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The prevalence of pay transparency has grown in recent years, yet there is limited empirical evidence regarding its potential motivational benefits and costs relative to pay secrecy. Using an experiment, our study investigates the effect of pay transparency on employee motivation while considering two important aspects of the context in which relative pay information is typically provided. 1) Pay transparency reveals pay dispersion which can have different causes: performance-related (endogenous) and non-performance-related (exogenous). 2) Pay transparency is embedded in a broader information environment that often includes relative performance information. Drawing on theory of social comparison and distributive fairness, we predict and find that ultimately the effect of pay transparency on employee motivation depends on the information that pay transparency reveals. Specifically, rather than finding a positive motivational benefit of transparency as anecdotal and initial research evidence suggest, we instead find there are either no meaningful positive motivational benefits or even negative motivational effects of providing pay transparency. By highlighting organizational and environmental factors that influence the effectiveness of pay transparency, our study provides insights on the potential benefits and costs of pay transparency, and thus adds value to the on-going debate over pay transparency versus pay secrecy.

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) said the situation in India was a "devastating reminder" of what the coronavirus could do. India shifts from mass vaccine exporter to importer, worrying the world. Every country needs to vaccinate its citizens faster, vaccination can reduce viral load. This results in vaccination that can reduce transmission, preventing serious illness and death'. Therefore, Countries with higher levels of vaccination can prevent them from becoming "Second India". Malaysia want to find out if the COVID-19 vaccination campaign is inefficient or people are afraid of taking it, or they lack information on how it works. The study, published at Asian Journal of Psychiatry, COVID-19 anti-vaccine movement and mental health: Challenges and the way forward [Ramdas Ransing et all, 2021] recommend Innovative programs: to improve community acceptance, innovative programs should be developed. Therefore, it is important to develop an app that can promote the COVID vaccine to the public. The purpose of this app is to provide sufficient information and scientifically based research evidence to educate citizens of any country, especially Malaysians, to ensure that the COVID vaccination can get a high response. The app is also open to anyone who uses it to educate others so that information can be shared more quickly. Methods: A survey was conducted to find the main reasons for refusal to register for the COVID-19 vaccine. Then, fishbone diagrams and Pareto diagrams were used to determine the reasons for refusal to register for the COVID-19 vaccine and effectively prioritized the main reasons. Determine through targeted solutions to certain reasons, use Pareto chart to determine what percentage of the problem can be solved. Because 74% of people worry about the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine. Therefore, this application must provide scientific research evidence that proves that vaccination is safe and effective. The app also shows that vaccination can reduce viral load, so it can reduce the spread of COVID-19 and prevent hospitalization and death. In addition, the app also provides the results of a comprehensive calculation of Pfizer BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine, which is 95.55% effective after fully vaccinated for Malaysian medical workers. Results: This application must be designed to solve at least 73.38 % of the problems to enable 70% of the Malaysian population to develop herd immunity. Because 74% of people worry about the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine. This means that by addressing those goals that question the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine, the app can already enable 70% of the Malaysian population to develop herd immunity. In any case, this application aims to solve 96% of the problems, as shown in the Pareto chart. In addition, past infections can provide 83% protection within five months, so it will also help develop herd immunity. From the calculation of the comprehensive calculation of Pfizer BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine efficiency, it can be seen that about 12 medical workers were infected every day before vaccination, but only about 1 medical workers was infected every 2 days after complete vaccination. This can convince those who question the effectiveness of vaccination. Conclusions:2 App have been developed for educate public the important of COVID-19 vaccination. App raise public awareness of the importance of COVID-19 vaccination(4) can visually see countries where vaccination is slow and it is difficult to control the spread of COVID-19. This is what is happening in India now. COVID-19 vaccination education App(1) is to provide sufficient information and scientifically based research evidence to educate citizens of any country, especially Malaysians, to ensure that the COVID-19 vaccination can get a high response COVID-19 vaccination Education seminars are needed to expose false information. Provide accurate COVID-19 vaccination information to the public. This ensures that the public makes the right decision. The app can be obtained for free via this link i) Windows https://peter-chew.itch.io/covid19vaccinationeducationapp1windowspeterchew ii) Android https://peter-chew.itch.io/covid19vaccinationeducationapp1peterchew

This paper synthesizes the literature on sanitation in Kigali city, Rwanda. The synthesis is limited to solid and liquid waste generation and management in Kigali. It describes initiatives adopted to achieve sanitation for sustainable development, identifies current challenges and offers some solutions to help the city respond appropriately. The synthesis is part of a wider innovative evidence informed policy making initiative known as Utafiti Sera (research policy communities) that facilitates the building of communities of stakeholders working together to ensure that appropriate and negotiated civic actions and policy uptake occur around a particular public problem for which there is research evidence. Thus, the synthesis brings together two sets of evidence to draw the policy recommendations: in-depth discussions among urban governance stakeholders in Kigali between September 2017 – December 2018 and a review of the literature on sanitation in Kigali. Efforts to improve sanitation for residents in informal settlements in Kigali are hampered by three main challenges: lack of a central sewerage management and treatment system, lack of standardized communal landfill to manage solid and liquid waste and inadequate funding for projects aimed at improving sanitation. While there are strategies laid down to deal with sanitation issues in the upcoming Kigali masterplan of 2020, measures such as strengthened awareness at local level will be necessary.

Spanish Abstract: Este trabajo busca evidenciar como el analisis de escenarios puede ser un metodo para la gestion participativa de un conflicto socioambiental. Esto por medio de la visualizacion de posibilidades que partan de la sostenibilidad social, economica y ambiental y que incluyan alternativas, intereses, retos y puntos de negociacion desde las comunidades. En funcion de tal objetivo, el paramo de Santurban ha sido elegido objeto de estudio. En lo metodologico se realizo compilacion de informacion, analisis de coberturas y talleres de analisis de escenarios realizados en la provincia de Soto norte, basados en la metodologia de Rincon et al., (2017, 2018). Finalmente se presentan las posibles respuestas a la situacion del paramo, haciendo uso de la informacion recopilada estipulando una serie de recomendaciones para la proteccion del ecosistema y sus comunidades, que reflejan la importancia de crear procesos de inclusion de los actores locales en la elaboracion de futuros posibles. English Abstract: This research evidence how scenario analysis can be a fundamental method for the participatory management of a socio-environmental conflicts, through the visualization of alternative possibilities from social, economic and environmental sustainability, that includes alternatives, interests, challenges and points of negotiation from the communities of the Santurban paramo (one of the most important paramos in the Colombia). From a methodological point of view, a review of information and a land cover analysis were carried out, additionally different scenario analysis workshops were developed in Soto Norte, based on the methodology of Rincon et al. (2017, 2018). Finally, the alternatives are presented, making use of the information collected, doing recommendations for the protection of the ecosystem and its communities, showing the importance of creating processes of inclusion of local actors in the elaboration of possible futures.

The article has tried to find out the relationship among employee engagement and psychological well-being. The article has also explained the concept of full engagement which will focus on whether employee is mentally or psychologically engaged in his work or not. The paper has proposed that employee engagement is sustainable when the well-being of employee is high. Various research evidence which have covered the concept is reviewed and the evidence of benefits of both employee engagement and well-being is presented. The findings have showed that if the employee is psychologically well and satisfied then the employee is fully engaged in their work. The concept which is referred to as full engagement is a better basis for building sustainable benefits for employee as well as organization.

Boards are key to unlocking substantive action by firms on sustainability. We clarify their potential role and show how and why they are failing to deliver on that role and what can be done about it. We start by highlighting the importance of board engagement as a driver of sustainability and then report research evidence of limited board attention to the topic. This is short-sighted given the significance of sustainability but also as a matter of good corporate governance. Nonetheless, recent survey research provides encouraging evidence to suggest that many boards have the right aspirations when it comes to sustainability—they are convinced it is a strategic necessity. Often, however, they do not have what is required in terms of the people, knowledge and tools to turn those aspirations into meaningful action. Our in-depth interviews with board directors examined the obstacles to board attention to sustainability from inside the boardroom, including the characteristics of board members themselves. We identified five board sustainability archetypes: The Deniers, The Hard-headed, The Well-Meaning, The Complacent, and The True Believers. We characterize each archetype and explain how they can be identified by executives or consultants working with the board or by board members themselves. We offer recommendations for how to respond to the different archetypes and how more generally boards can advance the sustainability agenda.

The Queensland Government’s Domestic and Family Violence Prevention Strategy 2016–2026 prioritises changing community attitudes and behaviours as a core guiding principle in its commitment to create a Queensland free of violence. Although there is a significant body of research that supports this aim, there is equally compelling evidence to suggest that policies are often designed or implemented ways that are not conducive to achieving their desired aims. As we approach the halfway point in the Strategy’s 2016 to 2026 timeline, it is timely to analyse both the Strategy and its implementation thus far, and consider the barriers that may be preventing the policy from achieving its full potential. Using a critical discourse analysis methodology, I identify a number of such barriers, including an assumed link between attitudes and behaviours; a disproportionate focus on cultural change among bystanders; the invisibility of perpetrators, and; the implicit reinforcement of the gender hierarchy. I discuss each of these barriers in relation to current research evidence and, drawing on this evidence, suggest actions that the Queensland Government may take to help mitigate these barriers. I conclude with a discussion of the broader implications of these findings for future policy development in Australia.

The sphere of social psychology has an important place in the investigation of how humans interact and treat each other. There is well establish research evidence in social psychology, which focuses on human rights. Recently, researchers have concentrated on human rights abuses. Human rights are an essential part of life for all humankind. Psychologists have and will continue to play a critical role in the advancement of a better understanding and effective ways to construct human rights policies.

This paper seeks to present a proper model that helps and guides practicing designers to inform their design with human and social information for achieving better human performance. Human performance is a design goal that is supposed to be acknowledged and attempted to achieve among the goals of building performance. Design for building performance already relies on outsized foundation of rigorous research evidence. However, environment behavior information has not reached that far in building such foundation that should feed the design process with most updated forms of human and social behavior evidence. In this paper, a model is devised to explore man/people - environment forms of interaction with their physical environment. The model identifies human and social constructs that evolve between users and their built environment.

This paper reviews the recent research findings from the DFID-funded BCURE (Building Capacity to Use Research Evidence) Program for the determinants of the demand for evidence in making policy in agencies, ministries and departments across the public sector in developing countries.

We provide nationally representative evidence on people’s beliefs about hiring discrimination against black Americans and examine whether these beliefs causally affect support for pro-black policies. Using representative samples of Americans, we elicit quantitative and incentivized beliefs about the extent of hiring discrimination against blacks. 55 percent of Americans overestimate the extent of hiring discrimination against blacks, and Republicans are 19 percentage points less likely than Democrats to overestimate the extent of hiring discrimination against blacks. To introduce exogenous variation in beliefs, we provide a random subset of our respondents with research evidence from a correspondence study that tested for hiring discrimination against blacks. The information treatment substantially narrows Republican–Democrat differences in beliefs, but fails to narrow differences in policy views. Our findings demonstrate that correcting biases in beliefs about the extent of hiring discrimination against blacks is not sufficient to reduce political polarization in support for pro-black policies.

Qualitative methodologies provide more in-depth and contextual information about a research problem, however qualitative methodologies are far less frequently utilized in research studies published in acclaimed business journals. Instead, primary survey-based data collection and subsequent statistical analysis have become a norm in many social science disciplines. The fol-lowing paper offers a discussion on various qualitative methodologies, reflecting on particular experience and sharing experiential trajectories from business research. A reconciliation for the inherent dichotomy between telling a story and finding a structure is offered to researchers for further consideration.

From the MDGs to the post-2015 development agenda, poverty eradication is arguably the single most important development goal. This paper asks how information and communication technologies can contribute to that goal. ICTs ? mobile phones especially ? have diffused rapidly in developing countries in recent years, and now reach increasingly into the lives of the world's poor.Research assessing the poverty impacts of that diffusion has been relatively limited; in part because this change has been so recent. Research has also sometimes been constrained by its lack of conceptual foundation. The purpose of this paper is therefore to assess research evidence within a framework that conceptualises both poverty eradication and ICT application.It does this by identifying three categories of ICT application ? other ICT uses, enterprise ICT use, and ICT sector use. And by identifying three perspectives on poverty eradication ? economic, livelihoods, and capabilities. It suggests that moving across the categories of application may lead to deeper poverty impacts; but impacts which affect a smaller number of people. And that moving across the perspectives may provide a fuller understanding of poverty; particularly in developing the capabilities approach to understand the ladder of ?roles? through which poor people can engage with ICTs.The paper ends by suggesting some implications for policy and practice.

We provide evidence that pre-IPO analyst communications are an important determinant of analyst behavior. Analysts permitted to increase pre-IPO communications with investors, bankers, and company management through the JOBS Act issue reports that are more biased, less accurate, and generate smaller market reactions. In addition, these reports are preceded by predictable abnormal returns that are increasing in the report’s optimistic bias, suggesting that pre-IPO analyst communications increase informed investors’ ability to anticipate report content. Moreover, the increased optimism appears rational from analysts’ and investment banks’ perspectives as pre-IPO communications increase the positive relation between analyst optimism and our proxy for post-IPO trading revenues. In sum, pre-IPO communications appear to result in analyst behavior that benefits preferred clients and the investment bank at the expense of other investors.

This paper analyses to what extent the aid and development effectiveness agenda has been applied in the area of capacity development support, with a specific focus on the use of developing country systems. The paper is based on a literature review and a limited number of semi-structured interviews, as well as a review of available research evidence on capacity development support practices in Mozambique, Nepal, Rwanda and Vietnam. Three main conclusions are drawn from this paper. First of all, available research confirms that aid and development effectiveness achievements in the area of capacity development have been slow and disappointing, owing to reform-resistance of key stakeholders involved. Secondly, considerable potential remains to strengthen the effectiveness of capacity development support by further adapting approaches to design, deliver and evaluate interventions in reference to key aid and development effectiveness principles. Third, a lack of disaggregation of statistics and low investments in evaluation inhibits learning and accountability, and ultimately the improvement of capacity development results.

This paper discusses how one political science department revamped its departmental assessment program in 2010 after experiencing challenges with earlier assessment tools. The new assessment tool is a direct assessment of senior political science majors’ end of college knowledge of key political science concepts, critical thinking skills and ability to sort conventional public beliefs from research evidence. To provide a benchmark comparison, the same tool was given to freshmen in an introduction to political science course in the Fall of 2011. Findings from two years of assessments show that senior political science majors did gain in political science research knowledge and the ability to differentiate between what is commonly thought by the public from research evidence as compared to university freshmen. However, the findings also show that a number of challenges remain as there is a substantial gap between student outcomes and departmental learning goals. The findings raise larger questions about how to administer assessments, how to measure student learning outcomes and whether we are becoming 'academically adrift' as student gains between admission and graduation are marginal.

The most popular referent for RTI would be ‘Response to Intervention.’ This Commentary finds that referent wanting. It then submits that the best research evidence supports the referent, ‘Really Terrible Instruction.’ The Commentary concludes by proposing that the most heuristic referent is, ‘Re-Tasking Intelligence.’

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) recently issued a call for comment on a proposal to accept financial statements prepared in accordance with international financial reporting standards (IFRS) without reconciliation to U.S. GAAP. Accounting researchers have attempted to assess the quality of IFRS using different methods and criteria. While we are skeptical of drawing direct conclusions about the SEC's proposal based on this research, there is adequate evidence that both IFRS and U.S. GAAP provide useful information to investors and other users of financial statements. Moreover, we see no conclusive research evidence that financial reports prepared using U.S. GAAP are better than reports prepared using IFRS. The prudent approach when faced with alternatives with no clear difference in quality is to promote competition among them, which supports adopting the SEC's proposal to permit foreign private issuers a choice between IFRS and U.S. GAAP. Therefore, to help improve U.S. and international GAAP through standards-setting competition, we recommend that the Commission also consider extending the choice of IFRS to U.S. companies, and require all companies to indicate clearly whether they are filing under U.S. GAAP or IFRS. Finally, we recommend that the Commission and its staff investigate and seek feedback on the educational consequences of its proposed actions. This attention will help educators better prepare future professionals to implement these proposed regulatory changes.

China's economy has been growing rapidly based on globalization of trade, but the country is only beginning to globalize its banking sector. China's current banking reform includes partially privatizing three of its dominant Big Four state-owned banks and taking on minority foreign ownership of these institutions. Other state-owned banks are also engaging in this practice. Predicting the efficiency effects of these and other reforms is difficult because of little relevant background research evidence. This paper helps to fill some of the gaps in the literature, analyzing the profit and cost efficiency of banks representing 95% of commercial banking assets in China over 1994-2003 with different majority and minority ownership structures. The key findings are that the Big Four state-owned banks are by far the least efficient, and that minority foreign ownership of other banks is associated with significantly improved efficiency. These and other findings suggest that minority foreign ownership of the Big Four and other reforms that allow foreign banks to play larger roles will likely improve the performance of the Chinese banking sector, with positive effects on economic growth.

The paper starts with the general assumption that growth in endogenous S&T capacity can be led by FDI. Drawing China's experience, it presents a contrasting picture of FDI's significant role in the country's economic development and its limited contribution to the technology transfer to local firms. From both empirical and research evidence about the positive role that FDI plays in technology transfer, the paper illustrates the major advantages that China has in making use of FDI in its technology capacity building and the major problems that hinder the effective use of FDI to serve the technology capacity building in China. In conclusion, it also takes the boldness of prescribing three alternative S&T strategies related to the use of FDI and the policy implications of the proposed strategy.