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Backgrounds: Chevalier Jackson (1865–1958) was a pioneering force in the medical world, whose extraordinary contributions to surgery and public health have left an indelible impact. He developed the endoscope and perfected the bronchoscope, and his mastery of these tools enabled him to transform the prognosis of foreign body aspiration from 98% mortality to 98% survival. He was also a passionate advocate of public health chairing the national committee on lye legislation, which culminated in the Caustic Poison Act, responsible for poison and antidote labels. Yet Jackson's accomplishments were not limited to these. The aim of this manuscript was to shed light on Chevalier Jackson's lesser-known contributions to surgical science and culture, and to celebrate and honor the life of this remarkable surgeon. Methods: Digital and physical historical records from the National Library of Medicine, Smithsonian Institution, Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh PA, and Sunrise Mill Museum, Montgomery County PA were reviewed for Chevalier Jackson's scientific, cultural, and social contributions to the field of surgery. Results: Among his lesser-known contributions, Chevalier Jackson was the first to describe erosive esophagitis. He developed the first standardized tracheotomy procedure, still in use today. He was ahead of his time in many ways, pioneering a multidisciplinary approach to medicine, advocating for patient-centered care, and advancing the inclusion of women in the medical profession. Conclusion: Chevalier Jackson's legacy extends far beyond the tools and techniques he invented. He was a champion of social justice, a protector of patients, and an inspiration to medical professionals across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The impact of delayed gastric emptying (DGE) on the outcome of anti-reflux surgery (ARS) is controversial. There is concern that poor gastric emptying diminishes outcomes. Magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) may have a comparatively mild impact on gastric physiology, but the relationship between DGE and MSA outcomes is unknown. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between objective DGE and MSA outcomes over time. Methods: Patients who completed gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES) prior to MSA between 2013 and 2021 were included. DGE was defined as a 4 h retention > 10% or half emptying time > 90 min on GES. Outcomes were compared between DGE and normal gastric emptying (NGE) groups at 6 months, 1 and 2 years. Sub-analysis of patients with severe (> 35%) DGE and correlation analysis between 4-h retention and symptom and acid-normalization were performed. Results: The study population consisted of 26 (19.8%) patients with DGE and 105 with NGE. DGE was associated with more 90-days readmissions (18.5 vs 2.9%, p = 0.009). At 6 months patients with DGE had higher median (IQR) GERD-HRQL total [17.0(10–29) vs 5.5(3–16), p = 0.0013], heartburn [1(1–3) vs 0(0–1), p = 0.0010) and gas-bloat [4(2–5) vs 2(1–3), p = 0.033] scores. Outcomes at 1 and 2 years follow-up were comparable (p > 0.05). From 6 months to 1-year the gas-bloat score decreased from 4(2–5) to 3(1–3), p = 0.041. Total and heartburn scores decreased, but not significantly. Severe DGE (n = 4) patients had lower antiacid medication freedom at 6 months (75 vs 87%, p = 0.014) and 1-year (50 vs 92%, p = 0.046). There were non-significant trends for higher GERD-HRQL scores, dissatisfaction, and removal rates in severe DGE at 6 months and 1-year. There was a weak correlation between 4-h retention and 6-month GERD-HRQL total score [R = 0.253, 95%CI (0.09–0.41), p = 0.039], but not acid-normalization (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Outcomes after MSA are diminished early on in patients with mild-to-moderate DGE, but comparable by 1 year and durable at 2 years. Severe DGE outcomes may be suboptimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dysphagia is the most common complaint after magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA), with nearly one-third of patients requiring at least one dilation following MSA. A subset of patients require frequent dilations, but there is a paucity of data on the characteristics of this population. This study aimed to identify predictors of the need for frequent dilations within the first year after implant and to assess these patients' outcomes. Methods: This is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data of patients who underwent MSA over an 8-year period. Frequent dilations were defined as 2 or more dilations within 1 year of surgery. Patients completed baseline and 1-year postoperative GERD-HRQL questionnaires and objective physiology testing. Baseline demographic, clinical characteristics, and objective testing data were compared between patients who did and did not require frequent dilations. Results: A total of 697 (62.7% female) patients underwent MSA, with 62 (8.9%) patients requiring frequent dilation. At a mean (SD) of 12.3 (3.4) months follow-up, the frequent dilation group had higher median GERD-HRQL total scores (21.0 vs. 5.0, p < 0.001), PPI use (20.8% vs.10.1%, p = 0.023), dissatisfaction (46.7% vs. 11.6%, p < 0.001), and device removal (25.8% vs. 2.2%, p < 0.001) rates. Acid normalization was comparable (p = 0.997). Independent predictors of frequent dilation included preoperative odynophagia (OR 2.85; p = 0.001), IRP > 15 mmHg (OR 2.88; p = 0.006), and > 30% incomplete bolus clearance (OR 1.94; p = 0.004). At a mean (SD) of 15.7 (10.7) months, 28 (45.1%) patients underwent device removal after frequent dilation. Independent predictors of device removal after frequent dilation within 5 years of surgery were preoperative odynophagia (OR 7.18; p = 0.042), LES resting pressure > 45 mmHg (OR 28.5; p = 0.005), and ≥ 10% failed swallows (OR 23.5; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The need for frequent dilations after MSA is a marker for poor symptom control, dissatisfaction, and device removal. Patients with preoperative odynophagia, high LES pressures, and poor esophageal motility should be counseled of their risk for these poor outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pyloroplasty and gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy (G-POEM) are effective surgeries for gastroparesis. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes of pyloroplasty and G-POEM in patients with gastroparesis and determine factors associated with favorable outcome. The secondary aim was to assess the utility of clinical response to preoperative pyloric dilation or botulinum toxin injection (Botox) on surgical outcome, a factor conventionally used as a favorable marker. Methods: There were 204 patients who underwent pyloroplasty (n = 177) or G-POEM (n = 27) for gastroparesis at our institution from 2014 to 2021. Demographic and clinical parameters were analyzed to assess their impact on surgical outcome. A subgroup of patients who had pyloric dilation or Botox injection were assessed separately. Favorable outcome was defined as patient reported complete resolution of the predominant gastroparesis symptom. Results: Favorable outcome was achieved in 78.4% of patients (pyloroplasty: 79.7% and G-POEM: 70.4%, p = 0.274). Among 61 patients where pre- and postoperative gastric emptying studies (GES) were available, mean 4-hour retention significantly improved from 33.5 to 15.0% (p < 0.001) and 77.0% of patients achieved normalization. Favorable outcome was not significantly impacted by etiology of gastroparesis (p = 0.120), GERD (p = 0.518), or primary gastroparesis symptom (p = 0.244). Age ≥ 40 was a significant predictor of favorable surgical outcome on multivariate analysis [OR: 2.476 (1.224–5.008), p = 0.012]. Among the patients who had preoperative dilation (n = 82) or Botox injection (n = 46), response to these interventions was not a predictor of favorable surgical outcome (p = 0.192 and 0.979, respectively). However, preoperative Botox injection, regardless of response to injection, was associated with favorable surgical outcome [OR: 3.205 (CI 1.105–9.299), p = 0.032]. Conclusion: Symptomatic improvement after pyloroplasty or G-POEM is independent of etiology of gastroparesis, GERD, and primary symptom. Response to dilation or Botox are not markers of response to surgery. However, patients who receive Botox are 3.2 times more likely to improve postoperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]