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The SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is an application and presentation layer signaling protocol used for initiating, continuing and terminating multimedia session for the end user. It gains much attention of the researchers because it is exposed to several threats and noticed challenging vulnerabilities from time to time. Consequently, the security of SIP is a crucial task and many efforts have been made by different researchers and tried to divert the attention towards its solution. But still, no one claims with conviction about a foolproof secure mechanism for SIP. As users extensively use SIP services, the mutual authentication and key agreement among the participants is an important issue. So, robust authentication and key agreement scheme are mandatory for enhancing security, legitimacy and better complexities. Therefore, we present an improved three-factor authentication scheme that caters all the weaknesses and known attacks in Mishra et al. scheme. The proposed scheme not only guarantees for security but performance can also be made lightweight. As performance and security contradict each other, the change in one inversely affects the other. The proposed scheme has been analyzed both formally using BAN (Burrows-Abadi-Needham) logic and ProVerif1.93 software verification toolkit, and informally using assumptions which show a delicate balance of security with performance.

In this era of information technology, browsing information and the concept of information on the human mind and attitude has bombarded from all sides, which won’t allow any human being to escape from the invisible pitfall of information. In order to streamline this aggressive mode of information sciences at this defining moment, the gravity of the situation must be analyzed accurately. On one side it had shaken the ideological bases of our nation while on the other it provides and fulfills the realization of a fundamental right i.e “education for all”. With the institutionalization of this golden opportunity, the literacy rate can easily be made 100% in a short span of time. Despite the insufficient budget, technology can easily materialize the motto of education for all. Failing which the multinational corporations and agencies will fill the vacuum in an unwanted way. These organizations with their terrible tentacles and enormous financial assets will alter our national identity. They will drain our brains to their own countries and will train them according to their needs. The aim of this study is to spread the use of a simple tool called “smart card” used for personal communication like distance learning and eLearning. A smart card is a small computer with its own Operating System, Random Accesses Memory (RAM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) and a small memory for storing high cryptographic functions and is capable of storing, managing, controlling and conveying information in a significant manner.

This paper is about the selection of the scheduling algorithm for the real-time system. In this paper, we compared different scheduling algorithms and from this comparison, we get another algorithm which is good in performance as compared to the existing one. First, we compare ACO and EDF but both have some merits and demerits. ACO is not good when the system is underloaded, preemptive and single processor while the result of ACO is good in overloaded condition with a lot of execution time. From the comparison of ACO and EDF, another algorithm is developed called an adaptive algorithm which is best in both overloaded and under loaded condition. Then we compared EDF and GA based scheduling algorithm. EDF is used in under loaded condition and when the system becomes overloaded it changes to GA based algorithm. From the comparison of these two algorithms, we get another algorithm which is also called an adaptive algorithm. Performance of both algorithms is measured by using success rate, effective CPU utilization and execution time.