function of obscene, it must then say that this type of communication is without constitutional value.

This research shows how network analysis of the Byzantine fresco themes on the murals of the Orthodox monasteries of Romania supports the cultural fame of their art. The frescos are a mix of folk and religious style and famous for the striking color of the pigments and the wealth of scenes depicted on the exterior murals. Using network science, I connect the monasteries based on how the fresco themes were transmitted from one monastery to another by the anonymous folk painters at the time and analyze this network. The analysis inputs the network of the UNESCO monasteries in the Northern Moldova region based on these shared fresco scenes and the centrality results show that one monastery in particular, named Voronet Monastery, also known in folklore as the “Sistine Chapel” of the East, is an actual central node of this “Byzantium after Byzantium” frescoes network. In this way, I demonstrate that a network depiction of the artistic influences in frescos supports the informal, folk names and the historical and cultural importance of Byzantium after Byzantium in the region.

This essay explores one very significant but for the most part forgotten milestone in the history of Zionism: the publication in 1876 of George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda and the nearly simultaneous publication of one section of the novel, nicknamed The Club Scene, that was widely disseminated in numerous periodicals throughout Europe. The Club Scene, informed by Charles Darwin’s recent publications as well as a much older tradition of racial theory, was a fictional depiction of a meeting of ‘The Philosopher’s Club” whose characters, particularly Mordecai, a Jewish mystic, suggested an intriguing new way of looking at the relationship between Christians and European Jews. It suggested a much more secular connection than had been widely envisioned before, downplaying religion as a sole motivating force for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in the east, and putting forward a joint restoration project that emphasized kindred races rather than kindred religions.

In the spring of 2015, I took my students of international trade law to visit the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Geneva. It was a two-day trip, organized around lectures and discussions with staff from different divisions of the organization, the Advisory Centre of WTO Law and the permanent missions of two countries. None of my students had been there before, and even though I had taught international trade law for several years, it was also my first time visiting the headquarters of the organization. We were excited and curious. The building looked big and majestic. The back side opened to a spacious park overlooking Lake Geneva. It made for a pleasant tour on a cool, sunny morning. The WTO was celebrating its 20th anniversary, and there were banners hanging from the walls in the internal atrium marking the occasion, as well as announcements of events to come. In our second session, we were led to a room with wooden panels and a colorful mural that spanned the four walls. It depicted industrial workers — strong men making a car, miners, shipbuilders, men using heavy equipment, but also women, seamstresses, teachers and a few children. In the center a bare-chested man between two goddess-like women was holding a torch. The mural struck me as an ode to work, to achievement and to emancipation. A tale of the human race transforming the world through physical and intellectual labor. The painting, by Dean Cornwell, reminded me of the frescos of Mexican artist Diego Rivera in its depiction of industrial workers, although this one had no reference to exploitation or the confrontation between capital and labor. It was an incredibly optimistic image of work and human progress. I was surprised to see a mural of workers in the WTO. The painting seemed not only vintage but also out of place. What was it doing here?

Roughly half of the U.S. public thinks that torture can be acceptable in counterterrorism. According to recent research, dramatic depictions of torture increase public support for the practice. Yet, we do not know how frequently—and in what context—torture is depicted across popular media. What messages about the acceptability and effectiveness of torture do Americans receive when they watch popular films? To address this question, we coded each incident of torture in the top 20 grossing films each year from 2008 to 2017 to analyze how torture is portrayed in terms of its frequency, efficacy, and social acceptability. Results show that the majority of popular films—including films aimed toward children—have at least one torture scene. Across films, the messages sent about torture are fairly consistent. As expected, movies tend to depict torture as effective. Further, how movies portray torture is also a function of who is perpetrating it. Specifically, protagonists are more likely to torture for instrumental reasons or in response to threats, and are more likely to do so effectively. In contrast, antagonists are more likely to use torture as punishment and to torture women. The frequency and nature of torture’s depiction in popular films may help explain why many in the public support torture in counterterrorism.

The “sharing” economy, and in particular the exchange of labor and services within it, is generating wide-spread attention from scholars. It has been celebrated as a disruption to current forms of labor and consumption. This depiction suggests a new, sui generis form of economy, which can and should be understood in and of itself, or at most, by its contrast with the current labor market in which workers are employees. Yet, I argue, emerging research on gender discrimination in the gig economy suggests that this understanding occludes a major feature of the gig economy — its operation in the shadow of the labor market and antidiscrimination law. In this Article, I argue that we should begin to consider the deeper relationship between the gig economy, the labor market, and antidiscrimination law. More specifically, I contend that inequality is learned: the labor market teaches gender inequality, these lessons are internalized by workers and reappear in the context of working in the gig economy. Therefore, I suggest that if we wish to mitigate gender discrimination for taskers in the gig economy, we must enhance antidiscrimination law for employees in the traditional labor market.

Two new books explore the many ways in which U.S. tax policies and tax systems have promoted social injustices and continue to do so. In RACIAL TAXATION, Camille Walsh provides a vivid depiction of the under-scrutinized fiscal history of elementary through secondary education in the United States, from the post-Reconstruction era until San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez. In OUR SELFISH TAX LAWS, Anthony Infanti details how existing U.S. Federal tax policies manifest problematic power structures that exclude and disadvantage many if not most taxpayers. Together, these books dissect a variety of flawed tax structures and reveal that tax discrimination grounded in race, gender, heteronormativity, differences in physical ability, and, pervasively, power dynamics, are not a malignant tumor on an otherwise healthy body, but rather are a systemic, pathological affliction on the entire U.S. fiscal state. This essay reviews Walsh’s and Infanti’s work, and builds on the authors’ rich historical and analytical contributions to ask: how can tax policy be reformed so that, rather than betraying and undermining the foundations of American democracy, it works to strengthen democratic institutions and their connection with members of a democratic society? I sketch some ways that democratic values could be injected into tax policymaking, starting with a broader conception of democratic accountability in the tax policymaking process, to move us towards the sort of inclusive tax policy that Walsh and Infanti show we have as yet failed to achieve.

The pervasive urbanization and technology advancement has almost destroyed the natural order that has caused Ecocide. Humanity is facing a hard time of climatic change and habitat destruction. Although the level of public awareness related to environmental issues has been increased yet this is not sufficient enough to regenerate the old balance of nature. Deterioration in the ecosystem is depicted in most of the Postmodern literature as a constant shift from natural to technological. The cities of today that boast of steel and glass skyscrapers, flyovers, signal towers and elevated freeways (that have greatly influenced nature and humanity) are in an artificial state of make-believe, chaos and doubt. Gibson’s Cyberpunk novel Neuromancer (1984) is an apt example of such kind of chaos, fragmentation, doubt and artificiality that pervades in our society. Neuromancer is a depiction of reality/artifice and natural/unnatural. It is a prophetic discourse of our own not too distant future. This study aims to depict that how Neuromancer represents the artificial and synthetic world of our times. The study is based upon a Postmodernist stance of Ecocide that aspires to signify the depiction of today’s world in the Cyberpunk literature through the novel Neuromancer. Thereof, it equally aims to highlight the significance of Cyberpunk as a Postmodernist genre of literature that is representative of the contemporary society.

This paper explores how technology, and specifically the application of social media, in the English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom is changing how language is taught. The paper begins with a depiction of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) and how technology has generally been employed in EFL classrooms in the past few decades. This critical appraisal, which provides the context for the paper, assesses how successfully technology has been viewed in relation to language teaching and learning and how it has developed up to the present day. The focus then moves to social media apps and mobile technology as a contemporary form of CALL. The discussion considers the ways in which social media is used in language classrooms and more importantly the things it can offer the EFL teacher and learner. Importantly, the paper concludes by proposing ways in which these types of technologies can be better incorporated across cultures and contexts to promote EFL teaching and learning.

The worldbuilding practices of science fiction authors have the potential to play a key role in society, given that they involve the design and depiction of complex, alternative realities set in the future. This potential is acknowledged by Transition Design--an emerging area of practice that melds futures-based narratives, foresight, and systems-thinking, amongst other disciplines. Transition Design goes beyond social innovation to envision radically new images of the future, and pathways towards more sustainable systemic states. To facilitate the design of and transition towards sustainable futures, this Major Research Paper introduces the Seven Foundations of Worldbuilding: a model that integrates a new superstructure of complex systems with backcasting methodology.

Machine-coded event datasets have become popular in conflict research. I argue that systematic media biases render news-based event data unsuitable for studying anti-government networks of insurgents and political parties. Insurgent networks are too secretive to be captured by media reports, whereas alliances among regular political parties are too constant to be considered newsworthy. I analyze the data accuracy of Metternich et al.’s (2013) network study of insurgents and political parties in Thailand, which is based on the most comprehensive event dataset currently available – the ICEWS project. Based on simple evaluation criteria, I show that most of the network data entries are incorrect, leading to a depiction of the networks that is unrelated to real-world cleavages in Thailand. While my hand-coded event dataset captures relatively more network-relevant information than ICEWS, the comparison confirms that journalists specifically underreport cooperative events among insurgents and parties. In addition, the ICEWS project provides unreliable counts of conflictual events in Thailand. Using alternative conflict measurements from the Deep South Watch dataset, and a dummy variable based on established periods of unrest, I show that violent activities in Thailand’s Deep South declined during periods of conflict between pro- and anti-Thaksin groups. Conflicts were unrelated to network fragmentation, contradicting Metternich et al.’s primary finding.

The researcher examines Wendell Berry’s The Long-Legged House (1969) and addresses his engagement with the interlocking bonds between ecological degradation and socioeconomic, psychological, and spiritual disorientations through literature; the researcher also explores Berry's critiques of the dynamics and implications of environmental racism along with his depiction of his locale, concepts of home and community, history, mythology, tradition, , and the vivisectional imperatives of capitalism and imperialism that have wreaked havoc upon his home place. These contested terrains have suffered the ramifications of environmental discrimination, which targets them for toxic strip-mining projects. Throughout this paper, the researcher essentially applies environmental-justice approaches, but also refers to theories of global capitalism, and deep ecology, as they are all intertwined through their search for alternative forms of eco-resistance. Hence, I build on critiques by such scholars as Murphy, Buell, Cornell, and Roach, among others, to provide the ideological, hermeneutical, socio-political, and aesthetic filters through which the nonfiction essay can be given fresh and original examinations. This theoretical synthesis cements my corroboration that global capitalism and maldevelopment go hand in hand with imperialism and androcentrism, constituting an intricate nexus of hegemonies.

Much has been written about the objection originally formulated by Piero Sraffa to the use of production functions and aggregate capital and of the disputes that ensued, but there seems to be no systematic explanation in one place of why this objection is crucial to the foundations of economic theory and why the various attempts to escape it fail. This paper is an attempt provide one. First, it presents the reasoning of the objection and shows how the arguments against it are either fallacious or too restricted to be useful. Second, it shows how technical progress and international trade give two more reasons for the same objection, which, though logically independent, only became apparent because of the first. From these it follows that neither technical progress nor international trade can be plausibly described or explained if capital goods are not treated as heterogeneous goods manufactured with the use of capital goods. This leads to a more realistic depiction of technical progress as the outcome of the R&D of competing firms. (For brevity, government activities are left out.) The implications for international trade are described briefly. This paper is not a survey; it is confined to the minimum needed to establish its contentions. Its discussion of the disputes has mostly been said before, but it covers some gaps that seem to have been overlooked. It adds to the discussion in that the disputes did not take up the implications of technical progress and international trade.

David Matsumoto and Linda Juang’s depiction of the concepts is awry, as in, the authors identify etics as the universal aspects of psychological processes and emics as the means peoples of differing cultures implement these processes. The contention of this paper there is there has been limited success in obtaining empirical evidence to advance the idea of a universal psychology. Therefore, in considering cross-cultural comparisons, a more valuable approach is to consider the indigenous psychology of a people, as an emic approach from “bottom up” perspective to minimize an observer’s cultural bias or ethnocentricity. Whereas etics is a means to engender a universal psychology derived from cross-cultural comparisons of indigenous psychologies in an attempt to reveal psychological universals.

The present study was aimed at exploring moral development in children from low socioeconomic status by identifying them at the different levels of moral development given by Kohlberg. It also strived to understand factors that are associated with moral development in children belonging to that strata. The sample selected was thirty­ eight students from eighth grade enrolled under Teach for India classroom, an organisation catering to children from economically deprived families. Out of the thirty­ eight students, seven were selected through their responses to a personal questionnaire, for a case study to probe the contextual factors contributing to their moral development. The measures used in the study were Heinz dilemma as developed by Kohlberg (1971), analysis of pictorial depiction of familial environment by children, personalised questions to complete statements such as “I am__, I can__, I have__”, and unstructured interview. The results demonstrated that children from low socioeconomic strata were at a higher stage of moral development than expected from Kohlberg’s model. This shows that the children are capable of reaching the highest stage of moral development, which Kohlberg asserted was rare even for adults to reach. The contextual factors found associated with this expedited development were emotions of gratitude and empathy, strong peer and parental support systems, education and moral discussions in the class under the Teach for India format, and presence of role models. The study has implications for moral integration in classrooms and controlling crime rates that happen as a result of moral deprivation.

This short note discusses the position of law relating to online child pornography as it stood in March 2017. It briefly discusses and differentiates between criminal liability for the depiction of child pornography on the internet under the Information Technology Act and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO). It also touches on intermediary liability under both acts. Noting the broad, strict nature of the legislative framework, the note critiques the lack of enforcement mechanisms under both acts.

Gender discriminatory discourses and practices have been a worldwide concern. The present paper addresses a major feature of gender depiction in the Moroccan English as a Foreign Language (EFL) textbooks officially approved by the Ministry of Education and compulsory for high school students. Adopting a feminist theoretical approach, the study has quantitatively and qualitatively processed the gendered dialogues along with the related illustrations embedded in four EFL Moroccan textbooks, in addition to the gender roles assumed throughout different contexts (occupational/family roles, interests, activities). The textbooks were selected on the basis of their common themes and the different publication dates, starting from 1990 to 2005. The main aim is to see whether the English textbook designers adopt a gender-based approach as a preliminary initiative for pedagogical innovation, or they implicitly and explicitly use them to disseminate discriminatory discourses. The study reveals that women’s positive representation is persistently deteriorated in the Moroccan EFL textbooks. This stands against all steps towards pedagogical innovation and reinforces the traditional gender ideology. It suggests the urgent need for more pedagogical improvement at the level of gender representation in the Moroccan EFL textbooks. More importantly, is the need for all teacher training centres to prepare new teacher generations ready to use sexist texts constructively. The results’ implication is instrumental to the learning materials’ revision. It is also useful for all English language practitioners, textbook designers, and pedagogical experts addressing the challenge of adopting a gender-based approach as a way to open all avenues for pedagogical innovation.

Social diseases, incompetent governments and the effeminate existence of the Arab person are recurrent themes in Zakaria Tamer’s Sour Grapes (2000). Set in a fictitious Syrian neighbourhood, the stories of the collection Sour Grapes identify the bans and boundaries burdening contemporary Arab life. By presenting the unusual and the nonsensical, Tamer highlights not only the socio-political and economic problems but the impact of the various social customs and inaccurate interpretations of religious teachings on gender roles and on all that burdens the sheer existence of the Arab individual. The novelist does not name a figure or a regime but compels his reader to question the quality of existence in a working class Arab neighbourhood. Written in (2000), the collection foresees the inevitability of an Arab uprising, which was to take place ten years later. Unlike the stereotypical observations of many orientalists, Tamer’s Sour Grapes takes his readers through the narrow alleys of Queiq, introducing them to the Arab layman. Through the characters’ defiance or their commitment to the social bans and religious prohibitions, Tamer discloses the deep crisis in the Arab social fabric. Through textual analysis and the explanation of inherited bans and boundaries, this paper highlights Tamer’s clever use of the ridiculous to demonstrate how dictators are instated in most aspects of Arab life. This paper looks deeply into some of Tamer’s short stories to explain what lies between the lines and the ideas behind Tamer’s depiction of the bizarre and the peculiar to demonstrate how the powerful people in an Arab society thrive at the expense of the simple Arab person and his culture.

McCloskey’s Bourgeois Equality explains the Great Enrichment of man beginning in the early 19th century as being caused by what we refer to as a “combustible combination” of ideas, institutions, and commercial practices. Economic growth for McCloskey is not just a function of the security of property rights, as her critique of Douglass North’s depiction of the Glorious Revolution indicates, but the increasing the scope of market exchange brought about by the spread of Bourgeois ideas. The ability of a society to realize the gains from productive specialization and mutually beneficial exchange, as well as the benefits of peaceful social cooperation among diverse peoples is made possible only through the adoption of ideas that legitimate and institutions that recognize the universal dignity to commercial practices such as capital accumulation, trade, and entrepreneurship.

Widespread concerns around the privacy impact of online technologies have corresponded with the rise of fly-on-the-wall television documentaries and public-by-default social media forums allowing parallel commentary. Although information about children has traditionally been regarded by society, law and regulation as deserving of particular protection, popular documentaries such as Channel 4’s ‘The Secret Life of 4, 5 and 6 year olds’ raise the question as to whether such protections are being deliberately or inadvertently eroded in this technological ‘always-on’ online age.‘The Secret Life of 5 Year Olds’ is an example of the public depiction of young children alongside scientific and medical commentary designed for popular appeal and the encouragement of real-time interaction over Twitter by the publication of a hashtag. According to Channel 4, the programme eavesdrops on the children’s ‘secret world’.The paper first describes the series and the results of an analysis of related Twitter interaction. It will consider responses to freedom of information requests sent to the public bodies involved in the series (Channel 4 and the bodies associated with the scientists and clinician providing the commentary) with the aim of establishing the ethical considerations given to the involvement of the children in the series. The paper goes onto explore the privacy law context; the wider child law issues, the position of parents/carers and impact of broadcast codes; and considers if lessons can be learned from how decisions in the medical context have dealt with issues of best interests in decision-making and in disclosure of information concerning the child. Finally, the paper considers whether additional legal and ethical safeguards are needed to ensure that the best interests of children are properly considered when images and information are exposed on broadcast and social media.

The pro-suffrage campaign to elevate the Oriental female did not give emphasis to Arab women; however, they were vividly presented in religious literature and romances of a religious nature. The inferior position and the victimisation of Arab women, attributed to Islam, delivered a political and a religious message that helped steer the Victorian reader’s opinion towards a desired effect. The paper will focus on the image of the Arab woman in some of these publications to highlight that the use of the biblical element of the Middle East was employed to reinforce Christianity and combat Ottomans. The image of the victimised Arab woman also prepared the public for a future military involvement in the Middle East. The paper suggests that the Victorian depiction of the Arab female may well be the precursor of present-day use of Islam-phobic slogans that trigger sorrow easily transformed into anger at the men, culture and the religion that victimise women.

“Antislavery Women and the Origins of American Jurisprudence" is an essay review of Sarah Roth's Gender and Race in Antebellum Popular Culture (Cambridge University Press, 2014). It assesses Roth's account of the dialog between antislavery and proslavery writers. Roth finds that the antislavery and proslavery writers were joined in their depiction of enslaved people in the 1820s and early 1830s -- as savage people who threatened rebellion. But as antislavery writers shifted to portray enslaved people as humble citizens-in-waiting, the proslavery writers responded with an image of the plantation as a family. This critique turns to southern judges and treatise writers to provide a slightly different picture, which shows that while the public face of the proslavery movement may have been of happy enslaved people, the hard-nosed economic and legal side continued with the initial image of enslaved people. This became particularly salient as the south moved towards Civil War. Roth perceptively portrays the shift in the North that led to increasing calls for African American freedom and citizenship and the rise of empirical critiques of law, which became central to post-war jurisprudence. That is, the antislavery white women in Roth's study injected empirical as well as humanitarian considerations into jurisprudence. Meanwhile, in the southern courts the reaction to calls for citizenship resulted in increasingly dramatic efforts to deny citizenship -- and ultimately in a secession movement along the lines sketched by southern legal thinkers.

The use of personal connections to gain preferential access to goods and services and circumvent formal procedures exists in all countries to varying degrees. In this paper, the aim is to evaluate critically the continuing widespread positive depiction of this practice as a form of friendly help. Studying the health services sector in the city of Mykolayiv in Ukraine, this practice known as blat, widely used in Soviet societies to gain access to goods and services, is shown to persist in post-Soviet market societies but to have transformed. Those possessing connections and access to health services now increasingly view such access-assets as commodities to sell rather than provide them as non-monetised friendly favours. The outcome is a call for blat to be re-theorised more negatively as an exemplar of the darker side of social capital, and for a policy shift from doing nothing to seeking its eradication., Studies of Transition States and Societies, Vol 7, No 2 (2015)

What is the place of international civil servants in international law? How much do they contribute to making the legal norms and institutions that govern states? To what extent does law sustain and constrain their authority? These important and difficult questions are raised, directly and indirectly, by several recent works that examine the life and legacy of Dag Hammarskjold, the second and arguably most influential Secretary-General of the United Nations. While serving in that capacity during the crucial years of 1953-1961, at the height of the Cold War and decolonization and perhaps the most formative period of UN history, Hammarskjold was intimately involved in the formulation of several legal innovations that have since become staples of UN activity, including preventive diplomacy and peacekeeping. Yet he has also been accused, both during his lifetime and more recently, of expanding the authority of his own office to the detriment of democratic government. Reflecting on these works, this review essay argues that the authority of international civil servants should be understood and analysed as operating through three distinct yet interconnected modalities of discourse and practice: legal, moral, and expert. By giving due attention to all three modalities, a more accurate picture may be formed of the conditions under which international civil servants are able to govern, and their relationship to international law. Moreover, a comprehensive account of the authority exercised by international civil servants must take account of how they respond to any tensions that may arise between their bases of authority, as well as their shifting relations with other ‘global governors.’

עניינה של רשימה זו הוא התבוננות באופן שבו השופטת אילה פרוקצ'יה משרטטת את מתארן של סוגיות דת ומדינה ופוסקת בהן. התבוננות כזו חושפת תבנית המהווה מודל ישים להתייחסות שיפוטית וחוץ שיפוטית לסוגיות אלה. נקודת המוצא המוצעת כאן היא כי קריאה מיטבית של טקסטים שיפוטיים כוללת רכיב של עיסוק פואטי.

The main purpose of this paper is to show discrepancy between the political image in the international arena of the XVIIIth-century and XIXth-century rulers: Russian Empress Catherine II and the Prussian Iron Chancellor Otto von Bismark, as well as a more arcane political figure in European politics: Polish XIXth-century governor – Aleksander Wielopolski. I will first present the depiction of Catherine II, her enlightenment policy and real ones. Then, I will precede to the depiction of Aleksander Wielopolski as a reformer of the Russian partition of Poland, an administrator and a major traitor. Finally, I will present the political idolized image of Otto von Bismark, especially popular in Western History, and his real politics.

This article focuses on culture and rule of law in Indonesia, which provides an excellent case study in colonialism and post-colonialism. The colonial heritage of Indonesia goes back to the early 1500’s until independence was declared in August 1945. This Earth of Mankind by Pramoedya Ananta Toer is an appropriate text because it concerns the struggle of a Native Indonesian with various colonial institutions at the turn of the 19th Century through the eyes of an author who lived through colonial rule, Japanese occupation, and liberation. This article begins with a framework for analysis of the cultural imaginary based on recent work of Desmond Manderson. He identified three methods for law and literary analysis: the mimetic, the romantic and modernism. After summarizing the method of analysis, the article will outline two main tenets for assessing the rule of law. The third section applies the methods and the rule of law standards to the narrative in This Earth of Mankind. It will show that the colonialism’s use of law, at least from the perspective of the colonized, was inconsistent with core tenets of rule of law. It also shows that the narrative includes persuasive arguments critical of colonial rule of law. More importantly, it will show that the narrative provides a more nuanced depiction of law and colonialism, including a showing that non-colonial practices were even less consistent with rule of law and that colonialism empowered the colonized so as to promote the rule of law, although without success in the narrative. The third section ends with a few comments about historical context for the narrative, before turning to the conclusion.

In this chapter I examine Fairly Legal, the first North American prime-time television series focused on mediation. Through thick description I explore the similarities and differences between the dispute resolution literature's understanding of mediation and how mediation is portrayed on Fairly Legal, concluding that television's depiction does not comport with the mediation literature, theory, or best practices. Fairly Legal may lead scholars to question whether it is appropriate in real life to sidestep proper mediation practice to obtain just, good results for disputing parties.

The Laws is often read as Plato’s most political work, in which he departs from the imaginative abstractions of the Republic and offers his more sober reflections on the proper political framework for a real city. Against this interpretation, I argue that the Laws, like the Republic, is primarily about soulcraft or character education. As such, we cannot look to the Laws’ city in speech for direct insight into Plato’s practical political reasoning; it functions rather as a heuristic device, much like in the Republic. Through careful attention to the dramatic framing of the dialogue, the Laws emerges not as a vessel for conveying Plato’s blueprint for an actual city, but as a depiction of one man’s attempt to awaken the passion for learning in two old men from what he calls an "armed camp (στρατόπeδον)" — a place that, unlike a city, never enjoys any luxuries like festivals or other forms of leisure but rather is always preparing for war against foreigners (666e). Read in this light, it becomes clear that one of Plato’s central intentions in the dialogue is to convey the importance of cross-cultural engagement. Though the stasis characterizing a regime isolated from the outside world seems to allow for the protection of its good elements, such isolation stifles the spirit of learning and thus detracts from the regime’s goodness. In such cases, it takes the voice of a foreigner to awaken the dormant passion for wisdom. Ultimately, my interpretation of the Laws as offering a dramatic representation of the epistemological benefits of cross-cultural engagement not only challenges traditional readings of the dialogue as Plato’s most political work, but also the commonplace view of Plato as xenophobic.

Are prosecutors violating individuals’ constitutional rights by prosecuting legal sexual activity under child pornography statutes? While many are under the impression that child pornography falls into the category of “unprotected free speech,” I argue that, based on the Supreme Court's holding in U.S. v. Stevens, 130 S.Ct. 1577 (2010), child pornography is not a category of unprotected free speech but falls under the category of “speech integral to criminal conduct.” Meaning, the speech – depiction of sexual activity – must be integral to criminal conduct. Based on the Supreme Court’s holding in New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747 (1982), child abuse is the criminal conduct that child pornography is integral. The focus of this comment is the filming of legal sexual activity that meets state statutes’ definition of child pornography. A number of states have a gap between the legal age of consent and the age at which constitutes child pornography. This gap allows individuals to perform sexual activity, but if the individuals film the sexual activity, they will be violating child pornography statutes. I suggest that the depictions of this legal sexual activity do not meet the definition of child pornography as discussed by the Supreme Court in Ferber, since the depictions are not integral to the abuse of children.

Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal are the most important pleadings decisions the Supreme Court has ever issued. Yet the voluminous commentary on these decisions has tended to gloss over the complicated genealogy of the Court's pleadings decisions from Conley v. Gibson to today. In particular, a number of under-appreciated cases, including Associated General, Papasan, and Broudo, laid foundation for the breakout Twombly decision. Commentary has further tended to elide subsequent cases, which appear to move away from Twombly and Iqbal, at least in result. We map Twombly and Iqbal, along with their progenitors and their progeny, over time. Our depiction reveals that, prior to 2005, the Court maintained a relatively consistent adherence to very liberal pleading, with one outlier (Papasan), which was not cited during this time. From 2005 to 2009, the Court's pleading standards became stricter. Twombly resurrected Papasan and questioned many of the prior decisions, and Iqbal represents the nadir of pleading liberality. The one outlier is Erickson, which is potentially distinguishable as a pro se case. In 2011, however, the Court seemed to relax pleading again, upholding complaints in two cases, Matrixx and Skinner. Skinner even cited to the 2002 case of Swierkiewicz but not to either Twombly or Iqbal.This map is a single-page version of a more extended and traditional article available here: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2422160.A video presentation derived from the same mapping software is available on Vimeo as #89845875.

Joseph Weiler’s 1991 article, The Transformation of Europe (TOE), was undoubtedly a landmark in European legal scholarship, but it also marked a watershed in its author’s own approach to the European project. European legal scholarship was never the same after TOE, but nor was Joseph Weiler’s contribution to that body of scholarship. In some ways, a shift in perspective is to be expected. TOE was an agenda-reshaping piece, and it is only natural that its author should follow the new agenda that he did so much to set. That is one part of the story. However, I believe that it is also the case that the author gradually came to understand the new agenda to be less relevant, or less ‘actionable’ than previously he had, and in any case less central, either because the world had simply moved on yet again in new and unpredictable ways, or, perhaps, because the agenda had never been as open as he once believed. In this retrospective comment, I explore both parts of the story. I examine what they tell us about the evolving character of supranational Europe as a political project and also as a field of inquiry, and how this movement is both reflected in and touched by the thought of one of the leading jurists of the age. In particular, I examine Weiler's post-TOE thesis of political Messianism as a way of accounting for both the early success and the recent loss of momentum of the EU. And in introducing the metaphor of the 'half-life' as the characteristic of an entity in irreversible decline, I address the following issues: whether and to what extent Weilers' views on the trajectory of Supranational Europe are consistent with such a metaphorical depiction; precisely what such a depiction entails in terms of the EU's prognosis; and how this approach might be challenged.

In the past five decades, the concept of intertextuality has motivated several questions in Literary Criticism and in other fields such as Textual Linguistics and Discourse Analysis. Many of the answers proposed for those questions are based on an aesthetic and discursive approach. However, intertextuality can be studied from a broader perspective, that is, it can be seen as a concrete manifestation of cognitive principles, abilities and operations that underlie the phenomenon. The present essay aims at (1) understanding the basic social-cognitive principles that underlie intertextuality, (2) identifying which Cognitive Psychology theory allows the depiction of the basic cognitive operations implied in different manifestations of intertextuality, especially in paintings and lyrics and (3) identifying which theoretical categories of Textual Linguistics and Discourse Analysis (i.e., characters, narrator, enunciator, enunciatee, etc.) are fundamental in the analysis of intertextuality.

This chapter focuses on how rationality and irrationality of the SS camp guards was not engendered or as solidified solely under Nazi doctrine as often idealized in Goebbels’ escapist film and radio productions; rather the guards’ rationality/irrationality practices in this liminal state often fell far short of the stringent standards promoted in state depiction of the conceptualized SS man. The rationality of the SS relied on a two fold justification; first, the collective social knowledge of alleged crimes by the Jews against the state, and second, the significance of honor as encapsulated by the Fuhrerprinzip.

This paper examines The Wire’s use of education and elections in Season Four to de-mystify American civic national identity. The paper begins by making the case for Baltimore as an "imagined community" which is emblematic of daily life in the United States. It then considers the ways that the series challenges constitutive national myths in its treatment of educational and electoral institutions at the intersection of the drug trade and the state. From the perspective of comparative studies of nationalism, the particular combination of education, elections, and law enforcement is intriguing. Education and elections are quintessential modernizing forces bound up with the articulation of nationalist doctrines and the state’s invention of nations. The failure of each to produce their intended effects also indicts the nationalizing projects that they purportedly serve. The paper concludes that Baltimore presents a familiar picture for those with an eye for comparative politics in its depiction of the often competing logics of nation and institution-building in post-colonial republics.

This paper will journey through the stages of which the media through film has depicted people with disabilities. While every movie-maker has the creative freedom of making a film, certain aspects such as media portrayal of disabilities of movies cannot and should not go unchecked. The author has highlighted how this can be tackled by the intervention of law through censor boards. The Indian Censor Board with this respect has been analyzed and the author has provided how this responsible body can play a larger role, whilst remembering the creative freedoms movie-makers are endowed with. Few popular movies in both Hollywood and Bollywood have been discussed to throw more light on the kind of depictions and a basic study has been mentioned on how there is a change in studying disabilities as a subject.

The 2011 NYCEDC Innovation Index provides an analytical,comprehensive depiction of innovation activity in New York City. The data presented in this year’s Index and subsequent updates will 120 inform policies geared to unleash New York City’s enormous potential for innovation.The NYCEDC Innovation Index offers a new approach to innovation measurement in two respects. First, it is focused solely on New York City. Second, it tracks innovation activity over time to uncover its trends and characteristics.

In its most recent examination of the Voting Rights Act, the Supreme Court told a story about the South. Although the Court ultimately did not rule on the continued constitutionality of § 5, the VRA provision that singles out certain jurisdictions with a history of racially discriminatory voting practices for additional regulation, its opinion expressed significant doubt that the measure was still justified. In this tale of progress and redemption, the Court concluded that “things have changed in the South.”One body of commentary that was not considered in this story was the region’s literature. Yet many of these works, in particular the novels of William Faulkner, address some of the same thematic and sociological concerns that animate § 5. Specifically, Faulkner’s novels explore the power of memory in the South and the ongoing influence of the past on present actions and attitudes. In his depiction of the burden of memory, Faulkner suggests a distinct role for § 5 that policymakers and commentators should consider in the debate over its continued necessity. Rather than punishing the sons for the sins of the fathers, the provision can be seen as targeting the independent concern of a past-haunted society and the uncertain results which the unchecked power of memory can produce in the present. This Article explores how Faulkner’s novels can contribute to a better understanding of the role § 5 serves in the modern South and thus inform the debate over whether the law remains constitutional. In doing so, it also considers the role literature can play in legal analysis beyond the uses typically identified by the law and literature movement.

The concept of the EU as a “normative power” combines two fundamental claims. The first of these claims is about the EU’s preferences, the idea that the EU is normatively different from other international actors and constituted by a commitment to certain constitutional norms. The second claim is about the nature of EU power, which is determined not by material power resources (military or economic), but primarily by the ability to define what passes for “normal” in world politics. While this perspective has proven influential in recent years among both scholars and practitioners, it has also been challenged by a growing body of scholarship questioning the heroic depiction of the Union as an inherently normative power, pure in motivation and noncoercive in its behavior. Across a range of issue-areas frequently considered to be “normative” in character, these scholars suggest that material interests, and material power resources, are at least as significant as normative factors in shaping the EU's foreign policy and its influence in global politics.

Have you ever known a version of the Cinderella story without her wicked stepmother and stepsisters conspiring against her? Have you ever heard the story of Snow White without the jealous queen presenting her with challenge after challenge? Would the Sleeping Beauty even have a story without the curse of an angry fairy? Various components of the fairy tale narrative are open to revision; but, without the wicked stepmother, the jealous queen, or the angry fairy, the plot of these fairy tales cannot progress. Historically, the evil female character plays a central role in the fairy tale narrative, active since the earliest documentation of the tales in Western Europe. Why did it come to the earliest tellers of the fairy tale to illustrate evil for their young audiences in the form of a female? What external forces caused the negative characterization of the powerful female in the fairy tale genre? Why is the surrogate mother figure of the fairy tale ascribed with an evil nature? The female villain of the fairy tale is jealous and vain, self-interested and active. Who is similar to her figure, but is documented prior to her appearance in fairy tale literature? In what narrative did the association between the female and the principle of evil originate?Of course, the stories of Medea, Danae, Cupid and Psyche all come to mind as potential predecessors to the characters of Cinderella’s wicked stepmother and the evil queen in “Snow White.” The parallel becomes disturbingly clear in the stories of Pandora and Eve – the earliest characters that personify evil through the female form. Furthermore, both Pandora and Eve contribute to the many associations between the female and evil in forms beyond the religious myth. These stories of the first female entry into human life describe the first believable assertion that woman poses a tangible, distinct threat to the male’s morality and welfare. Eve and Pandora, both created as man’s companion, unleash upon mankind vice and evil. Similar to the religious myths of Eve and Pandora, the female villain characters of the fairytale present the male character of Prince Charming with the central obstacle in his journey to marriage. Rather than denying their urges to act in obedience to the laws given to them, Eve, Pandora, Cinderella’s wicked stepmother, the vain queen of “Snow White,” and the angry fairy that curses the baby princess all succumb to their individual desires; but, their wicked actions are committed in hopes of upholding male expectation. The wicked deeds of these women are, in fact, acts of desperation. Although each of these female characters strives to uphold male expectation, when she actually executes male expectation, she immediately becomes a source of active evil. Despite the ways in which the entertaining fairy tale plots of “Cinderella,” “Snow White,” and “Sleeping Beauty” differ from the creation stories of Pandora and Eve, all partake in an unforgiving narrative of a powerful female. Pandora, Eve, and the evil fairy tale female each personify and release evil within their relative stories; however, each of these women acts out of a deeper motive that is rarely shared with the audience. Although her actions are evil, her motives are not as self-interested as they may seem. Under her wicked exterior, this female character’s malicious nature is a result of her struggle to maintain the expectations of a central male character. This Article discusses the way in which the figures of the mythical first females- Pandora and Eve- ultimately steered the characterization of evil female fairy tale characters, like Cinderella’s wicked stepmother, Snow White’s jealous stepmother queen, and the angry 13th fairy who curses Sleeping Beauty. This Article argues that the legacy of Eve and Pandora shape the characterization of the villainous figure of the fairy tale due to an ongoing but underlying process of patriarchalization. Part I examines the earliest representation of the female in religious myth – the Mother Goddess of Ancient Mesopotamia. This section discusses the way in which the once empowered female deity is deconstructed to create weaker, negative personifications of female power, as shown in the Greek myth of Pandora and the Christian myth of Eve. Part II discusses the way in which the earliest of fairy tale narratives adopted religious motifs, including the motif of the evil and powerful female. Part III extracts and compares the various evil female characters of the fairy tale, as first depicted by Giambattista Basile in Pentamerone (1636) and later in Charles Perrault’s Histoires ou Contes du Temps passe (1697), in the stories of “Cinderella,” “Snow White,” and “Sleeping Beauty.” Part IV argues that the way in which the early motifs of religious myths have been repeatedly adopted by fairy tale literature illustrates an ongoing process of acculturating young females to social constructs of gender identity. Part V concludes with a discussion of the way in which contemporary authors in film and television are attempting to break with the common depiction of evil through the form of the powerful female figure and offers examples from ABC’s series Desperate Housewives and Spanish Director Pedro Almodovar’s 2002 film Habla con Ella (Talk to Her).

This paper questions the depiction of the liberal peace consensus as one constituted by a liberal-conservative, state-centric discourse and an emancipatory, socio-centric one. It contends that making a distinction between state-centrism and statism reveals a shared statist predisposition of conservative, liberal and emancipatory peacebuiding, while it sheds light on some aspects of the shift from peacebuilding to statebuilding. It also attributes emancipatory peacebuilding's “statist sociocentrism” to a Marxist-instrumentalist heritage, and caracterizes new critiques of liberal peace as proponents of either a post-liberal sociocentrism or a critical statecentrism.

This paper will explore the weapon-like character of the language of two formerly epic heroes in a tragic context. If the epic tradition mostly displays heroes in a proper, harmonious relationship to their weapons, in tragedies very often this relationship seems perverted and problematic.The importance given by Sophocles to language in shaping his characters has been stressed by the scholarship, especially by C. Segal and N. Worman. However, I have found no discussion of the obvious correspondence between the hero’s weapon, as a concentrate of his identity, and his speech. This new perspective sheds light on several problematic passages in Sophocles’ Aias and Philoctetes. In this paper I will mainly focus on the reading of two passages: Aias 646-692, and Phil. 201-209.Ajax is considered to have given up his true physis in his so-called “deception speech” (Aias 646-692), taking over an Odyssean style of using words to modify reality and obtain results according to one’s wish. I will argue that the “deception speech” is more defensive than deceptive; it is Ajax’ last use of his metaphoric “shield”. As in the Homeric depiction of Ajax’ shield, the layers are impressive because of their impenetrable hardness, and not because of a meaning/story which transcends the concrete object (as it happens with Achilles’ shield). This is the last – and successful, as always – occurrence of the shield in his life. Ajax does not intend to manipulate the audience into a certain direction – the chorus’ disproportionate joy seems to be caused more by the chorus’ own interpretation and expectations than by Ajax’ intentions. By his use of enigmatic metaphors and philosophical sententiae, Ajax rather seeks to place a necessary distance between him and the others using language as a barrier, as a herkos.Similarly, Philoctetes’ shrieks (sharp and flying far, like arrows) define him since his first spectacular appearance in the tragedy (Phil. 201-209); later, they reach and win over Neoptolemus. As such, Philoctetes’ voice of pain is the only one true (Phil. 205). Throughout the play, language itself is questioned since nobody convinces anybody through discursive, articulate speech. Paradoxically, then, the inarticulate yells of the half-savage Philoctetes are able to communicate his pain better than any speech. Such a reading reverses N. Worman’s view of the wild Philoctetes: a “barrier to communication” (2000: 20), which is finally healed by “conversational cure.” (2000: 28-29). The “barrier to communication” belongs inversely to Odysseus and Ajax, the latter being “cured” of his incommunicativeness by the contact with Philoctetes’ almost beastlike suffering.Therefore, Ajax and Philoctetes are both drifted heroic figures in tragedy, seeking for a new meaning of their weapons, in an unfamiliar context. The contrasting analysis of the two heroes’ representative ways of speech reveals a similar Sophoclean technique and reopens the debate on the dialogue between the two plays.BibliographyScullion, S. (1993), Three Studies in the Athenian Dramaturgy (Stuttgart and Leipzig).Segal, C. (1995), Sophocles’ Tragic World: Divinity, Nature, Society (Cambridge, MA and London).________ (1981), Tragedy and Civilization. An Interpretation of Sophocles (Cambridge, MA, & London).Worman, N. (2001), ‘The Herkos Achaion Transformed: Character Type and Spatial Meaning in the Ajax’, CP 96.________ (2000), ‘Infection in the Sentence: the Discourse of Disease in Sophocles’ Philoctetes’, Arethusa 33.

In his comments on Lucan’s treatment of Curio at B.C. 4.581-824, Fred Ahl writes that the narrative is “key to the entire epic” (1972, p. 1000, cf. Saylor 1982). Curio’s defeat is certainly a marked moment in the text – not only does it further demonstrate the decay of Roman power and mores, but, in including a description of the wrestling match between Hercules and the African giant Antaeus, the narrative also contains one of only two extended mythological excurses in Bellum Civile (the other is the description of Medusa at 9.619ff.). The story of Hercules’ victory over Antaeus is juxtaposed with Curio’s defeat in a way that suggests we are to read them in light of one another. Accordingly, correspondences between the two scenes and the characters themselves have been proposed and discussed with varying conclusions as to who represents whom (e.g., Saylor 1982, Thompson and Bruere 1970, Grimal 1949). In contrast to this approach, I argue that Lucan deliberately confuses the correlations between the mythic narrative and Curio’s defeat, and in doing so, he denies us the satisfaction of interpreting Curio’s struggle in light of the myth. Lucan even uses Curio, who hears the story from a Libyan local and then subsequently misinterprets it, as an example of the “misreading” of the mythic tale within the context of civil war (B.C. 4.661-5). In the end, both Curio and Juba fail to measure up fully to either Hercules or Antaeus, who belong to a remote and unattainable mythic tradition. Lucan’s depiction of Hercules and Antaeus in itself emphasizes this distance. Not only does the wrestling match contain many comic elements and quickly devolves into a paradox (B.C. 4.646-9), but Lucan explicitly models the match on Ovid’s Hercules and Achelous (Met. 9.1-88, esp. 9.32-61). Lucan’s gestures toward the Ovidian model imbue the narrative with hints of parody that further complicate any attempts to take the description seriously. Curio and Juba fare even worse. Both vacillate between representing either Hercules or Antaeus at different points in the narrative (B.C. 4.723, 748, 754-58), and their battle concludes with a paradoxical outcome of its own: Curio’s men, surrounded and packed the enemy into a tight circle, wound and kill themselves with their own weapons (B.C. 4.779-7). Unlike their mythic counterparts, neither Curio nor Juba are victores: Curio’s army is the instrument of its own defeat and a re-enactment of Rome’s act of turning the sword inward upon her own viscera through civil war (in sua victrici conversum viscera dextra B.C. 1.3). Lucan’s treatment of myth in this episode certainly gives new meaning to the commonplace idea that one of Lucan’s stylistic goals is to “out-Ovid Ovid.” Insofar as Ovid’s own often flippant adaptations of myth, especially in the Metamorphoses, are a reaction to the serious historicizing treatment of Vergil, Lucan takes the process one step further by even more explicitly severing the bonds between myth and history. In the Bellum Civile, myth itself is ridiculous, but even more so is the historical truth that has been defined by and arisen from civil war and Caesar’s ascent to power. Select Bibliography Ahl, F. 1972. “Hercules and Curio: Some Comments on Pharsalia IV, 581-824. Latomus 31: 997-1009. ______. 1976. Lucan: An Introduction. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, NY. Grimal, P. 1949. “L’Episode d’Antee dans la Pharsale.” Latomus 8: 55-61. Martindale, C. 1981. “Lucan’s Hercules: Padding or Paradigm? A Note on De Bello Civili 4.589-660” Symbolae Osloenses 56: 71-80. Phillips, O.C. 1962. The Influence of Ovid on Lucan’s Bellum Civile. Diss. University of Chicago. Saylor, C. 1982. “Curio and Antaeus: The African Episode of Lucan Pharsalia IV.” TAPA 112: 169-77. Thompson, L. and R.T. Bruere. 1970. “The Vergilian Background to Lucan’s Fourth Book.” CP 65: 152-72.