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Ground-glass nodules (GGN) are the main manifestation of early lung cancer, and accurate and efficient identification of ground-glass pulmonary nodules is of great significance for the treatment of lung diseases. In response to the problem of traditional machine learning requiring manual feature extraction, and most deep learning models applied to 2D image classification, this paper proposes a Transformer-based recognition model for ground-glass nodules from the view of global 3D asymmetry feature representation. Firstly, a 3D convolutional neural network is used as the backbone to extract the features of the three-dimensional CT-image block of pulmonary nodules automatically; secondly, positional encoding information is added to the extracted feature map and input into the Transformer encoder layer for further extraction of global 3D asymmetry features, which can preserve more spatial information and obtain higher-order asymmetry feature representation; finally, the extracted asymmetry features are entered into a support vector machine or ELM-KNN model to further improve the recognition ability of the model. The experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of the proposed method reaches 95.89%, which is 4.79, 2.05, 4.11, and 2.74 percentage points higher than the common deep learning models of AlexNet, DenseNet121, GoogLeNet, and VGG19, respectively; compared with the latest models proposed in the field of pulmonary nodule classification, the accuracy has been improved by 2.05, 2.05, and 0.68 percentage points, respectively, which can effectively improve the recognition accuracy of ground-glass nodules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since plant diseases occurring during the growth process are a significant factor leading to the decline in both yield and quality, the classification and detection of plant leaf diseases, followed by timely prevention and control measures, are crucial for safeguarding plant productivity and quality. As the traditional convolutional neural network structure cannot effectively recognize similar plant leaf diseases, in order to more accurately identify the diseases on plant leaves, this paper proposes an effective plant disease image recognition method aECA-ResNet34. This method is based on ResNet34, and in the first and the last layers of this network, respectively, we add this paper's improved aECAnet with the symmetric structure. aECA-ResNet34 is compared with different plant disease classification models on the peanut dataset constructed in this paper and the open-source PlantVillage dataset. The experimental results show that the aECA-ResNet34 model proposed in this paper has higher accuracy, better performance, and better robustness. The results show that the aECA-ResNet34 model proposed in this paper is able to recognize diseases of multiple plant leaves very accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, attention mechanisms have shown great potential in various computer vision tasks. However, most existing methods focus on developing more complex attention modules for better performance, which inevitably increases the complexity of the model. To overcome performance and complexity tradeoffs, this paper proposes efficient spatial and channel attention (ESCA), a symmetric, comprehensive, and efficient attention module. By analyzing squeeze-and-excitation (SE), convolutional block attention module (CBAM), coordinate attention (CA), and efficient channel attention (ECA) modules, we abandon the dimension-reduction operation of SE module, verify the negative impact of global max pooling (GMP) on the model, and apply a local cross-channel interaction strategy without dimension reduction to learn attention. We not only care about the channel features of the image, we also care about the spatial location of the target on the image, and we take into account the effectiveness of channel attention, so we designed the symmetric ESCA module. The ESCA module is effective, as demonstrated by its application in the ResNet-50 classification benchmark. With 26.26 M parameters and 8.545 G FLOPs, it introduces a mere 0.14% increment in FLOPs while achieving over 6.33% improvement in Top-1 accuracy and exceeding 3.25% gain in Top-5 accuracy. We perform image classification and object detection tasks on ResNet, MobileNet, YOLO, and other architectures on popular datasets such as Mini ImageNet, CIFAR-10, and VOC 2007. Experiments show that ESCA can achieve great improvement in model accuracy at a very small cost, and it performs well among similar models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods such as transfer learning and attention mechanisms play an important role in small-sample image classification tasks. However, the conventional transfer method retains too much prior knowledge of the source domain and cannot learn the feature information of the target domain well. At the same time, it is difficult for the neural network model to find discriminative features and locate key feature regions, and it is easily interfered with by information such as complex backgrounds. Spiders usually appear symmetrical, but they are not perfectly symmetrical. How to accurately classify spider images depends on how to make the model focus on the key features for recognizing spiders in these symmetrical and asymmetrical regions. In view of the above problems, in this paper, we propose ECSM-ResNet-50, a model for small-sample spider image classification. The model fuses channel and spatial information and pays attention to the correlation between different locations in the input data. The Efficient Channel Attention (ECA) mechanism and the spatial attention mechanism were added to the model, and the self-attention mechanism was added to the end of the model. ECSM-ResNet-50 was constructed and trained on a small-sample spider data set (SPIDER9-IMAGE) using a layer-by-layer fine-tuning transfer learning strategy. Compared with ResNet-50, ECSM-ResNet-50 improved the average accuracy of nine species of spider recognition by 1.57% to 90.25%. This study contributes to the field of small-sample image recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable success in various fields of artificial intelligence. However, these models, which contain a large number of parameters, are widely distributed and disseminated by researchers, engineers, and even unauthorized users. Except for intelligent tasks, typically overparameterized deep neural networks have become new digital covers for data hiding, which may pose significant security challenges to AI systems. To address this issue, this paper proposes a symmetric steganalysis scheme specifically designed for neural networks trained for image classification tasks. The proposed method focuses on detecting the presence of additional data without access to the internal structure or parameters of the host network. It employs a well-designed method based on histogram distribution to find the optimal decision threshold, with a symmetric determining rule where the original networks and stego networks undergo two highly symmetrical flows to generate the classification labels; the method has been shown to be practical and effective. SVM and ensemble classifiers were chosen as the binary classifier for their applicability to feature vectors output from neural networks based on different datasets and network structures. This scheme is the first of its kind, focusing on steganalysis for neural networks based on the distribution of network output, compared to conventional digital media such as images, audio, and video. Overall, the proposed scheme offers a promising approach to enhancing the security of deep neural networks against data hiding attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is critical for intelligent vehicles to be capable of monitoring the health and well-being of the drivers they transport on a continuous basis. This is especially true in the case of autonomous vehicles. To address the issue, an automatic system is developed for driver's real emotion recognizer (DRER) using deep learning. The emotional values of drivers in indoor vehicles are symmetrically mapped to image design in order to investigate the characteristics of abstract expressions, expression design principles, and an experimental evaluation is conducted based on existing research on the design of driver facial expressions for intelligent products. By substituting a custom-created CNN features learning block with the base 11 layers CNN model in this paper for the development of an improved faster R-CNN face detector that detects the driver's face at a high frame per second (FPS). Transfer learning is performed in the NasNet large CNN model in order to recognize the driver's various emotions. Additionally, a custom driver emotion recognition image dataset is being developed as part of this research task. The proposed model, which is a combination of an improved faster R-CNN and transfer learning in NasNet-Large CNN architecture for DER based on facial images, enables greater accuracy than previously possible for DER based on facial images. The proposed model outperforms some recently updated state-of-the-art techniques in terms of accuracy. The proposed model achieved the following accuracy on various benchmark datasets: JAFFE 98.48%, CK+ 99.73%, FER-2013 99.95%, AffectNet 95.28%, and 99.15% on a custom-developed dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning networks have yielded promising insights in the field of image classification. However, the hierarchical image classification (HIC) task, which involves assigning multiple, hierarchically organized labels to each image, presents a notable challenge. In response to this complexity, we developed a novel framework (HCAM-CL), which integrates a hierarchical cross-attention mechanism with a CNN-LSTM architecture for the HIC task. The HCAM-CL model effectively identifies the relevance between images and their corresponding labels while also being attuned to learning the hierarchical inter-dependencies among labels. Our versatile model is designed to manage both fixed-length and variable-length classification pathways within the hierarchy. In the HCAM-CL model, the CNN module is responsible for the essential task of extracting image features. The hierarchical cross-attention mechanism vertically aligns these features with hierarchical levels, uniformly weighing the importance of different spatial regions. Ultimately, the LSTM module is strategically utilized to generate predictive outcomes by treating HIC as a sequence generation challenge. Extensive experimental evaluations on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and design patent image datasets demonstrate that our HCAM-CL framework consistently outperforms other state-of-the-art methods in hierarchical image classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there are many verification studies on signature images using deep learning algorithms in the literature, there is a lack of studies on the classification of signature images. Signatures are used as a means of identification for banking, security controls, symmetry, certificates, and contracts. In this study, the aim was to design network architectures that work very fast in areas that require only signature images. For this purpose, a new Si-CNN network architecture with existing layers was designed. Afterwards, a new loss function and layer (Si-CL), a novel architecture using Si-CL as classification layer in Si-CNN to increase the performance of this architecture, was designed. This architecture was called Si-CNN+NC (New Classification). Si-CNN and Si-CNN+NC were trained with two datasets. The first dataset which was used for training is the "C-Signatures" (Classification Signatures) dataset, which was created to test these networks. The second dataset is the "Cedar" dataset, which is a benchmark dataset. The number of classes and sample numbers in the two datasets are symmetrical with each other. To compare the performance of the trained networks, four of the most well-known pre-trained networks, GoogleNet, DenseNet201, Inceptionv3, and ResNet50, were also trained with the two datasets with transfer learning. The findings of the study showed that the proposed network models can learn features from two different handwritten signature images and achieve higher accuracy than other benchmark models. The test success of the trained networks showed that the Si-CNN+NC network outperforms the others, in terms of both accuracy and speed. Finally, Si-CNN and Si-CNN+NC networks were trained with the gold standard dataset MNIST and showed superior performance. Due to its superior performance, Si-CNN and Si-CNN+NC can be used by signature experts as an aid in a variety of applications, including criminal detection and forgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A brain tumor can have an impact on the symmetry of a person's face or head, depending on its location and size. If a brain tumor is located in an area that affects the muscles responsible for facial symmetry, it can cause asymmetry. However, not all brain tumors cause asymmetry. Some tumors may be located in areas that do not affect facial symmetry or head shape. Additionally, the asymmetry caused by a brain tumor may be subtle and not easily noticeable, especially in the early stages of the condition. Brain tumor classification using deep learning involves using artificial neural networks to analyze medical images of the brain and classify them as either benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). In the field of medical imaging, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have been used for tasks such as the classification of brain tumors. These models can then be used to assist in the diagnosis of brain tumors in new cases. Brain tissues can be analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). By misdiagnosing forms of brain tumors, patients' chances of survival will be significantly lowered. Checking the patient's MRI scans is a common way to detect existing brain tumors. This approach takes a long time and is prone to human mistakes when dealing with large amounts of data and various kinds of brain tumors. In our proposed research, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models were trained to detect the three most prevalent forms of brain tumors, i.e., Glioma, Meningioma, and Pituitary; they were optimized using Aquila Optimizer (AQO), which was used for the initial population generation and modification for the selected dataset, dividing it into 80% for the training set and 20% for the testing set. We used the VGG-16, VGG-19, and Inception-V3 architectures with AQO optimizer for the training and validation of the brain tumor dataset and to obtain the best accuracy of 98.95% for the VGG-19 model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forests are a vital natural resource that directly influences the ecosystem. Recently, forest fire has been a serious issue due to natural and man-made climate effects. For early forest fire detection, an artificial intelligence-based forest fire detection method in smart city application is presented to avoid major disasters. This research presents a review of the vision-based forest fire localization and classification methods. Furthermore, this work makes use of the forest fire detection dataset, which solves the classification problem of discriminating fire and no-fire images. This work proposes a deep learning method named FFireNet, by leveraging the pre-trained convolutional base of the MobileNetV2 model and adding fully connected layers to solve the new task, that is, the forest fire recognition problem, which helps in classifying images as forest fires based on extracted features which are symmetrical. The performance of the proposed solution for classifying fire and no-fire was evaluated using different performance metrics and compared with other CNN models. The results show that the proposed approach achieves 98.42% accuracy, 1.58% error rate, 99.47% recall, and 97.42% precision in classifying the fire and no-fire images. The outcomes of the proposed approach are promising for the forest fire classification problem considering the unique forest fire detection dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Oracle Bone Characters are the earliest known ancient Chinese characters and are an important record of the civilization of ancient China.The interpretation of the Oracle Bone Characters is challenging and requires professional knowledge from ancient Chinese language experts. Although some works have utilized deep learning to perform image detection and recognition using the Oracle Bone Characters, these methods have proven difficult to use for the interpretation of uninterpreted Oracle Bone Character images. Inspired by the prior knowledge that there exists a relation between glyphs from Oracle Bone Character images and images of modern Chinese characters, we proposed a method of image translation from Oracle Bone Characters to modern Chinese characters based on the use of a generative adversarial network to capture the implicit relationship between glyphs from Oracle Bone Characters and modern Chinese characters. The image translation process between Oracle Bone Characters and the modern Chinese characters forms a symmetrical structure, comprising an encoder and decoder. To our knowledge, our symmetrical image translation method is the first of its kind used for the task of interpreting Oracle Bone Characters. Our experiments indicated that our image translation method can provide glyph information to aid in the interpretation of Oracle Bone Characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]